by Frank McLynn
41. For a full analysis of English reactions to Prestonpans see W. A. Speck, The Butcher: The Duke of Cumberland and the Suppression of the Forty-Five (Oxford, 1981), pp. 55–87.
42. McLynn, Charles Edward, pp. 160–4.
43. The entire subject is discussed in detail in Frank McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745 (Edinburgh, 1981).
44. Michel Antoine, Louis XV (Paris, 1989), passim.
45. For Steuart see Andrew S. Skinner, ‘Steuart, Sir James of Coltness and Westshield, 3rd baronet (1713–70)’, ODNB (2004), 52, pp. 550–5.
46. McLynn, France, pp. 85–116.
47. See A. and H. Tayler, Jacobites of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire in the ’45 (Aberdeen, 1928); A. and H. Tayler, Jacobite Letters to Lord Pitsligo, 1745–46 (Aberdeen, 1930); Sir James Fergusson, Lowland Lairds (1949).
48. For the background to these men see Lenman, Jacobite Clans.
49. Frank McLynn, ‘Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745’, Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 23 (1982), pp. 97–133.
50. Jeffrey Stephen, ‘Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism: The Edinburgh Council, 1745’, Journal of British Studies, 49 (2010), pp. 47–72.
51. Tomasson, Jacobite General, p. 66; Henrietta Tayler, Jacobite Epilogue (1941), pp. 252–4.
52. For the prince’s arguments see Frank McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England, 1745 (1983) pp. 8–10.
53. Ibid.
54. For this important subject see Rupert C. Jarvis, Collected Papers on the Jacobite Risings, 2 vols (Manchester, 1972), i, pp. 175–97.
55. For Lord George’s arguments see Elcho, pp. 303–5; McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 11–12.
56. Jarvis, Collected Papers, i, pp. 175–97.
57. McLynn, France, p. 109.
58. Duffy, Forty-Five, pp. 56–72.
59. Chronicles of Atholl, iii, pp. 81–2.
60. The siege of Carlisle is treated in great detail in G. C. Mounsey, Carlisle in 1745 (1846).
61. McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 60–75.
62. ‘John Daniel’s Account’, in W. B. Blaikie, Origins of the Forty-Five (Edinburgh, 1916), p. 168.
63. McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 80–1.
64. Ibid., pp. 98–9.
65. Murray, ‘Marches’, in Chambers, ed., Jacobite Memoirs, pp. 52–3; Speck, Butcher, pp. 87–8.
66. McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 113–19.
67. There are many detailed accounts of the council at Derby: L. Eardley-Simpson, Derby and the Forty-Five (1933); McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 124–32; Duffy, Forty-Five, pp. 300–13.
68. Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, ii, pp. 100–1.
69. Ibid.
70. Tomasson, Jacobite General, p. 114.
71. The Life and Adventures of Captain Dudley Bradstreet (1755), pp. 126–7.
72. Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England (Cambridge 1945), i, pp. 233–4; W. Marston Acres, The Bank of England from Within, 2 vols (Oxford, 1931), i, p. 181.
73. Duc de Choiseul, Mémoires, 1719–1785 (Paris, 1904), p. 55.
74. Murray, ‘Marches’, p. 57.
75. The Allardyce Papers, 2 vols (Aberdeen, 1896), i, pp. 287–93.
76. Maxwell, pp. 78–9.
77. McLynn, Jacobite Army, p. 148.
78. Johnstone, p. 84.
79. Duffy, Forty-Five, pp. 330–8.
80. Elcho, pp. 348–9.
81. McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 187–9; Speck, Butcher, p. 99.
82. ‘O’Sullivan’s Account’, in A. and H. Tayler, 1745 and After, p. 110; Johnstone, pp. 95–7; Maxwell, p. 87; Speck, Butcher, pp. 99–102.
