The Crimean War
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Mehmet Pasha (governor of Jerusalem)
Mehmet Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier becomes head of the ‘war party’ Commander-in-Chief Turkish army
Mehmet Ali, ruler of Egypt: challenge to both Ottomans and Russia Convention of Kütahya (1833) Islamist aspirations quells Greek uprising recognized as hereditary ruler of Egypt second insurrection against the Sultan (1839 – 40)
Mehmet Hüsrev, Grand Vizier (1839 – 41)
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount
Menshikov, Prince Alexander Sergeyevich, commander-in-chief Crimea mission to Constantinople (1853) counsels caution to the Tsar at Alma inadequate defences in Sevastopol leaves Sevastopol for Bakhchiserai at the Belbek river reinforcements from Danubian front opposed to new offensive after Balaklava receives reinforcements from Bessarabia at Inkerman explains Inkerman atrocities refuses truce to clear dead and wounded recommends abandonment of Sevastopol dismissed after Evpatoria battle (1855)
Mérimée, Prosper
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von
Mexico, French invasion
Meyendorff, Baron (Russian ambassador in Vienna)
Mickiewicz, Adam Livre des pèlerins polonais
Mieczyslawska, Mother Makrena (Abbess)
Mihailo Obrenovi Prince, of Serbia
Mikhail Nikolaevich, Grand Duke rebuke for Tolstoy
Mikhailova, Daria (Dasha Sevastopolskaia)
Mikhno, Nikolai
‘The Military Gazette’, Tolstoy’s magazine
Miliutin, Dmitry: army reforms mission to Serbia
millet system Balkan nationalist movements and Hatt-i Hümayun reforms
Milosevich, Nikolai, comment on aftermath of Chernaia
Minié rifles: at Alma artillery ineffective against at Balaklava with Circassian tribes at Inkerman loss of 10 million rounds in hurricane Polish ‘Zouaves’
Minsk, persecution of Catholic nuns
Mismer, Charles (French dragoon): on French rations living with shelling
missions: Anglican in Ottoman Empire Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem
Modena, monarch restored
Moldavia autonomy granted (1829) cereal exports to Britain debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Greek uprising (1821) hospodar ordered to reject Turkish rule preliminaries to Crimean War (1853) Russian occupation of (1829 – 34) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Romania
Molènes, Paul de (Spahi officer): at Evpatoria observations at Varna
Monsell, Revd J.S.B., ‘What will they say in England …’
Montalembert, Charles
Montefiore, Moses, Balaklava railway
Montenegrins
Montenegro: pan-Slav movement and revolts by Christians
Montreux Convention (1936), revision demanded by Soviets
morale: allied camps after Malakhov and Redan failure crucial element in battle decline of in British Army Russians at Inkerman in Sevastopol after Balaklava in Sevastopol from June 1855
Morley, Cpl Thomas (17th Lancers)
Morning Advertiser (newspaper)
Morning Chronicle (newspaper)
Morning Courier (newspaper)
Morning Herald (newspaper)
Morny, Charles-Auguste, Duc de: contact with Russians diplomacy over Black Sea and Danubian principalities
Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee
Moskvitianin (Moscow journal)
Mosley, Godfrey (paymaster 20th Regt of Foot)
mosques, converted to churches by Russians
Mount Athos
Mount Inkerman (Little Inkerman): Russian attack see also Inkerman, battle of
Muhammed Emin (Shamil’s emissary)
Mundy, Lt-Col George V. (33rd Foot), letter home
Munro, Sgt (93rd Highland Bde)
Muraviev, General, siege of Kars
Muridism, in the Caucasus
Musa Pasha, commandent of Silistria
Muslims: exodus of from Russian territory post-War expelled from conquered teritory Mehmet Ali revival opposition to Hatt-i Hümayun opposition to Tanzimat reforms reaction to Danubian principalities occupations resentment against Christians rumours about European allies and about Russia Russo-Turkish War revenge attacks see also Islam
Mussad Giray
Mustafa Pasha, virtual governor-general of Circassia
