The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence

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The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence Page 52

by Ray Kurzweil


  Campbell, Murray

  Carr, Dustin

  Carroll, Lewis

  cars and driving

  cassettes

  cells

  census

  Center for Human Simulation

  Chalmers. J.

  Champernowne, David

  Chang, Young

  chaos

  evolution and

  evolutionary algorithms and

  Law of Increasing Chaos

  Law of Time and Chaos

  Chelyabinsk

  ,Chernobyl

  chess

  Deep Blue’s playing of

  legend of inventor of

  Pick Best Move program for

  quantum computing and

  China

  legend of emperor of

  chips, computer

  Moore’s Law and, see Moore’s Law

  three-dimensional

  Chuang, Isaac

  Chuang-tzu

  Church, Alonzo

  Church, Ken

  Churchill, Winston

  Church-Turing thesis

  Clarke, Arthur C

  cochlear implants

  Cohen, Harold

  color perception

  Colossus

  common sense

  communication

  in animals

  in arts

  future technologies for

  compact disc (CD)

  compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)

  complexity

  computation

  achieving human-level capabilities in

  crystalline

  density of

  destruction of information in

  digital

  DNA

  exponential growth of

  inevitability of

  on Internet, proposal for

  irreversibility of

  Law of Accelerating Returns applied to

  nanotubes and

  optical

  order and

  quantum, see quantum computing

  Turing Machine model of

  see also artificial intelligence; intelligence

  computers

  art and, see arts

  Babbage’s Analytical Engine

  chips in, see chips, computer

  consciousness in

  dependence on

  first American programmable

  intelligence of, see artificial intelligence

  knowledge gathering and sharing by

  Moore’s Law and, see Moore’s Law

  neural, see neural nets

  number of

  past predictions made about

  programming of, compared with evolution

  in schools

  speed and power of

  supercomputers

  in 2009

  in 2019

  in 2029

  world’s first operational

  Y2K and

  Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Turing)

  consciousness

  brain and

  in computers/AI

  Descartes’s dictum and

  as “different kind of stuff”

  in evolution

  as function of pattern, vs. particles

  human inability to understand

  logical positivist view of

  as machine reflecting on itself

  multiple

  Plato’s views on

  quantum mechanics and

  schools of thought on

  testability of

  Turing Test and, see Turing Test

  Universe and

  see also identity

  context

  continuous speech recognition (CSR)

  Voice Xpress Plus

  Cope, David

  cosmological constant

  Crick, Francis H. C.

  cryonics

  crystalline computing

  Cser, Jim

  Curl, Robert

  deaf persons

  cochlear implants for

  death, see mortality

  Debussy, Claude

  Deep Blue (chess-playing computer)

  De Garis, Hugo

  DENDRAL

  Dennett, Daniel

  Descartes, René

  digital

  digital computing

  digital video disc (DVD)

  dinosaurs

  disabilities

  blindness, see blind persons

  deafness, see deaf persons

  neural implants and, see neural implants

  prosthetic devices and

  in 2009

  in 2019

  in 2029

  disease

  cancer

  cryonics and

  pathogens in, see pathogens

  see also medicine

  DNA

  computing with

  error correction in

  in evolution

  of Homo sapiens vs. primates

  protein synthesis and see also genes, genetic code

  Dogbert

  Donovan

  Drexler, Eric

  Dreyfus, Hubert

  driving

  drugs

  Dyson, Esther

  Earth

  formation of

  eating

  economy, see business, economics, and finance

  Edison, Thomas Alva

  education

  computers in schools

  teachers and teaching in

  in 2009

  in 2019

  in 2029 see also learning

  Einstein, Albert

  cosmological constant of

  on simplification

  theory of relativity of

  Eisenhower, Dwight

  electrocardiogram (EKG)

  electromagnetic force

  electrons

  tunneling of

  electroweak force

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo

  EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence)

  emotions

  in animals

  produced by brain stimulation

  Emperors New Mind, The (Penrose)

  employment

  encryption

  Pretty Good Privacy

  quantum

  engines, jet

  Engines of Creation (Drexler)

  Enigma code

  entropy

  Increasing, Law of, see second law of thermodynamics

  Evans, Thomas G.