83. Elcho, p. 379; Johnstone, p. 76; Maxwell, p. 90.
84. LM, ii, p. 344; iii, p. 55; McLynn, France, p. 133.
85. Ibid.
86. Elcho, pp. 361–2.
87. McLynn, Charles Edward, pp. 203–4, 232–3.
88. W. B. Blaikie, Itinerary of Prince Charles Edward from His Landing in Scotland, July 1745, to His Departure in September 1746 (Edinburgh, 1897), pp. 73–4.
89. Tomasson and Buist, Battles of the ’45, pp. 105–26.
90. Falkirk is particularly rich in eyewitness accounts. See O’Sullivan’s account in Tayler, 1745 and After, pp. 118–19; Elcho, pp. 370–84; Maxwell, pp. 99–111; Johnstone; Murray, ‘Marches’, pp. 79–96; cf. also Tomasson, Jacobite General, pp. 142–56.
91. An exhaustive account is provided by Geoff B. Bailey, Falkirk or Paradise: The Battle of Falkirk Muir (Edinburgh, 1996); cf. also Stuart Reid, Battles of the Scottish Lowlands (Barnsley, 2004).
92. McLynn, Charles Edward, p. 215.
93. Ibid., p. 217.
94. ‘John Daniel’s Account’, in Blaikie, Origins, p. 203.
95. These campaigns are explored in great detail in Duffy, Forty-Five, pp. 442–82.
96. LM, i, p. 356; ii, p. 270; Elcho, p. 398; Johnstone, p. 70; Maxwell, p. 121; ‘O’Sullivan’s Account’, in Tayler, 1745 and After, p. 114.
97. ‘O’Sullivan’s Account’, pp. 255–6; Maxwell, p. 135; LM, i, p. 350; ii, pp. 271–5.
98. Murray, ‘Marches’, p. 118; LM, i, p. 359; ii, p. 273.
99. Blaikie, Origins, p. 415; LM, ii, p. 275.
100. ‘O’Sullivan’s Account’, pp. 155–7; LM, i, pp. 258–64; ii, pp. 275–6; Tomasson, Jacobite General, pp. 206–11.
101. There are many accounts of Culloden extant but the two best are John Prebble, Culloden (1961), a gripping and impressionistic account of the battle, and Jeremy Black’s massively researched Culloden and the ’45 (1990). See also Stuart Reid, Culloden Moor, 1746: the Death of the Jacobite Cause (2002).
102. McLynn, Charles Edward, pp. 259–60.
103. Prebble, Culloden, pp. 88–91.
104. Ibid., pp. 92–106; Elcho, pp. 432–3.
105. Duffy, Forty-Five, pp. 521–4.
106. Johnstone, p. 148.
107. The encyclopaedist and doyen of the Enlightenment Denis Diderot regarded this refusal to sell out the prince as one of the most signal proofs of his belief in the innate goodness of Man – Diderot, Correspondance, ed. Georges Roth (Paris, 1957), iii, p. 228.
108. McLynn, Charles Edward, pp. 308–557.
109. Annette M. Smith, Jacobite Estates of the Forty-Five (Edinburgh, 1982).
110. A. J. Youngson, The Prince and the Pretender (1985), p. 22.
111. Duffy, Forty-Five, p. 313.
9 Evolutionary Jacobitism
1. J. C. D. Clark, ‘British America: What if There Had Been no American Revolution?’ in Niall Ferguson, ed., Virtual History (1997), pp. 125–74 (at p. 130). See also Paul Monod, ‘Whatever Happened to Divine Right? Jacobite Political Argument, 1689–1753’, in Gordon J. Schochet and N. T. Phillipson, eds, Politics, Politeness and Patriotism (Washington, 1993), pp. 209–28.
2. This vast subject is best approached initially via two books by Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain (1980) and The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen (1984).
3. For a brief analysis see McLynn, Charles Edward, pp. 176–81 and, for more extended treatment, Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans (Edinburgh, 1996).
4. Nonetheless, much good work has been done along these lines: Nicholas Rogers, ‘Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London’, PP 89 (1978), pp. 70–100; Douglas Hay, ‘Staffordshire Jacobitism’, Staffordshire Studies, 14 (2002), pp. 53–88; Leo Gooch, The Desperate Faction: The Jacobites of North-East England, 1688–1745 (Hull, 1995).