Mustafa Reshid Pasha agrees to war option endeavour to prevent escalation of war (1853) n opposition to Hatt-i Hümayun rivalry with Mehmet Ali Pasha stalls Menshikov threatened by religious students
Nablus, riots and attacks on Christians
Nakhichevan khanate
Nakhimov, Vice-Admiral Pavel: at Sinope (1853) defence of Sevastopol death of commemoration
Nakhimov Medal
Nanking, Treaty of (1842)
Napier, Admiral Sir Charles RN: Baltic campaign (1854) attack on Bomarsund
Napier, Francis, Lord (British ambassador in St Petersburg)
Napoleon I, Emperor of France: conquest of Egypt (1798) India expedition considered influence of the ‘Testament of Peter the Great’ Polish hopes thwarted
Napoleon III, Emperor of France aims of for the Crimea Alushta ‘Emperor’s plan’ ambivalent about a pan-European war arouses fears in Europe’s capitals censorship and control of the press control of Canrobert council of war with allied leaders (1855) Danubian principalities for Austria de Morny’s Russian diplomacy decides to visit the Crimea and take charge direct discussions with Tsar Alexander II enthusiasm for war not shared by the public in exile Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum and Grand Duke Constantine and importance of alliance with Britain Italian independence/unification Kerch raid and letter to Queen Victoria looks for ways to bring troops home no firm pledge on Black Sea clauses on-off support for Poles opinion of Turks Palmerston and Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace celebrations peaceful intentions public opinion and purpose of capturing Sevastopol rapprochement with Russia rumours of a plot against search for peace with Russia secret armistice with Austria seeks diplomatic resolution with Russia (1854) ships sent to Aegean suggests broad revolutionary war in Europe supports second Malakhov attack terms for peace with Russia terrified of revolutionary violence (1855) threatens to act alone over Sinope Vienna Conference decisions (1855) see also Louis Napoleon, President of France (later Napoleon III)
Napoleon, Prince Napoleon, General (3rd Division), accused of ‘cowardice’
Napoleon (French steam warship)
Naqshbandiya (Sufi) sect
Nasmyth, Lt Charles (Bombay Artillery), at Silistria
nationalism: in the Balkans Greek Italian Russian Turkish see also Greek independence
NATO, and Warsaw Pact tensions
Naval and Military Bible Society
naval warfare, use of explosive shells
Navarino, battle of (1827)
Nelidov, Barbette, pan-Slav ideas at court
Nepokoichitsky, General
Nesselrode, Karl (Russian Foreign Minister) Alexander II amenable to negotiations blamed for retreat decision (1854) European diplomacy and Franco-Austrian peace terms replaced by Gorchakov sceptical of Tsar Nicholas’s strategy
New Jerusalem Monastery, Tsar Nicholas I and
New Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar)
New York Times (newspaper), article by Marx
New York Tribune (newspaper), article by Marx
Newcastle, Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke (Secretary of State for War) Raglan requests sanctions against The Times and Russell urges Raglan to dismiss Generals
Newcastle Guardian (newspaper)
Nice: Napoleon III and union with France
Nicholas I, Tsar: afraid of Austrian invasion Austria rebuffs approaches (1854) Austrian Empire Slavs encouraged Austrian Four Points accepted Balkan strategy believes Austria will join war with Ottomans blamed for the War commends the defenders of Sevastopol compared to Attila deep depression after Inkerman early military interests Evpatoria defeat and (1855) excessive faith in link with Franz Joseph fear of assassination by Poles
