nitrogen and oil combine
Nitrogen Syndicate
Nitropenta production
Nixon, Russell
Nobel Prize
Normandy invasion
Norsk Hydro
North Africa
Norway
Novocain
N-Stoff plant
nuclear physics
Nuremberg IG Farben trial
Nuremberg rallies
Nuremberg tribunal (Four-Power International Military Tribunal, IMT)
Oberf DAG plant
Office of the Four-Year Plan
Office of the Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of the German Nation
oil and petrochemicals. See also fuel, synthetic
Ollendorf, Gerhard
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Osavakim
Operation Reinhard (death camps)
opium derivatives
Oppau plant
Oppenheim, Franz
Oppenheim, Kurt
Organisation Todt
osmium
Oster, Heinrich
Otto, Wilhelm
Ottoman Turks
oxygen, bottled
paints
Palmer, A. Mitchell
Papen, Franz von
paper products
paramilitary left
paramilitary putsches
paranitrophenol
Party Chancellery
Passchendaele, Battle of
patents
Patriotic Auxiliary Service Law (1916)
Patterson, John
Patton, George
Paul II, Pope
Peenemünde
Peltzer, Wilhelm
Perkin, Thomas
Perkin, William Henry
Perkin and Sons
Perkin’s green
Peru
pesticides See also specific types
Pétain, Philippe
Peters, Gerhard
Pharmaceuticals. See also specific products
pharmaceuticals sales combine
Phenacetin (acetophenetidine)
phenol scandal
phosgene gas
phosphates
phosphorus incendiaries
photographic materials
Pier, Matthias
Piesteritz plant
Pietrkowski, Edwin
Pintsch Bamag AG
Pionierkommando
Planck, Max
plastics
Ploesti oil refineries
Poelzig, Hans
Poensgen, Ernst
poison gas. See chemical weapons
Poland
political parties, banned by Nazis
Pollack, Isador
Portugal
Potsdam Conference
Pressburg DAG plant
printing inks
prisoners of war (POWs). See also specific nationalities
Project Paperclip
propaganda
Propaganda Ministry
protectionism
Pullar, Robert
purple dye
quinine, synthetic
Race and Settlement Main Office
radiology
Raeder, Erich
Rankin, John E.
“rare earths,”
Rathenau, Walter von
Raths, vom, family
Rattwitz buna factory
Ravensbruck camp
raw materials. See also specific materials
raw materials commission
rayon
recession of 1928–29
Reckoning with England, The (Eisenhart)
Red Army
Red Front Fighters’ League
Reich Authority for Spatial Planning
Reich Chancellery
Reich Office for Economic Development
Reich Office of Economic Expansion
Reichsbank
Reich Security Main Office. See RHSA
Reichstag
burning of
elections of 1912
elections of 1928
elections of 1930
elections of 1932
elections of 1933
Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie (RDI)
Reichswehr (German army under Weimar). See also Wehrmacht
Weapons Office
Reichsweiler DAG plant
Renn process
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste
reparations
Reppe, Walter
Republican Party, U.S.
resins
Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition (Revolutionäre Gewerkschaftopposition, RGO)
Rheinische Stahlwerke AG
Rheini Steel company
Rhineland
Rhône-Poulenc
RHSA (Reichssicherheitshauptampt, Reich Security Main Office)
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
Riddle of the Sands, The (Childers)
Ringer, Friedrich
Ritter, Gerhard
Rockefeller, John D.
Röhm, Ernst
purge. See Night of the Long Knives
Romania
Rommel, Erwin
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Rosenberg, Alfred
Rotary International
Rothschild family
Rottweil plant
rubber, natural
rubber, synthetic. See buna
Rudriger, Colonel
Ruettgerswerke AG
Ruhr-Chemie firm
Ruhr coal fields
Rumpff, Carl
Runge, Friedlieb Ferdinand
Runge, Otto
Rupprecht, Crown Prince, of Bavaria
Russia (pre-Revolutionary). See also Soviet Union Bolshevik Revolution in
Saarland
Saarwelligen DAG plant
saccharine
Sachsenhausen camp
St. Ingbert DAG plant
sales and marketing groups or combines
salicylic acid
saltpeter
Salvarsan
Sanofi-Aventis company
Santo, Erich
Sarajevo
sarin
SA (Sturmabteilung, brownshirts)
satellite departments
Sauckel, Fritz
Schacht, Hjalmar
Scheele, Walter
Schiebusch plant
Schindler, Oscar
Schkopau plant
Schlebusch DAG plant
Schleicher, Kurt von
Schlieffen, Alfred von
Schlieffen Plan
Schlieper, Gustaf
Schlotterer, Gustav
Schmitz, Hermann
Schneider, Christian
Schnitzler, Georg von
Schnitzler, Lilly von
Schoener, Bernhard
Schönebeck DAG plant
Schrader, Gerald
Schrader, Gerhard
Schroeder, Kurt von
Schulhof, Ervin
Schwab, Heinrich
Schwab, Hermann
Schwarz, Ernest
Schweitzer, Hugo
SD (Sicherheitsdienst, SS intelligence service)
Seal, Bert
Second Reich
Sedan triumph of 1870
Selck, Erwin
Serbia
Shake, Curtis G.
