Book Read Free

The Road Not Taken

Page 81

by Frank McLynn


  Balmerino, Lord, 231, 258

  Bampton, Sir John, 11, 13, 20

  Bank of England, 275, 278–9

  Bardi banking house, 57

  Barebones Parliament, 207, 212

  Barnsley, 448

  Barrymore, 4th Earl of, 234, 268, 271

  BBC, 389, 440–4, 456

  Beaufort, Cardinal, 67–8

  beggars, 63–4

  Belfast, 366

  Belgian national strikes (1891, 1893 and 1913), 357, 406

  Belknap, Sir Robert, 12, 20

  Belling, Robert, 12, 13

  Benbow, William, 356

  Benedict XIII, Pope, 58

  Bennett, Arnold, 440, 453

  Berkeley, Bishop George, 275

  Berlioz, Hector, 335

  Bernstein, Eduard, 357, 358, 359

  Beveridge, Sir William, 379, 409, 432

  Beverley: in 14th century, 30, 41, 42; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 95, 97–8, 102, 139, 141–2

  Bevin, Ernest: background and character, 397–8; Baldwin on, 432; and Citrine, 396, 400; and General Strike, 430, 438, 439, 449, 459, 460–2, 468; later life, 473; position on TUC General Council, 405; relations with Thomas, 398, 408, 439; revolution prophecy, 373; and run-up to General Strike, 377–8, 389, 409, 411, 413, 415, 422–3

  Bigod, Sir Francis, 138–9, 143

  Birkenhead, F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of: background and character, 387, 437; and General Strike, 461, 469; Keynes on, 472; on miners’ leaders and mine owners, 390; relations with Thomas, 401; and run-up to General Strike, 414–15, 417, 418, 419, 420–1, 422, 424–5

  Birmingham, 298, 310, 451

  Birmingham Political Union, 286

  Bishops’ Wars (1639–40), 154

  Bishopsgate mutiny (1649), 204

  Black Death, 1–4, 55

  Black Friday (1921), 369–70

  Blackett, Sir William, 265

  Blair Castle, 245

  Blanqui, Auguste, 166

  Boleyn, Ann, 87–8, 89, 96, 103

  Bolivar, Simon, xiii

  Bonar Law, Andrew, 372, 384

  Bondfield, Margaret, 405, 409

  Boniface IX, Pope, 58

  Bourgneuf Bay attack (1449), 69, 84

  Bourne, Cardinal Francis, 455–6

  Bowes, Robert: ‘Captain Poverty’ letter, 101; pardoned, 134; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 103, 104, 106, 111–12, 114–16, 121

  Bradbury, John, Lord, 374

  Bradford, 301, 302, 341, 343

  Bradshaw, John, 192

  Bradstreet, Dudley, 238, 266

  Bramley, Fred, 394

  Brampton, Thomas, 253

  Brantingham, Thomas, Bishop of Exeter, 9

  Brembre, Sir Nicholas, 28, 33, 38, 39, 50

  Brewes, Sir John de, 44, 45–6

  Briand, Aristide, 406–7

  Bridgeman, W. C., 385, 386, 412, 418, 461

  Briggs, Asa, 444

  Bright, John, 317, 318, 320, 350

  Brighton, 450

  Brinton, Crane, 483, 507–9, 512, 515

  Bristol, 150, 263, 347

  Britain: behaviour of elite, 489–90; and Caesarism, 481; character of British, 477–9, 492–4; freak waves round, 484–6; invasion overview, 484–6; as island, 477–8, 484–6; number of rebellions in England, 478; reasons for lack of revolution, 280–1, 477–503; role of army, 489

  British Empire, 497–8

  British Gazette, 433–5, 441, 447, 448, 456

  British Worker, 435

  Bromley, John: background and character, 405; and General Strike, 456–7, 458, 459; later life, 474; and run-up to General Strike, 407, 408, 409, 410

