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Stalin: A Biography

Page 87

by Robert Service


  W. Taubman, Khrushchev. The Man and His Era (London, 2003)

  N. S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat (London, 1946)

  V. Topolyansky, ‘The Cheynes-Stokes Draught’, New Times, April 2003

  V. Tsypin, Istoriya Russkoi pravoslavnoi tserkvi, 1917–1990 (Moscow, 1994)

  R. C. Tucker, Stalin in Power. The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (London, 1990)

  R. C. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: A Study in History and Personality (London, 1974)

  N. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia,, (London, 1997)

  L. Vasil’eva, Deti Kremlya (Moscow, 2001)

  L. Vasil’eva, Kremlëvskie zhëny (Moscow, 1994)

  L. Viola, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin: Collectivisation and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (Oxford, 1996)

  D. Volkogonov, Sem’ vozhdei. Galereya vozhdei, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995)

  D. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya. Politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989)

  O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie. Istoriya i perestroika. Publitsisticheskie zametki (Moscow, 1989)

  D. Watson, Molotov and Soviet Government. Sovnarkom, 1930–1941 (London, 1941)

  D. Watson, ‘The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930s’ in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The Politburo, 1924–1953 (Moscow, 2004)

  D. C. Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939 (London, 1989)

  K. Weller, ‘Don’t Be A Soldier!’: the Radical Anti-War Movement In North London, 1914–1918 (London, 1985)

  S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘From Team-Stalin to Degenerate Tyranny’ in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The Politburo, 1924–1953 (London, 2004)

  S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Agriculture’ in R. W. Davies, M. Harrison and S. G. Wheatcroft, The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge, 1994)

  S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Population’ in R. W. Davies, M. Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft, The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge, 1994)

  V. Zemskov, ‘Prinuditel’nye migratsii iz Pribaltiki v 1940–1950 gg.’, Otechestvennye arkhivy, no. 1 (1993)

  A. Zimin, U istokov stalinizma, 1918–1923 (Paris, 1984)

  Ye. Zubkova, ‘Obshchestvennaya atmosfera posle voiny (1945–1946)’, Svobodnaya mysl’, no. 6 (1992)

  Ye. Zubkova, Obshchestvo i reformy, 1945–1964 (Moscow, 1993)

  V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996)

  INDEX

  Abakumov, Viktor

  Abashidze (Seminary Inspector)

  Abkhazia

  Academy of Sciences Affair

  Achinsk

  Adelkhanov, Emile

  Adelkhanov Shoe Factory, Tbilisi

  Agitprop Department (Secretariat)

  agriculture: Lenin’s policy on; Stalin’s policy on; increased output under Second Five-Year Pan; in war; see also peasants

  Akhkazia

  Akhmatova, Anna

  Albania,

  Alexander I, Tsar

  Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II

  Alexandrov, Alexander

  Alexeev, General Mikhail

  Alexei, Tsarevich

  Alikhanov, General

  All-People’s Union for the Struggle for Russia’s Regeneration

  Alliluev family: Stalin and Sverdlov stay with after escape; and Stalin’s exile to Siberia; Lenin and Stalin move in with; and Stalin’s marriage to Nadya; on Stalin’s vindictiveness; relations with Stalin after Nadya’s death

  Alliluev, Fëdor (Fedya; Nadya’s brother)

  Alliluev, Pavel (Nadya’s brother); death

  Alliluev, Sergei (Nadya’s father): Stalin meets in St Petersburg; arrested; and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; and Stalin’s return from exile; stays at Zubalovo; and arrest of Redens; death; memoir of Stalin

  Alliluev, Vladimir (Stalin’s nephew)

  Allilueva, Anna (Nadya’s sister): imprisoned in Lubyanka; attracted to Stalin; and Stalin’s readiness for revolution; marriage to Redens; and Nadya’s effects after suicide; tells Svetlana of mother’s suicide; husband arrested; memoir of Stalin; arrested and sentenced

  Allilueva, Kira (Alexander/Yevgenia’s daughter)

  Allilueva, Nadezhda (Stalin’s second wife; Nadya): mental problems; and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; Stalin meets on return from exile; attracted to Stalin; and Stalin’s stay in home of; works as Stalin’s secretary; accompanies Stalin on grain-procurement mission; marriage to Stalin; appearance and character; career ambitions; marriage relations; children and home life; excluded from Party membership; temperament; works for Lenin; and Stalin’s flirting and romances; studies at Industrial Academy; Bukharin visits; health difficulties; trip to Germany for treatment; suicide and funeral; letters from Stalin; housekeeping