  evolution

  acceleration of time in

  of body and brain

  chaos and order in

  complexity and

  computer programming compared with

  computer simulation of

  of conscious life

  consciousness in

  DNA-based

  and end of Universe

  of evolution

  of eye

  fetal development and

  inefficiency of

  intelligence of

  Law of Accelerating Returns applied to

  of life-forms

  natural selection in

  pace of

  of pathogens

  Punctuated Equilibrium theories on

  record of achievement in

  of technology

  evolutionary algorithms

  basic schema for

  in investment programs

  knowledge and

  self-organization in

  visual arts and

  Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI)

  expert systems

  exponential trends

  growth of computation

  growth of technology

  in legend of chess inventor and emperor

  nature of time

  predictions and

  quickening pace in evolution

  slowing pace in development of Universe

  slowing pace in progression of organism’s life

  eye see also retina

  face-recognition systems

&n
bsp; failure modes

  Feigenbaum, Edward A.

  femtoengineering

  Ferucci, Dave

  fetus

  Feynman, Richard

  finance, see business, economics, and finance

  Florence Manifesto Brigade

  flying machines

  Foch, Marshal

  Foglets

  fog swarms

  food

  force-feedback devices

  Ford, Henry

  Fredkin, Edward

  free will

  Fried, Itzhak

  Friedel, Frederick

  Fromherz, Peter

  Fuller, R. Buckminster

  future of computer technology

  in 2009

  in 2019

  in 2029

  in 2099

  galaxies

  Gates, Bill

  General Problem Solver (GPS)

  genes, genetic code

  Human Genome Project and

  redundancies in

  reverse engineering of see also DNA

  genetic algorithms see also evolutionary algorithms

  Gershenfeld, Neil

  Gilder, George

  Gilmore, John

  Gisin, Nicolas

  global positioning system (GPS)

  glossary

  Gödel’s incompleteness theorem

  God spot

  Goldberg, Ian

  Gorbachev, Mikhail

  Gordian knot

  gorillas

  grandfather legislation

  gravity

  Greenspan, Alan

  Grinvald, Amiram

  guitar, microscopic

  Gulf War

  Hall, J. Storrs

  handwriting

  Harries, Richard

  health care, see medicine

  heat

  Hesselink, Lambertus

  Hillis, W Daniel

  Ho, Chih-Ming

  Hodgson, Paul

  Hofstadter, Douglas

  on self-understanding

  holograms

  Homo erectus

  Homo habilis

  Homo sapiens

  Homo sapiens neanderthallensis

  Homo sapiens sapiens

  Hübener, Mark

  human(s):

  defining of

  MOSHs

  Human Genome Project

  humanoids

  humor

  jokes

  Huxley, Thomas Henry

  hypothalamus

  IBM

  identity:

  definition of “human”

  as function of pattern, vs. particles

  neural implants and

  and transfer of information following brain scan see also consciousness

  Iijima, Sumio

  image processing

  Improvisor

  Industrial Revolution

  Second

  information

  innovation

  insects

  integrated circuits

  Moore’s Law on, see Moore’s Law

  neurons and

  quantum effects in

  intelligence

  body and; see also body

  consciousness and

  defining

  density of

  duality of

  emergence of, and entropy

  of evolution; see also evolution

  and evolution of technology

  hardware of

  human vs. artificial

  individual vs. group

  knowledge and, see knowledge

  pattern recognition in, see pattern recognition

  relevance to rest of Universe

  time use as element of

  Turing Test and, see Turing Test

  see also artificial intelligence

  intelligence, paradigms for

  combining of

  evolutionary algorithms, see evolutionary algorithms

  knowledge and

  neural net, see neural nets

  recursion, see recursion

  intelligent assistants

  intelligent function

  internal states

  Internet

  commerce on

  computation harvesting proposal see also World Wide Web

  inventions

  Isaac, Randy

  I’ve Got a Secret

  Japan

  JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine)

  Kaczynski, Theodore (Ted)

  Kasparov, Gary

  Deep Blue’s match with

  Kauffman, Stuart

  Kay, Alan

  Kazantzakis, Nikos

  Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord

  knowledge

  bases of

  built-in

  chunks of

  common sense

  computers’ acquisition of

  context and

  in evolution of technology

  human downloading of

  language and

  sharing of

  technology and see also learning

  Kocher, Paul

  Koko

  Koza, John

  Kroto, Harold

  Kuno, Susumu

  Kurzweil, Ray:

  highlights in life of

  past predictions made by

  Kurzweil Applied Intelligence

  Kurzweil Computer Products

  Kurzweil Cybernetic Poet

 

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