5. For this see Paul S. Fritz, The English Ministers and Jacobitism Between the Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 (Toronto, 1975), passim, and Paul Langford, The Excise Crisis (1975).
6. For the classic statement of the Tory Party as crypto-Jacobite in this era see Eveline Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables: The Tories and the Forty-Five (1979).
7. It will be recalled that Disraeli viewed Charles I as a man who positioned himself as a protector between the common people and their exploiters among the Parliamentarians and thus became ‘the holocaust of direct taxation’. Sybil, Book 4, Ch. 1. Yet thos
e who maintain that Disraeli looked back to the Jacobites as his model for Tory democracy have to contend with the considerable difficulty that Disraeli’s eighteenth-century hero was Bolingbroke. Sybil, Book 4, Ch. 14. Bolingbroke, after his disastrous flirtation with ‘the Pretender’ in 1715–16, was a dedicated anti-Jacobite, and it is usually set down to his credit that he freed the Tory Party from the shackles of Jacobitism, so that the party was able to re-emerge in 1761 under George III. A thorough examination of this point would of course involve a critical examination of Disraeli’s famous distinction, drawn in Sybil, between Tories and Conservatives.
8. Langford, Excise Crisis, p. 153.
9. Romney Sedgwick, ed., The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1715–54, (1970), 2 vols, ii, p. 200; i, p. 483.
10. Royal Archives, Windsor Castle. The Stuart Papers – hereinafter RA Stuart – 216/111 D-E.
11. RA Stuart, 253/51.
12. Colin, Louis XV et les Jacobites, p. 23.
13. RA Stuart, 248/111.
14. Sedgwick, History of Parliament, i, p. 599; RA Stuart, 204/151.
15. RA Stuart, 204/144.
16. Carte’s assertions were backed during the ’45 not just by Jacobite agents in England but by some staunchly Whig observers like Lady Jane Nimmo. RA Stuart, 272/92; G. F. C. Hepburne Scott, ed., ‘Marchmont Correspondence Relating to the ’45’, Scottish History Society, 3rd series 12, Miscellany (Edinburgh, 1933), p. 343.
17. Murray Pittock, The Social Composition of the Jacobite Army in Scotland in the ’45, Royal Stuart Papers, 48 (1996).
18. For a detailed analysis see Bruce Gordon and Jean Gordon Arnot, The Prisoners of the ’45, 3 vols (Edinburgh, 1929).
19. Adam Rounce, ‘Wilkes, Churchill and Anti-Scottishness’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 29 (2005), pp. 20–43.
20. Gooch, Desperate Faction.
21. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions (Paris, 1964 – Pléiade edition), p. 596.
22. Eardley-Simpson, Derby and the Forty-Five, p. 18.
23. W. R. Ward, Georgian Oxford (Oxford, 1958), p. 182.
24. Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman (Harvard, 1959), p. 31.
25. For the (often confused) reaction of Jacobites to republicanism see RA Stuart, 142/141, 160/1, 205/73, 240/65.
26. For the pamphlet warfare see State Papers, Domestic, George II, 72 ff., 348–50, and ‘The Sequel to the Arms and the Man: A New Historical Ballad’ (1746); ‘Considerations addressed to the Public’ (Edinburgh, 1745); ‘The Chronicles of Charles the Young Man’ (Edinburgh, 1745).
27. For this see the various essays in Douglas Hay, Peter Linebaugh, E. P. Thompson et al., eds, Albion’s Fatal Tree (1975).
28. For highwaymen see Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England (1989), pp. 56–82.
29. For Gay and his work see Vinton A. Dearing, ed., Poetry and Prose of John Gay, 2 vols (Oxford, 1974); cf. also W. E. Schultz, Gay’s Beggar’s Opera (1923).
30. RA Stuart, 158/69.
31. RA Stuart, 123/59.
32. William Beaumont, ed., The Jacobite Trials at Manchester in 1694, Chatham Society, 28 (1853), pp. 22, 81; Narcissus Nuttrell, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April 1714, 6 vols (Oxford, 1857), i, pp. 494–5, 505; ii, pp. 124, 135, 252; iii, pp. 26–7, 537.