  Allilueva, Olga (Nadya’s mother): and Stalin’s exile in Siberia; Stalin visits on return from exile; looks after Stalin in hiding; and Nadya’s home life; depression and death

  Allilueva, Svetlana (Stalin’s daughter): and father’s upbringing; birth; and mother’s suicide; takes ride on Metro; writes memoirs; relations with father; upbringing; romances; marriage to Morozov; congratulates Stalin on victory over Germany; dacha; marriage to Yuri Zhdanov; at Stalin’s 73rd birthday party; and Stalin’s stroke and death; changes surname after Stalin’s death

  Allilueva, Yevgenia (Pavel’s wife)

  Andreev, Andrei

  Anglo-Soviet Treaty (March 1921)

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

  anti-semitism; see also Jews

  Anti-Soviet Trotskyist-Zinovievite Centre

  Antonov, General Alexei

  Arcos (trading company)

  Arctic convoys

  Armenia: subdued; as Soviet republic; borders disputed

  atheism

  atomic bomb: USA develops and uses; USSR plans to develop; USSR acquires

  Attlee, Clement: replaces Churchill as Prime Minister; Stalin unimpressed by; policy of coexistence; noninterference in eastern Europe; denigrated in USSR; protests at potential US nuclear weapons in Korea

  Auschwitz

  Austria: Germany annexes; post-war occupation

  autonomous republics: established

  Axelrod, Pavel

  Azerbaijan: subdued; as Soviet republic; borders disputed; Bolshevik appeasement of; leaders deported (1926)

  Babel, Isaak

  Bacon, Arthur

  Badaev, Alexander

  Bagashvili, Spartak

  Bagration, Operation

  Baibakov, Nikolai

  Baikalov, Anatoli

  Bakinski rabochi (newspaper)

  Baku: Marxism in; ethnic hatreds in; Stalin in; Menshevik-Bolshevik rivalry in

  Baltic states: resist Soviet expansionism; USSR occupies; and Soviet advance; armed resistance in; dissenters sent to Gulag; see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

  Barbarossa, Operation: surprises Stalin; planned; successes

  Barbusse, Henri

  Barrio, Diego

  Bashkirs

  Basic Law (1905)

  Batumi

  Bauer, Otto

  Bauman, Nikolai

  Bazhanov, Boris

  Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron

  Bedny, Demyan

  Belorussia: and autonomisation; established as Soviet state; nationhood; Germans overrun; resistance to Soviet rule in

  Beneš, Eduard

  Berdzvenishvili, V.

  Beria, Lavrenti: cruelty; visits Stalin on Black Sea; publishes article on Bolsheviks in Transcaucasus; career; heads NKVD; association with Stalin; reports on economic success of Gulag; and Nazi-Soviet pact (1939); actions in Poland; at German invasion of USSR; in conduct of war; repressive measures in war; and women; trouble-making in Stavka; heads Soviet atomic research programme; on counter-productive effect of repression; Stalin entertains; status and power; investigates Zhdan
ov’s death; favours post-war reforms; refuses to wear tie; Stalin turns against; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; at Nineteenth Party Congress; fears of denunciation by Stalin; executed; and Stalin’s stroke; at Stalin’s death; position after Stalin’s death; suspected of murdering Stalin; eulogy at Stalin’s funeral; reforms after Stalin’s death; collects tape recordings of Stalin’s instructions to police agencies; arrested (1953)

  Beria, Nina

  Beria, Sergo: on Stalin’s mother; relations with Svetlana; on Tehran conference; learns to fly

  Berlin: Stalin visits; conquest of; occupation zones; blockade and airlift (1948–9)

  Berman, Jakub

  Berzins, R.

