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The Road Not Taken

Page 84

by Frank McLynn

Russian Revolution (1917), 360, 383, 486–7, 489, 510–13, 517, 519

  Sagan, Carl, 483

  St Albans, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43

  Saint-Simon, Comte de, 322

  Saklatvala, Shapurji, 451

  Salisbury, 205

  Salisbury, Earl of (14th century), 19, 20, 28

  Salisbury, Lord, 378, 385, 386, 418

  Salterhebble, 313

  Samuel, Herbert, Viscount: background and character, 379; and General Strike, 437–9, 440, 457–9, 462–3; later life, 473; Samuel Commission and Report, 379–82, 385–6, 410, 411, 432; Samuel memorandum, 457–61, 462, 463

  Sandwich, 84

  Sankey, John, Lord, 368–9, 395, 401

  Santayana, George, 478

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 151

  Saxe, Maurice, Comte de, 219, 220–1, 229

  Saye and Sele, James Fiennes, 1st Baron, 68, 69, 70, 75, 77, 83

  Scales, Sir Roger, 44

  Scales, Thomas, Lord, 74, 77, 78

  Scarborough, 30, 41, 42, 139

  Scotland: Bishops’ Wars, 154; Charles I’s negotiations with, 184–5; and Chartism, 309, 310, 313, 350; continuing Jacobite support, 268; and English Civil Wars, 158, 187–8, 207; and General Strike, 448, 451; wars with England, 5, 12–13; see also Jacobite rising (1745)

  Scrope, Lord, 130

  Scrope, Richard, 65

  secrecy, 490

  Sedbergh, Adam, Abbot of Jervaulx, 98, 143

  Seekers, 162

  Segrave, Major Henry, 438

  Septvanz, William, 15

  sergeant corn, 127

  Seven Men of Moidart, 223; see also Atholl, Duke of; Kelly, George; MacDonald, Aeneas; O’Sullivan, John William

  Seven Years War (1756–63), 264

  Sevenoaks, skirmish at (1450), 75

  Sewale, Sheriff, 13, 14

  Sexby, Edward: background and character, 173; Cromwell’s attitude to, 177; later life, 208–9; at Putney Debates, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181

  Seymour, Jane, 89

  Shakespeare, William, 81–3

  Shays’s rebellion (1787), 518

  Sheffield, 302

  Sheridan (Jacobite), 231, 232, 239, 248

  Sheriffmuir, Battle of (1715), 216

  Shinwell, Emanuel, 390

  Ship Money, 152–3, 154, 155

  Shippen, William, 275

  Short Parliament, 154

  Shrewsbury, 263

  Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 4th Earl of, 91–2, 107–8, 110, 111–12, 118, 125

  Simnel, Lambert, 92

  Simon, Sir John, 387, 436–7, 439, 470

  Sindercombe, Miles, 208

  Sitwell, Osbert, 446

  Skipton Castle, 102–3, 106

  Skocpol, Theda, 495, 497, 510–13, 514, 516

  Slesser, Sir Henry, 437

  Smiles, Samuel, 307–8

  Smith, Adam, 169, 207, 259

  Smith, Sir Allan, 390

  Smith, F. E. see Birkenhead, F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of

  Smith, Herbert: background and character, 391–2; and General Strike, 436, 438–9, 452, 457, 458, 459–60; and General Strike aftermath, 468; on Hodges, 370; and Labour Party intellectuals, 409; on Red Friday, 377, 378; rise to power, 369; and run-up to General Strike, 412, 413–14, 416, 417, 419, 421, 424; and Samuel Commission, 380, 381; Samuel on, 438–9

  Smith, Ian, 488

  smuggling, 259–61

  Smyth, John, 80

  Snowden, Ethel, 446

  Snowden, Philip, 390, 398, 463, 469–70, 474, 502

  social structure: in 14th century, 61–2; in 16th century, 127–9; in 17th century, 150; Diggers and equality, 194–201; Levellers and equality, 169–70, 178–9, 204

  Somerset, 79, 253

  Somerset, Duke of (15th century), 68, 69

  Somerset, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of, 146, 147

  Sorel, Georges, 359–62, 363

  South Sea Company, 275

  Southey, Robert, 52–3

  Southsea, 448

  Soviet Union, 159, 446–7, 513; see also Russia

  Spain, 216–17, 272, 481, 486, 488

  Spanish Armada, 484

  Spanish Succession, War of (1701–14), 272

  Spenser, Robert, 79

  sport, 479, 501

  Stafford, Sir Humphrey, 75

  Stafford, Sir William, 75

  Staffordshire, 313, 314

  Stalin, Joseph, 513

  Standish, Sir Ralph, 37

  Stanley, Sir Thomas, 75

  Stapleton, Brigadier Walter, 248

  Stapleton, William, 97–8, 106, 108

  Star Chamber, Court of, 152, 153, 154, 155

  State: relationship to revolution, 507; Skocpol on, 512

  Statute of Labourers (1351), 3, 57

  Steel-Maitland, Sir Arthur: background and character, 387; and General Strike, 438, 461; and run-up to General Strike, 414, 417, 418, 419, 420, 426