fears collapse of Russian Empire feelings of betrayal by Austrians final ultimatum to Turks (1853) grievances against Western powers hereditary mental illness Holy Land religious rights and intransigent response to Western negotiations learns of Balaklava success legitimist principles letter to Gen Gorchakov in London (1844) loss of confidence after Inkerman and Evpatoria meets Pope Gregory XVI (1845) misconceptions about British government and monarchy mobilizes army without consulting ministers (1852) objects to British warships in Dardanelles opposition to French July revolution (1830) orders last assault on Silistria orders offensive against Evpatoria (1855) Orthodox uprisings hoped for overlooked strategic danger in Sevastopol pan-Slavism and Paskevich’s plans persecution of Catholics plans for containment of France with Britain plans partition of Ottoman Empire Polish alienation prepared to stir up Italy and Spain relations with Napoleon III reputation restored in Putin’s Russia Russia’s religious destiny and the crusade for Orthodoxy trust in ‘Generals January and February’ wants major offensive against Ottomans (1853) warning to Wallachian deserters death of
Niel, Gen Adolphe (French military engineer)
Nightingale, Florence: early life asked to provide nursing help for soldiers chooses her nurses Alexis Soyer and at Scutari rejects help from Seacole bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial the ‘Lady with the Lamp’ legend post war celebrity ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk
Nikitenko, Alexander, despair over state of Russia
Nikolaev
Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke army withdrawal to Danube comment on Menshikov Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8)
Nikon, Orthodox Patriarch
Nogai nomads (Crimea)
Noir, Louis, Zouave officer: examples of combat stress impressions of British troops with Yusuf’s Bashi Bazouks at Alma at Inkerman trench digging at Sevastopol winter (1854 – 55)
Nolan, Capt Louis (15th Hussars)
Northern Liberator (Chartist newspaper)
Norway, Palmerston’s plans and
Novorossiia (New Russia): new cities Russian military build up Tatars and Count Stroganov
nurses and nursing Alexandra Stakhova sees Sevastopol burning in Britain after Crimea Dasha Sevastopolskaia high-born Russians nuns in French military hospitals at Scutari see also Nightingale, Florence; women
Obrenovi dynasty (Serbia)
Obrenovi, Prince Alexander
Obrenovi, Prince Mihailo
Obrenovi, Prince Milos
Ochakov
Odessa
Odessa Bulletin (Russian newspaper), reports of the battle of Alma
Odessa Shipping Company, in Villafranca Bay
Oliphant, Laurence, The Russian Shores of the Black Sea …
Omer Pasha, Ottoman General assessment of military needs in Bucharest (1854) in Bulgaria commencement of hostilities against Russia defence of Serbia (1853) in Evpatoria at Giurgevo pleads for force to relieve Kars supports Circassia campaign
Opium Wars: 1st (1839 – 42) 2nd (1857) see also China
O’Reilly, Lt. RN, view of the Bay of Sinope
Organic Statutes (Règlements organique), Serbia and Romania
Orlov, Count, chief of the Third Section attempt to contain rumours failed mission to Austria Paris Peace Congress (1856)
Orthodox Christianity (Eastern): Bessarabia ceremony of Holy Fire (Jerusalem) Christians settled in conquered territories Church of the Nativity Grotto in fear of Tatar bands Greek clergy wary of Russian religious ambitions Greek patriarch in Jerusalem opposition to Tanzimat reforms persecution of Catholics rivalry with Catholics in the Holy Land and Russian national identity
Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
Osten-Sacken, General Dmitri: counsels against further offensives (August 1855) governor of Odessa in Sevastopol Tolstoy’s Plan for the Reform of the Army
Otto, prince of Bavaria and King of Greece
Ottoman army: make up of atrocities alleged in Kerch drinking European officers ill-treatment by British language a major problem pursuit of retreating Russians religious nature of reprisals Silistria and Danubian front terror tactics at Varna at Alma at Balaklava in Kars