Shawcross, Hartley
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Shirer, William
Sieger, Ludwig
Siemens firm
“Significance of the Urbanization of Australia in the Future of the White Race, The” (Gattineau)
Silberhutte DAG plant
Simson, Ernst von, as Jew at IGF
Sipo (Sicherheitspolizei, security police)
Skodawerke Wetzler AG
Slovak laborers
soaps
Sobibor camp
Social Democrats (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD)
socialists
social welfare syste
ms
Society for the Protection of the Interest of the German Chemical Industry
Solvay et Cie
solvents
Somme, Battle of
Sömmerda DAG plant
Sonderkommando
Sosnowitz holding facility
Soviet POWs
Soviet Union
Spain
Spartacist revolts
Sparten (product divisions)
I
II
III
SPD. See Social Democrats
Speer, Albert
Spies of the Kaiser (Le Queux)
Sprecher, Drexel
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Labor Office
Staischak, Leon
Stalin, Joseph
Stalingrad, battle of
Standard-IG Company
Standard Oil
Standard Oil Development Company
Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
Stein, Gustav
sterilization experiments
Sterling Products Inc.
Stinnes, Hugo
stock market crash of 1929
Strasbourg University
Strasser, Gregor
Strength through Joy camps
Stresemann, Gustav
strikes
“stripeys,”
Struss, Ernst
Subsequent Proceedings Division at Nuremberg
Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoffwerke
Sudeten-German Free Corps
Sudeten German Relief Fund
Sudetenland
Sulfonal
Sullivan and Cromwell law firm
sulphur
sulphuric acid
Sumatra rubber plantations
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)
Sweden
Swiss banks
Switzerland
Synthetic Patents Company
synthetics, rearmament and See also specific products
syphilis
Szpilfogel, Maurcy
tabun
Taft, Robert A.
tariffs
Tarr, Paul
Tauboeck, Karl
taxes
Taylor, Telford
Teagle, Walter C.
Technical Committee
Telefunken GmbH
Terte factory
Tesch, Bruno
Tesch and Stabenow
tetraethyl lead
Texas oil reserves
thallium
Theraplix
Theresienstadt camp
Third Reich. See National Socialist Party (Nazis); and specific individuals
Thomas, Georg
Thyssen, Fritz
Thyssen firm
Tilley, Edmund
TNT
Todt, Fritz
toluene
trade embargos
trademarks
trade unions. See labor; strikes
Trading with the Enemy Act (U.S., 1917)
Treblinka camp
Trional
Troisdorf DAG plant
Tropsch, Hans
Trostberg plant
Truman, Harry S.
Turner, Lana
typhus
U-boats
UFA movie studios
Ukraine
Ukrainian laborers, IGF and
Ultra (code-breaking product)
ultranationalism
unemployment
unemployment benefits
Ungewitter, Claus
United Industrial Enterprises
United States
Bayer assets in
Bosch visits
capital markets in
crash of 1929 and
denazification and
depression of 1920–21 and
Dreibund and
Duisberg visits
dye patents in
fertilizer and
IG Farben and Standard Oil holdings in
missile and space programs
monetary restrictions of 1928
Nazi scientists and, post–WW II
Nazi takeover and IG Farben in
Nuremberg IG Farben trial and
post–WW I
post–WW II
South America pharmaceuticals and
WW I and
WW II and
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Anti-Trust Division
U.S. armed forces
Eighth Air Force
First Infantry Division
Third Army
U.S. Cartels Division
U.S. Congress
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
U.S. Federal Oil Conservation Board
U.S. House of Representatives
Special Committee on Un-American Activities
U.S. Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency
U.S. Justice Department
U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
U.S. Office of the Alien Property Custodian
U.S. Secret Service
U.S. Senate
U.S. State Department
U.S. Steel
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey
U.S. Supreme Court
U.S. Treasury Department
U.S. War Department
U.S. War Refugee Board
United Steel
Upper Rhine work group
Upper Silesia
uranium
Uruguay
V2 rockets
Vecker DAG plant
Vemork hydroelectric plant
Verbindungsmänner (liaison men)
Vereinigte Stahlwerke firm
Verguin, François-Emmanuel
Vermittlungstelle Wehrmacht (Army Liaison Office, or Verm. W.)