  Stephens, Rev. J. R., 287, 288–9, 296, 303, 317

  Steuart of Goodtrees, Sir James, 230, 251

  Stevens, Wallace, 195

  Stewart, John Roy, 225, 229, 232, 255

  Stewart of Ardshiel, 231, 232, 241, 244

  Stirling Castle, siege of (1746), 242–3

  Strachey, John, 435

  Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 152, 154–5, 156

  Strathallan, Lord, 226, 235

  Straw, Jack, 17, 28, 29, 39, 40

  strikes: Chartist, 296, 298, 313–15; decline in number after General Strike, 469; in early 20th century, 364–6; see also General Strike (1926)

  Struan see Robertson of Struan

  Sturge, Joseph, 308–9, 310, 311, 316, 318

  Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, 8–9, 9–10, 15, 17, 29, 32

  Suffolk, 43–4, 45, 48

  Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, 92–3, 107, 122

  Suffolk, William de la Pole, Duke of, 67–70

  suffrage see electoral reform

  suffragettes, 365

  sumptuary laws, 4

  Surrey, Earl of, 144

  Sussex, 80, 83–5

  Sussex, Earl of, 140, 141

  Swales, Alonzo: and General Strike, 461; in Labour government (1924), 377; politics, 397, 405, 410; and run-up to General Strike, 414–15, 416, 417, 421, 424; and Thomas, 409; waning influence, 397

  Swansea, 448

  Swedish general strike (1909), 406

  Tamworth, 264

  Tawney, R. H., 159, 368, 399, 409

  taxation: and the ’45, 233; 18th-century taxes and smuggling, 259–61; and Charles I, 152–3, 154; feudal taxes, 61–2; under first Edwards, 56; and Henry VI, 69; Lay Subsidy, 7; Malt Tax, 233; and national debt, 276; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 88–9, 90, 96, 101–2, 126, 127–9, 135, 136, 145; Poll Tax (14th century), 7–11, 49; Ship Money, 152–3, 154, 155; stamp duty, 292

  Taylor, A. J. P., 371, 436, 444

  Tebbe, John, 15

  Tejero, Antonio, 516

  temperance, 306, 332

  Temple, Sir William (17th century), 273

  Temple, William (20th century), 467

  Tencin, Cardinal, 230

  textile industry, 372–3

  Thackeray, William Makepeace, 334–5

  Thirty Years War (1618–48), 149

  Thomas, J. H.: background and character, 369, 400–5; attitude to communists, 452; and General Strike, 430, 432, 436, 438, 439–40, 446, 453, 456–63, 465; and General Strike aftermath, 466; General Strike’s effect on reputation, 468, 469–70; Gramsci on, 502; in Labour government (1924), 377; later life, 473; relations with Bevin, 398, 408, 439; and run-up to General Strike, 370, 405–18, 421, 422–3, 424

  Thompson, Dorothy, 289

  Thompson, Cornet James, 205

  Thompson, Captain William, 205–6

  Tidd Pratt, John, 328

  Tillett, Ben, 362, 397, 405, 410

  Tindal, Sir Nicholas, 304

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 49, 479, 505, 506

  Tolpuddle martyrs, 284

  Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 332, 485

&
nbsp; Tonypandy riots (1910), 364, 393

  Tory Party: in 18th century, 252–3, 255; and Chartists, 308, 310–11, 319

  Towneley, Francis, 255

  trade: and Jacobitism, 271–3; Leveller attitudes, 167, 169, 207; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 96–7; see also Anti-Corn Law League

  trade unions: birth, 283–5, 294, 350–1; General Strike’s effect on, 469; legislation post General Strike, 468, 470; political leanings, 500, 501; radical hatred of, 389; relations with Labour Party, 400; rise of, 367–8; and strikes of early 20th century, 364; see also General Strike (1926); Trades Union Congress

  Trades Union Congress (TUC): attitude to Cook, 394; Citrine’s appointment as general secretary, 396–7; during General Strike, 428, 429–32, 439, 446–7, 451–4, 456–65; foundation and membership statistics, 367–8; and mining dispute (1925), 377, 378, 381, 382, 386; newspaper, 435; personalities involved in General Strike, 397–405; preferred methods, 364; and run-up to General Strike, 404–27; Special Industrial Committee (SIC), 405–27; Ways and Means Sub-Committee, 413

  trailbaston, 14

  Transport and General Workers’ Union, 368, 378, 459, 469

  Trenchard, Sir Hugh, 471

  Trenman, William, 33

  Tresilian, John, 68, 69, 75, 77

  Tresilian, Robert, 40, 50

  Trevelyan, C. E., 335

  Triple Alliance (mine workers, railwaymen, transport workers), 368, 369–70

  Trotsky, Leon: on British elite and concessions, 490; on British Empire, 497; on British Left, 424; on Chartists, 483; on Cromwell, 481; on General Strike, 446; on general strike concept, 359, 361, 363, 390; on Stalin, 513; on J.H. Thomas, 402–3

