British and American Representations of 9-11
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12 September 2001
President Bush orders his staff to check whether Iraq was involved in the attacks
13 September 2001
NSC meeting, President Bush orders Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to design a plan against the Taliban
14 September 2001
The State Department delivers ‘The Game-Plan for a Political-Military Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan’, issuing an ultimatum to turn over Bin Laden and close down all Al-Qaeda camps within 48 hours. Not expecting the Taliban to comply, the State Department proposes an attack on Afghanistan with the support of NATO countries and other allies
15–16 September 2001
War Council at Camp David
18 September 2001
A memo sent to Rice, titled ‘Survey on Intelligence Information on Any Iraq Involvement in the September 11 Attacks’ finds no compelling evidence that Iraq participated or planned the attacks
20 September 2001
President Bush meets with British Prime Minister Tony Blair to discuss the global crisis. Later that day, President Bush addresses the nation before a joint session of the Congress
26 October 2001
The USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) is signed into law by President Bush (Public Law 107-56)
Table A.4The war in Afghanistan (2001–ongoing)
21 September 2001
2 October 2001
President Bush approves the four-phase plans for Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan
Phase 1
October 2001
The United States and its allies move military forces to the region, arranging for the operations to start from neighbouring countries, Uzbekistan and Pakistan
Phase 2
7 October 2001
Air strikes and raids against Afghanistan begin
Phase 3
November 2001–March 2002
Decisive operations are carried out to topple the Taliban regime
9 November 2001
City of Mazar-el-Shariff falls to a coalition attack
13 November 2001
The Taliban flee from Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan
22 December 2001
Hamid Karzai from Kandahar is installed as the chairman of the interim administration. Afghanistan is liberated from the rule of the Taliban
22 March 2002
Operation Anaconda. Successful three-week battle against the remaining Al-Qaeda jihadist forces, who take refuge in Pakistan
Phase 4
March 2002–present
Security and stability operations ‘The United States and the international community should make a long-term commitment to a secure and stable Afghanistan, in order to give the government a reasonable opportunity to improve the life of the Afghan people. Afghanistan must not again become a sanctuary for international crime and terrorism‘ ( 9/11 CR 2004: 370)
2003–2005
The Taliban try to regroup, recruiting jihadists
2006
The US troops are replaced with an international ISAF contingent
2007–2011
NATO military operations continue in Afghanistan. Tensions with Pakistan heighten
2 May 2011
Osama bin Laden is found and killed
Withdrawal of forces
22 June 2011
President Barack Obama announces the withdrawal of the American troops from Afghanistan
2011–2014
Troop withdrawals. Insurgency intensifies
Table A.5Temporal and thematic distribution in the literary texts in the corpus
9//11
War on terror
Politics
Media
Americanism
Anti-Americanism
The Muslim other
Western trauma
DA
DA
DA
DA
DA
DA
FM
FM
FM
FM
FM
Sub
Sub
Sub
Sub
Sub
TLD
TLD
TLD
S
S
S
S
SH
SH
SH
RF
RF
RF
RF
DA – Dead Air by Iain Banks, FM – Falling Man by Don DeLillo, Sub – The Submission by Amy Waldman, TLD – The Last Days of Muhammad Atta by Martin Amis, S – Saturday by Ian McEwan, SH – Stuff Happens by David Hare, RF – The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid
Index 1
Numbers and Symbols
9/11
9/11 Commission Report, the
9/11 fiction
A
Afghanistan
Al-i-Ahmad, Jalal
Al Jazeera
Allah
Al-Qaeda
Alterity
Althusser, Louis
America
See also United States, the, (U. S.)
American
American Airlines Flight 11
American Airlines Flight 77
Americanism
Americanization
Amis, Martin
Anti-Americanism
Apparatus
Arab
Atta, Muhammad
Author
B
Baghdad
Bakhtin, Mikhail
Banks, Iain
Barthes, Roland
Baudrillard, Jean
BBC
Beigbeder, Frédéric
Bhabha, Homi K.
Bin Laden, Osama
Blair, Tony
Blix, Hans
Bradbury, Malcolm
Breaking News
See also News
Bush, George W.
C
Camus, Albert
Character
Charlie Hebdo
Cheney, Dick
Chomsky, Noam
CNN
Colonialism
Construct
Context
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
Cultural materialism
Culture
D
Daily Mail
Dead Air
Death
Death of the author
Deleuze, Gilles
DeLillo, Don
Department of Defense
Derrida, Jacques
de Villepin, Dominique
Dialogism
Disciplinary societies
Discourse
Documentary theatre
Dramatic monologue
E
Eagleton, Terry
East
East-West
Esposito, John
Europe
European
European Union, the
Exceptionalism
F
Fairclough, Norman
Falling Man
February 15, 2003
Fiction
Fictionalisation
Fictionality
Film
Foer, Jonathan Safran
Foucault, Michel
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalist
G
Genette, Gerard
Gharbzadegi
Globalization
Gramsci, Antonio
Gray, Richard
Greenblatt, Stephen
Ground Zero, the
Guardian, the
H
Habermas, Jürgen
Hamid, Mohsin
Hanafi, Hassan
Hare, David
Hegemony
Historicism
Historiographic metafiction
History
Hofstede, Geert
Hollywood
Hussein, Saddam
Hybridity
I
Identity
Ideology
Imagology
Imperialism
Independent, the
Intertextuality
Iraq
ISIS
Islam
Islamism
Islamophobia
J
Jahiliyyah
Jihad
Journalist
Joyce, James
K
Khomeini
L
Leerssen, Joep
Le Monde
Lewis, Bernard
Liberalism
Literary criticism
Literary journalism
Literature
Lodge, David
London
M
Man Booker Prize
Manhattan
Manipulation
Materialism
McDermott, Terry
McEwan, Ian
Media
Memorial
Mohammad Khan
Morey, Peter
Muslim
Muslim Arab
Muslim identity
Muslim Other
N
Narrative
Narrator
New Historicism
New York (NYC)
New York Times, the
News
Non-fiction
North Atlantic Treaty
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Novel
O
Obama, Barack
Observer, the
Occident
Occidentalism
Occidentosis
Orient
Orientalism
Other
Othering
Otherness
P
Pakistani
Paris
Phobia
Photorealism
Politics
Polyphony
Postcolonialism
Postmodernism
Post-postmodernism
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Powell, Collin
Power
President
Prime Minister
Propaganda
Public sphere
Pynchon, Thomas
Q
Qur’an, the
Qutb, Sayyid
R
Realism
neorealism
Reality
Religion
Reluctant Fundamentalist, the
Representation
Rumsfeld, Donald
Rushdie, Salman
S
Said, Edward
Saturday
Second Plane, the
Self
September 11
See also 9/11
Short story
Societies of control
Spiegelman, Art
Stereotype
Stuff Happens
Submission
Submission, the
Superpower
Symbolism
T
Tabloid
Taliban
Taqiyya
Telegraph, the
Television
Tenet, George
Terror
Terrorism
Terrorist
Tragedy
Trauma
Truth
Twin Towers, the
U
United Airlines Flight 175
United Kingdom, the (U.K.)
United States, the (U.S.)
Updike, John
V
Verbatim theatre
Verisimilitude
Versluys, Kristiaan
W
Waldman, Amy
War on Terror, GWOT
West
Western civilisation
Western identity
Westernisation
White House, the
Woolf, Virginia
World Trade Center (WTC)
World War I
World War II
Writers on 9/11
X
Xenophobia
Footnotes
1Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.