Versailles Treaty
Verwaltungsrat (administrative council)
Vetter, Helmuth
Victoria, queen of Great Britain
Vinson, Fred
Vitek, Rudolf
VKPD uprising
Volkisch putschists
Vorstand (managing board)
Vowi (Department of Economic Research)
Vrba, Rudolf
wages
Waggonfabrik Uerdingen AG
Waibel, Hermann
Waitz, Robert
Wannsee Conference
Warburg, Max
Warmbold, Hermann
War Raw Materials Office
Warsaw
ghetto
Warsaw Pact
Warthegau province
Webb, E. W.
Wehrmacht Day
Wehrmacht (German Army). See also German imperial army; Reichswehr
Wehrmacht Medical Academy
Weiler-ter-Meer firm
Weimar Republic
Depression and rise of Nazis in
end of
Weinberg, Arthur von
Weinberg, Carl von
Weinberg, von, family
Weinessigfabrik L. Hirsch
Weiss, William E.
Wels, Otto
Weskott, Johann
Wesola
Westfalische-Anhaltische Sprengstoff AG
West Germany. See Federal German Republic
Wilhelm I, kaiser of Germany
Wilhelm II, kaiser of Germany
Williams and Crowell (dye company)
Wilson, Woodrow
Winnica (chemical firm)
Winthrop Chemical Company
Wipo (Department of Economic Policy)
Wojahn, Max
Wola (chemical firm)
Wolf, Karl
Wolfen plant
Wolff, Horst
Wolff, Karl
Wolff, Otto
Wollheim, Norbert
women
work councils
work groups, defined
World Exposition (Paris, 1900)
World War I
peace negotiations and
U.S. and
World War II. See al
so specific battles; concentration camps; countries; and individuals
bombing of plants
early Nazi successes in
IG Farben paves way for
invasion of Poland and
last year of
Nazi preparations for
U.S. IG Farben assets and
W. R. Grace
Wright, C. R. Alder
Wuppertal plant
Wurgendorf DAG plant
Wurster, Carl
Ypres, Battle of
Zeiss firm
Zentralausschuss (Central Committee)
Zollverein (German customs union)
Zurich University
Zyklon B
Also by Diarmuid Jeffreys
Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DIARMUID JEFFREYS, journalist and documentarian, is the author of Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, which was nominated for the Aventis Prize for popular science books and chosen as one of the best books of the year by the San Francisco Chronicle. He lives in East Sussex, England.
Metropolitan Books
Henry Holt and Company, LLC
Publishers since 1866
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New York, New York 10010
www.henryholt.com
Metropolitan Books® and ® are registered trademarks of Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
Copyright © 2008 by Diarmuid Jeffreys
All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
Jeffreys, Diarmuid.
Hell’s cartel : IG Farben and the making of Hitler’s war machine / Diarmuid Jeffreys.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8050-7813-8
ISBN-10: 0-8050-7813-4
1. Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft—History. 2. Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei. 3. Industrial policy—Germany—History—20th century. 4. Forced labor—Germany—History—20th century. 5. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945) 6. World War, 1939–1945—Atrocities. I. Title.
HD9654.9.I5J44 2008
940.53'18134—dc22
2007050398
First Edition 2008
eISBN 9781466833296
First eBook edition: October 2012
*Taylor had been appointed U.S. chief prosecutor at Nuremberg in October 1946, some months after his predecessor, Justice Robert Jackson, had returned to America on the conclusion of the famous Four-Power International Military Tribunal’s case against Göring and the other Nazi leaders. Taylor had assisted Jackson at that trial but all subsequent prosecutions at Nuremberg (including the IG Farben case) were conducted under U.S. jurisdiction alone, presided over by American judges applying international laws of war. The other occupying powers—the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France—either held their own subsequent war crimes trials in the territories they controlled or left it to the Americans.
†Though not from Moscow—the heady days when Soviet prosecutors had cooperated with their Western counterparts in this very courtroom were long gone. Indeed, as will be seen, the increasingly frosty atmosphere between the former Allies would play a significant role in the IG Farben case.
*When Roman emperors began to follow Julius Caesar’s habit of wearing imperial purple, they set strict limits on the supply of the murex mollusk from which it was drawn. In 1464 the Vatican put a similar embargo on the use of the kermes insect; only its crushed shell could provide the exact shade of cardinals’ purple beloved by Pope Paul II.
Hell's Cartel Page 56