  Broughton see Murray of Broughton, Lord

  Browne, George, Bishop of Dublin, 90

  Buchan, John, 271

  Buchner, Georg, xiii

  Buckingham, Duke of (15th century), 74

  Buckingham, Earl of (14th century), 8, 19, 40–1, 42, 50

  Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, 152

  Bulmer, Sir John, 143

  Burdett, Sir Francis, 283–4, 289

  Burford, 205–6

  Burgundy, Philippe, Duke of, 84

  Burke, Edmund, 53, 493, 509

  Burley, Sir Simon, 12, 13, 19

  Burnley, 448

  Burns, John, 362

  Burns, Robert, 229

  Burton, John, 256

  Bury St Edmunds, 30, 41, 42, 43, 47

  Butler, James, 218, 253–4, 274

  Butler, Thomas, 258

  Butterwick, John, 33

  Cabet, Etienne, 322

  Cade, Jack, 71–9, 81–3, 288

  Cade’s rebellion (1450), 65–85; context and causation, 65–70, 81–5; events, 70–9; as forerunner of War of Roses, 81–3; parallels with Peasants’ Revolt, 80; rebel demographic, 70–1; rebel numbers, 72; risings beyond Home Counties, 79–80

  Caesar, Charles, 277

  Caesarism, 480–2

  Cale, Guillaume, 65

  Cambodia, 194–5

  Cambridge, 41, 42, 45, 47

  Cameron of Lochiel, Donald, 224–5, 227, 231, 232, 244, 248, 252

  Campbell clan, 251–2

  Canterbury, 14–15, 47, 72–3

  Cantor, N. F., 2

  capitalism: Jacobite attitude, 270; nature of British, 492, 494; Protestantism’s effect on rise of, 159–60; rise of financial, 275–9; and the working class, 352

  ‘Captain Poverty’ letter, 101

  Captain Swing riots, 285, 287, 347

  Cardiff, 448, 464

  Carlile, Richard, 309–10

  Carlisle, 141

  Carlisle, siege of (1745), 235, 241

  Carlyle, Thomas, 210, 212, 360

  Carmichael of Balmeddie, David, 277

  Carson, Sir Edward, 489

  Carte, Thomas, 253–5

  Caryll, Lord, 260

  Cassels, Roger, 103

  Castro, Fidel, 516–17

  Catherine of Aragon, 87, 89

  Catholicism see religion

  Cavendish, Sir John, 43

  Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di, 480

  censorship, 114

  Challoner, Robert, 103, 111–12

  Chamberlain, Austen, 480

  Chamberlain, Neville, 386, 418, 420, 456, 461, 473

  Channon, Henry ‘Chips’, 402

  Chapuys, Eustace, 100, 103–4, 120

  Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland: character, 149, 152; and Civil War, 157, 158; escape and imprisonment, 184; intrigues while imprisoned, 170–2; Leveller attitude, 175, 176, 183, 189; and origins of Civil War, 152–7; trial and execution, 188–92, 196

  Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 192, 207, 275, 276

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 87, 96, 100, 120, 121

  Charles V, King of France, 4

  Charles VII, King of France, 67, 69

  Charles Edward, Prince, the Young Pretender: aims, 227; attitude to religion, 218; background and character, 217–18, 221; and Culloden, 246–7, 248; at Derby meeting, 237–9; and French planned invasion of England, 219–21; illnesses during rising, 242, 244, 245; invasion of England, 231–7; and land ownership, 274; later life, 249, 270; on national debt, 276; preparations for Jacobite rising, 222–4; reasons for failure, 230; and retreat to Highlands, 244–5; and retreat to Scotland, 239–41; return to France, 248–9; as revolutionary thinker, 221–2, 251, 269–70; Scotland conquered by, 225–9; Scottish landing, 224–5; what if?, 270–1, 279

  Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, 65

  Charlton, Thomas, 77

  Chartists, 280–354; 1842 crisis, 311–15; achievements and legacy, 353–4; aims, 285, 286; birth, 285–6; context, 280–5; decline, 343–4; events, 294–344; and Ireland, 331–2; Kennington Common march, 334–41; and land reform, 321–30, 354; National Central Registration and Election Committee (NCREC), 330–1; national petitions, 295, 296, 311–13, 333–9, 343; NCA–NCSU disputes, 308–11; Newport march and consequences, 301–5; opponents, 296–7, 299–300, 314, 335; reasons for failure, 343–4, 346–53; relatio
ns with ACLL, 308, 310, 311, 313, 318–21, 326, 330; supporters, 286–94; techniques, 287; Trotsky on, 483

  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 17, 50–1, 59–60

  Chelmsford, 14

  Chesterton, G. K., 163, 454, 475, 478

  chevauchées, 4–5

  Cheyne, Thomas, 69–70

  Chiang Kai-shek, 511

  Chidley, Katherine, 203

  child labour, 323

  Chile, 502

  China, 150, 194–5

  Chinese Revolution (1949), 487, 489, 495, 510–13, 517, 519

  Cholmly, Sir Henry, 190

  Church, Corporal, 205

  Churchill, Clementine, 433

  Churchill, Winston: as amateur historian, 490; on Baldwin, 386; and BBC, 443; on Britain as an island, 478; character, 434; and General Strike, 433, 434–5, 439, 442, 445–6, 447, 475; and General Strike aftermath, 467; and gold standard, 374, 376; ignorance of ordinary life, 433; joke at own expense, 476; later life, 473; on Northumberland’s mining royalties, 385; and Red Friday, 377; and run-up to General Strike, 418, 420, 422, 423, 426; Thomas on, 416, 436

  Citrine, Walter: attitude to General Strike, 407; background and character, 398–400; on Baldwin, 426; and Cook, 396–7, 474; and General Strike, 428, 430, 447, 457, 460–1, 464–5; later life, 473; position at TUC, 396–7, 405; and run-up to General Strike, 410, 414, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422; on Smith, 392; on Thomas, 402, 406, 407, 409, 415, 440, 459

  Clanranald, young, 224, 231, 232, 238, 244

  Clayton, John, 303

  Clement VII, Pope, 58, 87

  Clement XI, Pope, 215

  Clifford, Sir Thomas, 141

  Clifton village, skirmish at (1745), 240–1

  climate and weather: in 14th century, 56; in 17th century, 150; and lack of revolution in Britain, 484–6, 492

  Clontarf, 331

  Cloppenburg Press, 169

  cloth industry, 84, 96

  clothing: sumptuary laws, 4

  Clubmen, 159

  coal industry see mining industry and strikes

  Cobbett, William, 294

  Cobden, Richard, 317, 318, 319–20, 350, 389

  Cobham, 199–200

  Coke, Sir Edward, 153

  Colchester, 18

  Cole, G. D. H., 320, 399

  Combination Acts, 283–4

  Communist Party: 1920s hatred of, 389; 1925 government persecution, 388; and Cook, 394, 474; Labour Party’s attitude, 452

  Complete Suffrage Movement, 308

  Condé, Louis Bourbon, Prince de, 488

  Congregationalists, 163–4

  Conservative Party, 412

  Constable, Sir Robert: background and character, 101; Ellerker tries to trap, 138; Henry VIII’s attitude to, 129–30; and Lee, 118; at Pilgrimage of Grace meetings, 103, 121–2, 125, 131; place in Pilgrims’ battle order, 106

  Cook, A. J.: background and character, 391–2, 392–7; and General Strike and aftermath, 457, 458, 467, 468; and Labour Party intellectuals, 409; later life, 473–4; as orator, 395, 397; position at MFGB, 371; and Red Friday, 377; relations with Thomas, 403–4, 408, 421; and run-up to General Strike, 411, 412, 414, 419–20, 423–4; and Samuel Commission, 380, 381; Webb on, 427