Ottoman Empire: border line with Orthodox Russia British commercial interests (1830s) British foreign policy and Congress of Berlin resolutions corrupt bureaucracy Crimea obliterated from national memory Crimean War casualties cultural and religious make up customs and permissions in the Holy Land declaration of war on Russia (1853) declares jihad after Navarino effect on of Crimean War exposure to Western culture foreign capital investment France and fudges issue of Holy Sepulchre roof repairs Grand Council agrees to accept Vienna peace terms (1853) Grand Council refuses Menshikov’s demands and Greek independence Hatt-i Hümayun decree Holy Land religious rights and hostility to interference from Britain lack of communications infrastructure liberal political reform in loss of the Crimea military backwardness Muslim institutions a brake on progress organizes support in Britain (1853) Orthodox subjects Palmerston’s plans Paris Peace Congress (1856) parliament established (1876) peace negotiations (1853) plan to meet further incursions by Russia planned to be a vassal state at point of collapse (1829) political asylum offered to Hungarian Poles reaction to Greek uprising in Moldavia and Wallachia resentment against Christians response to Tsar Alexander I’s ultimatum Romanian revolution 1848 and Russia invades and takes Kars Russian annexation of Crimea recognized (1792) Russian plans to partition San Stefano Treaty secular Ottomanism seeks help from Britain and France against Russians the ‘sick man of Europe’ signs Act of Balta Liman (1849) Slav subjects and Tsar Nicholas Tanzimat reforms see Tanzimat reforms; treatment/ persecution of Christians unaffected by Sinope war with Russia (1787 – 92; 1806 – 12; 1828 – 29) war with Russia (1853 – 6) war with Russia (1877 – 8) war with Serbia (1876) weakness of Westernizing liberal reforms see also Eastern Question; millet system; Ottoman army; Ottoman navy
Ottoman navy, at Sinope (1853)
Oudinot, General Charles Nicolas
pacifists, vilified by Russophobes
paintings, Crimean War subjects
Palestine, riots and attacks on Christians
Palgrave, William Gifford (British consul in Abkhazia)
Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Aberdeen’s foreign policies and aggressive campaign wanted anti-Russian league of states becomes Prime Minister (1855) belligerent reactions to Russian occupations Bessarabia/Moldavia border dispute council of war with allied leaders (1855) defends failure to support Poles the Four Points and and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hated in Russia and much of Europe influence of Czartoryski keeps France on track for war Napoleon III and no action to support Hungarians plan for dismemberment of Russian Empire populist foreign policy the Press and punitive conditions at the Paris Peace Congress (1856) recruits mercenaries rejects French plan for Poland rejects peace initiatives returns to Cabinet (1853) sends Fleet to Besika Bay and Dardanelles Serpent Island incident (1856) Triple Alliance and Urquhart and Vienna Conference (1855) and ‘war of nationalities’ warns Serbs against supporting Russia
pan-Slavism Alexander II and and the Balkans Congress of Berlin (1878) and Grand Duke Constantine and Kiev Committee Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee ruin of Russia St Petersburg Committee support for the war Tsar Nicholas and Tsar Nicholas legitimist policies attacked see also Slavs
Panmure, Fox Maule-Ramsay, Lord Panmure (Secretary of State for War): allows new assault on the Redan council of war with allied leaders (1855) field campaign memorandum rejected by Raglan intermediary for Raglan with the French Victoria Cross investiture warns Codrington of effects of drinking in the soldiery
Pardoe, Julia, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks (1836)
Paris, Henry (‘Anglicus’)
Paris: Exposition Universelle (1855) new buildings and tarmacadamed streets official peace declaration (1856)
Paris Peace Congress (1856)
Paris Treaty (1857)
Parma, monarch restored
Parus
(pan-Slav journal)
Paskevich, General Ivan Bulgarian strategy retires hurt sceptical of Tsar’s strategy advice sought after Inkerman warns of Austrian threat
Paul I, Tsar
Pavlov, Lt-Gen P. Ya. (11th Division), at Inkerman
Paxton, Joseph, huts for soldiers