  Bierut, Bolesław

  Birobidzhan

  ‘Black Hundreds’

  Blizhnyaya dacha

  Blum, Léon

  Bobrovski, Vladimir

  Bogdanov, Alexander; Short Course in Economic Science

  Bolsheviks: formed by Party split; in Georgia; Stalin’s commitment to; differences with Mensheviks; funding by criminal means; idealise revolution; win seats in Fourth Duma; as threat to Imperial rule; oppose participation in First World War; conflict with Provisional Government; and national question; discuss revolutionary seizure of power from April 1917; revolutionary doctrine; attempt to call off protest demonstration (July 1917); at Democratic State Conference (1917); control Petrograd and Moscow Soviets; policy unformulated; commitment to centralism; use of terror; attacked by Cossack armies; internal opposition; fear of counter-revolution; factionalism and inefficiency; unpopularity; membership numbers; and state-directed economy; and ‘cultural revolution’; and political repression; and crisis of capitalism;

  Conferences: Seventh Party (1917); Ninth Party (1920); Thirteenth Party (1924)

  Congresses: Sixth Party (1917); Eighth Party (1919); Tenth Party (1921); Eleventh Party (1922); Twelfth Party (1923); Thirteenth Party (1924); Fourteenth Party (1925); Fifteenth Party (1927); Sixteenth Party (1930); Seventeenth Party (1934); Eighteenth Party (1939); Nineteenth Party (1952); Twentieth Party (1956); Twenty-Second Party (1961)

  Book of Delicious and Healthy Food, The

  Borotbists

  Brdzola (Marxist newspaper)

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)

  Brezhnev, Leonid

  Britain: calls for negotiations in 1920 Soviet war with Poland; Politburo perceives as threat; severs relations with USSR (1927); neutrality in Spanish Civil War; pre-war coolness towards USSR; and German invasion threat (1940); withstands Germany; Stalin’s post-war view of; abandons treaty with Sovnarkom (1921); post-war decline; reluctance to fight war with USSR

  Brooke, General Alan (later Viscount Alanbrooke)

  Brusilov, General Alexei

  Bryukhanov, N.P.

  Bubnov, Andrei

  Budënny, Semën

  Bukharin, Nikolai: character; as thinker; status and fame; opposes gratuitous violence; in Civil War; and control of Cheka; considers forming government without Lenin; attempts conciliation in trade union crisis; health problems; and Lenin’s request for poison; and national question; in Lenin’s Testament; Zinoviev meets; appointed to Orgburo; at Lenin’s funeral; attacks Stalin; peasant policy; promoted to Politburo; supports Stalin against Zinoviev and Kamenev; supports NEP; writes on Leninism; hostility to Trotski; Stalin complains about; defeats United Opposition; economic reforms; relations with Stalin; and Stalin’s international policy; and elimination of market in economy; Stalin accuses of Right Deviation; ejected from Politburo; in opposition; Stalin sees as threat; ejected from Comintern Executive Committee; pleads for reconciliation with Stalin; and culture; hopes of return to power; contributes to new Constitution (1935–6); hopes for leadership changes; campaign against; tried and sentenced; and worldwide socialist revolution; on Hitler as threat; final pleas to Stalin; ‘Notes of an Economist’

  Bulgakov, Mikhail: decline and death; The Days of the Turbins; The Master and Margarita

  Bulganin, Marshal Nikolai: and women; membership of Politburo; beard; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; in Presidium; fears Stalin’s disfavour; Stalin entertains; and Stalin’s stroke

  Bulgaria: Soviet demands on; in eastern bloc; monarchy removed; communist dominance in

  Bulletin of the Opposition (Trotski’s)

  Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia

  Caucasian Bureau

  Caucasus: ethnic and national problems in; grain shortages; famine

  Central Committee: Stalin elected to; expanded; Zinoviev seeks to return to; and Lenin’s revolutionary demands; pre-October revolution meetings; reluctance to negotiate separate peace in First World War; Lenin seeks control of; disagreements in; reorganisation and composition; joint meetings with Central Control Commission; plenum sanctions attack on Bukharin; International Department; and succession to Stalin

  Central Control Commission: organisation and composition; Stalin controls

  Charkviani, Kote

  Chavchavadze, Ilya

  Chayanov, Alexander

  Cheka (Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle with Counterrevolution and Sabotage): formed; control of

  Chernov, Viktor

  Chervenkov, Valko

  Chiang Kai-shek

  Chiaureli, Mikhail

  Chicherin, Georgi

  Chichinadze, Zakaria

  Chikobava, Arnold

  China: Soviet relations with; Japan invades; and Soviet entry into war against Japan; communists seize power in; treaty with USSR (1945); economic dependence on USSR; as rival to USSR; intervention in Korean War; potential war with USA; rift with Khrushchëv’s USSR; Stalin’s posthumous reputation in