  Cooke, John, 192

  Cooper, Thomas, 310–11, 326

  Cooperative Union, 408

  Cooperative Wholesale Society (CWS), 452–3

  Cope, Sir John, 225, 228–9

  Corkbush Field, 185

  Corn Laws repeal (1846), 280, 320–1, 348; see also Anti-Corn Law League

  cornage, 128

  Cornwall, 253

  Corpus Christi, Feast of, 20

  Cotton, Sir John Hynde, 268, 271

  cotton industry, 318, 330, 348–9, 365

  Courtenay, William, Bishop of London, 40

  Cowen, Joseph, 345

  Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 88, 90, 98, 112

  Cressing Temple, 14

  Creswell, Elizabeth, 306

  Creswell, Percival, 118

  Crewe, 448

  crime: Jacobite attitudes, 257–64

  Cripps, Sir Stafford, 399, 503

  Croce, Benedetto, 480

  Cromarty, Earl of, 245, 246

  Cromwell, Oliver: as absolute ruler, 481; as amateur, 490; and censorship, 164; character and politics, 177–8, 211–13; and Charles I’s death, 188–9, 191–2; and Civil Wars, 157–9, 187, 207; control of army, 172; control of Parliament, 190–1; Irish campaign, 201, 205, 206; and Levellers, 166–7, 169, 170, 185–6, 188, 189, 201–6, 209; as Lord Protector, 207; and New Model Army politics, 171, 181–3, 185–6; origins, 482; plots to assassinate, 208–9; prevention of revolution, 479; at Putney Debates, 175, 176, 177–8, 181–3; and Spain, 272

  Cromwell, Richard (16th century), 125

  Cromwell, Richard (Oliver’s son), 212

  Cromwell, Thomas: Aske’s desire to replace, 95; and Boleyn’s death, 87–8; and Derby, 103; downfall, 145; Norfolk’s hatred of, 91, 129, 130–1; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 90, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 112, 114, 119, 121–2, 123, 125, 126

  Crowmer, William, 77

  Cuban Revolution (1959), xi–xii, 516–17

  Cufay, William, 343

  Culloden, Battle of (1746), 246–8, 251–2

  Cumberland, 102, 127–8

  Cumberland, Earl of (16th century), 102–3, 128

  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of: background, 229; at Culloden, 246; pursues Jacobites, 237, 239, 240–1, 245; treatment of rebels, 249

  Curragh Mutiny (1914), 488–9

  Curzon, Nathaniel, 254

  CWS see Cooperative Wholesale Society

  Dacre, Lord, 128

  Dacre, Sir Christopher, 141

  Daily Mail, 421–3, 425

  Daniel, John, 236

  Daniel, Thomas, 68, 69, 75, 77

  Darcy, Lord: background, 100; Henry VIII’s attempts to suborn, 125; initial loyalty to Henry VIII, 97, 100–1; on Lincolnshire rising, 94; pardoned, 137–8; as Pilgrim of Grace, 101, 104–5, 106, 109, 111, 112, 118–19, 122, 125, 126, 130; ultimate fate, 140, 141, 142–3

  Darcy, Sir George, 134

  Darlington, 448

  Davidson, J. C. C., 388, 441, 443

  Davidson, Randall, Archbishop of Canterbury, 440–1, 442, 443

  Davies, David, 380

  Dawes Plan, 380

  Dawson, Geoffrey, 435

  Dawyne, Sir John, 103

  Debray, Régis, 512–13

  Defoe, Daniel, 278

  Democratic Friends of All Nations, 316

  Dene, Cornet, 205

  Derby, 237–9, 253, 255–6

  Derby, Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of, 102, 103, 140, 141

  Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of, 216

  Despenser, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, 44, 45–6, 50

  Devon, 145–6

  Devon, Earl of (15th century), 74

  dictators, 480–2

  diet, 62–3, 67

  Diggers, 192–201

  Dilke, Sir Charles, 289

  Disraeli, Benjamin, 152, 174, 253, 308, 497

  distributism, 454

  dock strikes, 357, 364

  Domesday Book, 34

  Doncaster, 108–16, 130–1, 140–1, 448, 451

  Donovan, David, 343

  Dorset, 79, 159, 254

  Drapier’s Letter (1745), 267

  Draupner oil rig, 485

  Driberg, Tom, 436

  Drummond, Lord John, 242

  Dudley, Lord, 70, 75

  Dunbar, Battle of (1650), 207

  Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby, 305

  Dunstable, 30, 41

  Durham, 451

  East Anglia: 17th-century economy, 150; Peasants’ Revolt, 41, 42–3, 44–5, 49; and Puritanism, 151; witch-hunting, 162–3

  East India Company, 272

  Eccles, Reginald, 44

  economy: in 14th century, 3–4, 6–11, 55–7; in 16th century, 96–7, 101, 127–9; in 17th century, 150; origins of national debt, 275–9; see also financial crises; ind
ustrialisation; labour; taxation; trade

  Edgehill, Battle of (1642), 157

  Edinburgh, 228, 229, 241, 448, 450

  Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, 16, 19

  Edward III, King of England, 5, 57

  Edward VI, King of England, 145

  Edward VIII, King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 384

  Edward, the Black Prince, 4, 5

  Egerton, Lord Francis, 311

  Eguilles, Marquis d’, 230, 236

  Elcho, David, Lord, 226, 231, 241, 248

  electoral reform: in 19th century, 281–3, 353–4; in 20th century, 479; and Chartists, 286, 297, 306, 308; Leveller attitude, 173, 178–82, 191, 203; votes for women, 283, 365

  Elisabeth (warship), 223–4

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 149, 150–1, 484

  Ellerker, Sir Ralph: negotiates with Norfolk and Henry VIII, 111–12, 114–16, 121; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 103, 106; Pilgrimage abandoned by, 134, 138

  Ellerker family, 106

  Ellis, Havelock, 437

  emigration, 371

  Emmet, Robert, 332

  empiricism, 492–4

  enclosures, 127, 146–7, 196, 494

  Engels, Friedrich: on 1840s England and revolution, 352–3; attitude to Marx, 359; on capitalism–Calvinism link, 160; The Condition of the Working Class in England, 287; friends, 345, 346; on peasantry in the Middle Ages, 85; on monarchy, 306; on O’Brien, 293; prophecy of revolution, 316; on reaching socialism in Britain, 502; on revolution, 506; on strikes, 356–7; on success in revolutions, 358

  English Civil Wars (1642–5; 1647–51): casualties, 158–9, 514; events, 157–8, 184–5, 187–8, 190, 207; origins and context, 149–57, 482–3

  equality: British attitude, 478–9; Digger attitude, 194–201; Leveller attitude, 178–84, 189, 204; see also social structure

  Essex, 11–26, 33, 35, 40–1, 48, 61

  Essex, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of, 157–8

  Everard, Robert, 177

  Everard, William, 199, 200

  Ewall, John, 14

  Excise Act (1733), 252

  Exeter, 146, 263

  Exeter, Marquis of, 107, 144

  Eyre, William, 206

  Fairfax, Thomas: and Charles I’s death, 192; command of New Model Army, 158; and Diggers, 199; and Levellers, 190, 202, 204, 205, 206; handling of New Model Army tensions, 171, 185–6; at Putney Debates, 183

  Fairfax, Sir William, 103

  Falkirk, Battle of (1746), 243–4

  famine: in 14th century, 55–6

  Farringdon, Thomas, 28–9, 34, 40

  Ferrers, Sir Ralph, 6, 20

  feudalism: end of, 63–4, 66–7; Langland on, 60; and Peasants’ Revolt, 24, 29–31, 41, 49, 60–1; serfs’ living conditions, 61–4

  Fielding, Henry, 239, 265, 274

  Fifth Monarchy Men, 162, 192

 

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