  TUC see Trades Union Congress

  Tullibardine (Jacobite), 232

  Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Vicomte de, 488

  Turkey, 512

  Turner, Ben, 461, 474

  Twain, Mark, xiii, 85

  Tyler, Wat: background, 14; death, 37–8; literary representations, 51, 52–3, 83; and Peasants’ Revolt, 14–19, 22, 29, 34–8, 39

  Tyneside, 264–5, 313

  unemployment: in 1920s, 371, 373, 376, 453

  Urban VI, Pope, 58

  urbanisation, 351, 495–6

  USA: in 19th century, 322–3; Britain’s WW1 debts to, 384; mining industry, 372; reaction to British General Strike, 455; see also American Civil War; American War of Independence

  utopianism, 192–201, 321–2, 323–4

  Utrecht, Treaty of (1713–14), 272

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 374

  Victoria, queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 297, 304, 306, 312, 334

  violence, Sorel on, 362

  Vizetelly, Henry, 340

  voluntarism, xii

  Wade, Marshal, 233, 234, 235, 236–7, 240

  wages: in 14th and 15th centuries, 3, 66; and gold standard, 373–6; miners, 376–82, 411–12, 417, 457–8, 468

  Wales: and Chartists, 301–3, 310, 313, 350; and General Strike, 451, 464; Rebecca riots, 350

  Walkden, Alexander, 405

  Walkinshaw, Clementina, 244

  Walland of Abertrothock, Patrick, 277

  Walpole, Horace, 261, 274

  Walpole, Robert, 217, 252, 257, 262

  Walsall, 263, 264

  Walsh, Antoine, 223, 224, 225

  Waltham Abbey, 18

  Waltham Blacks, 261–2

  Walworth, Mayor William, 19, 21, 27, 28, 35–8, 40

  Walwyn, William: imprisoned, 202–4, 206; later life, 207–8; links with MPs, 170; overview, 165, 168–9; politics and works, 168, 173, 203; and Putney Debates, 174

  war, and revolution, 486–7

  Ware, Hugh, 33

  Warwick, Earl of (14th century), 19, 50

  Warwick, Earl of (16th century), 147

  Warwickshire, 264

  Weale, Matthew, 176

  Webb, Beatrice: on BBC General Strike coverage, 441–2; on Citrine, 399; on General Strike, 432, 444, 453, 476; on general strike concept, 427; ignorance of ordinary life, 432–3; on Samuel and Keynes, 473; on Smith and Cook, 391–2, 395–6; on TUC, 466; working-class attitude to, 476

  Webb, Sidney, 368

  Weber, Max, 159, 498, 509

  Wedderburn of Blackness, Sir John, 277

  Weitling, Wilhelm, 322

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 282, 335, 349

  Westmoreland, 102

  Westmoreland, Earl of (16th century), 134

  Wharton, Duke of (‘Hell-Fire Duke’), 277

  Whig Party, 255, 256, 285, 319

  White, Major, 205

  Whitehall debates (1648), 191

  Wildman, John: Cromwell’s attitude to, 177; later life, 208; politics and works, 173, 189; at Putney Debates, 174, 175–6, 179–80, 181

  Wilkes, John, 255, 268

  Wilkite riots (1760s), 280

  William III (William of Orange), king of Great Britain and Ireland, 275

  Williams, Evan, 380, 390, 391, 467

  Williams, Zephaniah, 301, 302, 304

  Williams Wynn, Sir Watkin, 234, 263, 268, 269, 271

  Wilson, Sir Horace, 387, 414, 415, 417, 461

  Wilstrop, Sir Oswald, 103, 134

  Wiltshire, 79–80

  Winchester, 30

  Windebank, Sir Francis, 155

  Winstanley, Gerrard, 192–200, 201, 207, 208

  witches, 162–3

  Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 87, 91

  Wolverhampton, 448

  women: and Chartism, 287, 289, 296, 306, 339; Digger attitude, 196–7; and Levellers, 165, 202–3; and religion, 501; and the vote, 283, 365

  Wood, Sir Kingsley, 451

  Woodstock, Thomas, 16

  wool industry, 96

  Woolf, Virginia, 442, 444, 448, 475

  Worcester, Battle of (1651), 207

  workhouses, 283

  working class: in 19th century, 349–50, 351–3; history and nature of British, 494–6, 497–8, 500–2; in Jacobite army, 255; Marxist thinking on, 356–63; solidity during General Strike, 429

  World War One (1914–18), 489

  Wrawe, John, 43–4, 45

  Wycliff, John, 25–6

  Yaffle (journalist), 454

  York: and General Strike, 448, 453; and Peasants’ Revolt, 41, 42; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 98–9, 121–2

  York, Richard, Duke of, 68, 72, 80–1, 81–2

  Yorkshire: in 18th century, 253; in 19th century, 313–14; and Peasants’ Revolt, 42; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 93–106, 127–8, 135, 136–43

  Young Ireland, 332, 334, 342

  Zinoviev letter, 425

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