  Chinese Communist Party

  Chkheidze, Nikolai

  Chkhenkeli, Akaki

  Chou En-lai

  Chukovski, Kornei

  Churchill, (Sir) Winston: warns Stalin of German invasion of USSR; condemns Nazi atrocities; Stalin entertains; meets Stalin at Tehran; broadcasts; view of Stalin; offers wartime assistance to USSR; wartime travels; relations with Stalin; ‘percentages agreement’ with Stalin in Moscow (1944); and post-war European settlement; at Yalta Conference; and Soviet inaction during Warsaw rising; and prospective capture of Berlin; at Potsdam Conference; loses 1945 election and premiership; Stalin’s regard for; Stalin accuses of resentfulness; Fulton ‘iron curtain’ speech; commitments to Stalin; speeches reproduced in Moscow; sends condolences on Stalin’s death

  cinema: Stalin’s interest in

  Circle, Operation

  Civil War (1918–19)

  Cold War: beginnings; intensifies; causes budgetary strains

  collectivisation: peasant deaths under; Stalin introduces; and tractor supply; spread of; percentage of households in; of Cossacks; resistance to; of Kazakhs and Ukrainaians; post-war in eastern Europe

  Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): formed

  Cominform (Informational Bureau): First Conference (1947); hostility to; Second Conference (1948)

  Comintern (Communist International): formed; and proposed German rising; in Asia; expansion; and China; Sixth Congress (July 1928); and Stalin’s European policy; Stalin dominates1; Dimitrov appointed to head Executive Committee; campaign against ‘rightism’; and German threat; Stalin criticises for being over-centralised; and Spanish Civil War; purged; and Chinese Communist Party; weakness; dissolved

  communism: weakness outside USSR; as worldwide movement; post-war spread; in east European countries

  concentration camps; see also Gulag

  Congress of Peoples of the Terek (1920)

  Congress of Soviets: Second (1917); Third (1918)

  Congress of Writers, First (1934)

  Conquest, Robert

  Constitutional-Democratic Party (Kadets): organisation and doctrines; in Provisional Government; leaves Provisional Government; Stalin attacks; ceases political activity

  Cossacks: in Civil War; Stalin’s hostility to; in Caucasus; collectivisation

  Council of Ministers (for
merly Sovnarkom),

  Council of People’s Commissars see Sovnarkom

  Crimea: in war with Germany

  culture: Stalin’s attitude to and interest in

  ‘curators’

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess,

  Curzon Line

  Czechoslovakia: Stalin woos; Germany annexes; hostility to USSR; and Marshall Aid; communist weakness in; democratic tradition; communists achieve dominance in

  Darien (Dalni)

  Dashnaks

  Davitashvili, M.

  Davrishevi, Damian

  Davrishevi, Joseph

  Davydov (Georgian police agent)

  Deborin, Abram

  Democratic Centralists

  Democratic State Conference (1917)

  Denikin, General Anton

  Department of Agitation and Propaganda (Central Committee)

  Deutscher, Isaac

  Dimitrov, Georgi: flatters Stalin; Stalin appoints to head Executive Committee of Comintern; and Nazi threat; and Stalin’s foreign policy; and treatment of foreign communist parties; and abolition of Comintern; as Prime Minister of Bulgaria; and Stalin’s underestimation of China

  Diomidis, Alexandros

  Djilas, Milovan

  doctors (medical): purged

  Doctors Plot

  Dolgoruki, Prince Yuri

  Don Basin: seized by Germans

  Dostoevski, Fedor

  Dubrovinski, Innokenti

  Duclos, Jacques

  Dukhobors (religious sect)

  Duma (State): proposed; socialist contingent in; Mensheviks exploit; Fourth; dispersed (February 1917)

  Dzeradze, Mikhail

  Dzhibladze, Silva

  Dzhughashvili family

  Dzhughashvili, Besarion (Vissarion; Stalin’s father): and Stalin’s birth and childhood; violence; and Stalin’s schooling; death; Stalin’s attitude to

  Dzhughashvili, Ketevan (née Geladze; Stalin’s mother; ‘Keke’): and Stalin’s birth; marriage; character and rumoured profligacy; and Stalin’s upbringing and education; works as seamstress; Stalin’s attachment to; Stalin’s separation from; refuses to move to Moscow; Stalin visits; mentioned in Pravda

  Dzhughashvili, Ketevan (née Svanidze; Stalin’s first wife): Stalin courts and marries; birth of son; death

  Dzhughashvili, Yakob (Stalin’s son by Ketevan): birth; fostered by inlaws at mother’s death; Stalin’s separation from; Stalin visits as youth; home life with Stalin and Nadya; attempted suicide; as prisoner-of-war; shot by Germans

 

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