33. New Newgate Calendar (1818) – hereinafter NNC – i, pp. 252–4.
34. NNC, iii, p. 236.
35. Andrew Michael Ramsay, An Essay on Civil Government (1732), p. 69; cf. also RA Stuart, 123/59.
36. John Bromley, ‘Les Corsairs Jacobites dans la guerre de neuf ans’, Revue de la société dunkerquoise d’histoire et d’archéologie, 31 (1997), pp. 123–42; David Bracken, ‘Pirates and Poverty: Aspects of Irish Jacobite Experience in France, 1691–1720’, in Thomas O’Connor, ed., The Irish in Europe, 1580–1815 (Dublin, 2001), pp. 127–42; cf. C. R. Rennell, Bandits at Sea: A Pirate Reader (2001).
37. Joel H. Baer, ‘The Complicated Plot of Piracy’, Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 23 (1982), pp. 3–26; John Biddulph, The Pirates of Malabar (1907); Anne Perotin, ‘The Pirate and the Emperor: Power and Law on the Seas, 1450–1850’, in Rennell, Bandits at Sea.
38. RA Stuart, 101/34, 111/2, 119/26, 122/31, 133/180, 193/141. Cf. also Louis Dermigny, La Chine et l’Occident: le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle, 1719–1833 (Paris, 1964), pp. 92–103.
39. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2 vols, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, 1976), ii, pp. 553, 881–2, 898.
40. RA Stuart, 88/98, 91/79.
41. RA Stuart, 111/2.
42. Paul Monod, ‘Dangerous Mechandise: Smuggling, Jacobitism and Commercial Culture in South-East England, 1690–1760’, Journal of British Studies, 30 (1991), pp. 150–82.
43. Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, pp. 62–3, 90, 96, 99, 102; Cal Winslow, ‘Sussex Smugglers’, in Hay et al., eds, Albion’s Fatal Tree, pp. 119–66 (at p. 147).
44. Add. MSS 28, 231, ff. 19–31.
45. Robertson of Struan to Edgar, 4 September 1755, RA Stuart, 358/16.
46. NNC, iii, pp. 188–98; The Complete Newgate Calendar, ed. J. L. Rayner and G. T. Crook (1926), iii, pp. 155–8; Gentleman’s Magazine (1747), p. 397; (1748), p. 475; (1749). p. 359; Anon, A Full and Genuine History of the Unparalleled Murders … by Fourteen Notorious Smugglers (1749).
47. The Duke of Richmond’s involvement in this case requires a study to itself. Some preliminary pointers can be obtained from a reading of his papers for this period, especially his correspondence with the Duke of Newcastle. Add. MSS 32, 711–18.
48. See Pelham’s remarks in Add. MSS 32, 709, ff. 273–4; 32, 711, f. 211. For further confirmation of Jacobitism as the hidden factor see Winslow, ‘Sussex Smugglers’, pp. 150–7, 166.
49. Lewis, Walpole’s Correspondence, 35, p. 141.
50. RA Stuart, 301/5; Monod, ‘Dangerous Merchandise’.
51. Respectively Pat Rogers, ‘The Waltham Blacks and the Waltham Black Act’, Historical Journal, 17 (1974), pp. 465–86; E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters (1975); E. Cruickshanks and H. Erskine-Hill, ‘The Waltham Black Act and Jacobitism’, Journal of British Studies, 24 (1985), pp. 358–65.
52. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters, pp. 63–6, 68–75.
53. Ibid., pp. 163–4.
54. Ibid., pp. 90–3; RA Stuart, 67/16.
55. Paul Monod, Jacobitism and the English People (Cambridge, 1989), p. 118.
56. McLynn, Crime and Punishment, pp. 240–1.
57. Monod, Jacobitism, pp. 161–94; Nicholas Rogers, ‘Riots and Popular Jacobitism’, in Cruickshanks, ed., Ideology and Conspiracy, pp. 70–88.
58. Abel Boyer, The Political State of Great Britain, 40 vols (1740), 18, pp. 44–7.
59. Monod, Jacobitism, p. 225.
60. Ibid., p. 225.
61. Ibid., pp. 198–9.
62. Ibid., pp. 205–9.
63. State Papers, Domestic, George II, 135 f. 272; Add. MSS 32, 867, ff. 3–4.
64. Add. MSS 32, 874, ff. 222, 274–5; 32, 884, f. 283; Egerton MSS 3346, ff. 153–5, 159; J. R. Western, The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century (1965), pp. 290–302.
65. T. S. Ashton and J. Sykes, The Coal Industry in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1929), p. 130.
66. E. W. Hughes, North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols (Oxford, 1952), i, pp. 251–2.
67. State Papers, Domestic, George II, 112, ff. 331–3.
68. Sedgwick, History of Parliament, i, p. 464.
69. State Papers, Domestic, George II, 83, ff. 46–7, 70–1, 145–57.
70. Ibid., 85, f. 38; Edward Charlton, ‘Jacobite Relics, 1715 and 1745’, Archaeologia Aeliana, NS, 6 (1865), pp. 29–34; Frank McLynn, ‘Newcastle and the Jacobite Rising of 1745’, Journal of Local Studies, 2 (1982), pp. 95–105.
71. For the rise of the textile industry see Alfred P. Wadsworth and Julia de Lacy Mann, Cotton Trades and Industrial Lancashire, 16
00–1780 (Manchester, 1965). For Manchester Jacobitism see Monod, Jacobitism, pp. 331–41.
72. C. D. A. Leighton, ‘The Non-Jurors and Their History’, Journal of Religious History, 29 (2005), pp. 241–57.
73. G. Rudé, Hanoverian Society (1971), pp. 149–51.
74. This conventional view is expounded in J. Doran, London in the Jacobite Times (1877), vol. 2; A. A. Mitchell, ‘London and the Forty-Five’, History Today, 15 (1965), pp. 719–26. A neutral position is taken up by Jarvis, Jacobite Risings, ii, pp. 212–34. The thesis of London as Jacobite in 1745 has been attacked by Nicholas Rogers, ‘Popular Disaffection in London during the Forty-Five’, London Journal, 1 (1975), pp. 1–26.
75. The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Dudley Bradstreet (1755), p. 124.
76. R. Sharpe, London and the Kingdom, 3 vols (1895), iii, pp. 50–6.
77. McLynn, Jacobite Army, pp. 1–8.
78. Western, English Militia, pp. 72–3.
79. Ibid., p. 210.
80. Jarvis, Collected Papers on the Jacobite Risings, i, passim.
81. Staffordshire County Record Office, MSS D/798/3/1/1.
82. Add. MSS 29, 913, f. 14.
83. See, for example An Address to that Honest Part of the Nation Called the Lower Sort of People on the Subject of Popery and the Pretender (1745); Gentleman’s Magazine, 15 (1745), pp. 522–6.
84. Reprinted in James Ray, History of the Rebellion (1749), pp. 72–6.
85. For the (convincing) thesis that Jacobitism did not really die until 1759 see Doron Zimmermann, The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and Exile, 1746–1759 (Basingstoke, 2003).
86. Monod, Jacobitism, pp. 269–71.
87. For a very negative view of this trio see Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, pp. 60–1; cf. also Linda Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party, 1714–1760 (Cambridge, 1982), p. 34; Sedgwick, History of Parliament, i, pp. 441, 585; ii, p. 445; Gabriel Glickman, ‘The Career of Sir John Hynde Cotton’, Historical Journal, 46 (2003), pp. 817–41.
88. Monod, Jacobitism, p. 295.
89. Horspool, English Rebel, p. 302.
90. RA Stuart, 310/139.
91. Monod, Jacobitism, pp. 271–306.
92. This was particularly a feature of the thinking of George Keith, 9th Earl Marischal: see Edith Cuthell, The Scottish Friend of Frederick the Great, 2 vols (1915), passim. See also James Francis Stuart (the Pretender)’s manifestos at RA Stuart, 161/3–13 and 162/47–58.
