Knopper, Steve. “What’s Next for Chicago’s Historic Maxwell Street?” Blues Access (summer 1997): 102.
Koester, Bob. “Lester Melrose: An Appreciation.” Living Blues 2 (1971): 58.
Kunstadt, Len. “Birmingham Jones, an Introduction.” Record Research 90 (May 1968): 8.
———. Liner notes to The Bluesmen of the Muddy Waters Band Vol. 1. Spivey LP 1008 (1967).
———. Record Research (April 1967).
Lazar, Helen Doob. “James Cotton.” Living Blues 76 (fall 1976): 22–33.
Leadbitter, Mike. “Chess 1954.” Living Blues 8 (spring 1972): 24–27.
———. Liner notes to McKinley Morganfield AKA Muddy Waters. Chess Records (1971).
———. “Muddy — It’s Too Late to Change.” Sounds (October 9, 1971).
———. “Turning Point for Chess.” Jazz and Blues 1 n3 (June / July 1971).
Lerner, Guy “Doc.” “Muddy Harps.” Living Blues 99 (September / October 1991): 32–37.
Lindemann, Bill. “Little Walter and Louis Myers.” Living Blues 7 (winter 1971–1972): 17–25.
Litke, Jim. “TV Tribute: Blues for Muddy Waters.” Rolling Stone 174 (November 31, 1974): 15.
“Little Walter: Don’t Break That Goddamn Drive . . . Don’t Slow Down for Shit.” Juke Blues 5 (summer 1986): 18.
“Luther Tucker.” Juke Blues 29 (summer 1993): 27.
Malenky, Bob. “A Guitar Lesson from Muddy Waters.” Juke Blues 30 (spring 1984): 31.
Margolin, Bob. “Can’t Be Satisfied.” Blues Revue 20 (December / January 1996).
———. “Muddy Waters and the Rock Stars.” Blues Revue 11 (winter 1993–1994).
———. “Paul Oscher and Brian Bisesi.” Blues Revue 29 (June / July 1997): 66–67.
Marsh, Dave. “Muddy Waters: Let’s Say He Was a Gentleman.” Record (July 1983).
Mazzolini, Tom. “A Conversation with Paul Oliver.” Living Blues 54 (winter 1982–1983): 24–30.
McCulley, Jerry. “Father and Sons.” BAM (April 9, 1993): 47–50.
Melish, Ilene. “The Man Who Shaped a Sound.” Melody Maker (October 6, 1979): 37–38.
Melrose, Lester. “My Life in Recording.” Living Blues 2 (1970): 59 61.
Moon, D. Thomas. “The Elga Edmonds Story.” Living Blues 11 (November / December 1997): 36–41.
———. “John Primer: Movin’ On with the Blues.” Blues Revue 24 (August / September 1996): 38–40.
———. “The Verdict on Big Joe Williams.” Blues Access 33 (spring 1998): 20–28.
Most-Played Juke Box Race Records. Billboard (September 18, 1948): 29.
“Muddy: The Man Who Urbanised the Blues.” N.p., n.d.
“Muddy’s Back on His Feet Again.” Rolling Stone 57 (April 30, 1970): 12.
Nemerov, Bruce. “About the Cover Photo.” 78 Quarterly 9 (N.d.): 20.
———. “John Wesley Work III: Field Recordings of Southern Black Folk Music, 1935–1942.” Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin LIII n3 (1989): 82–103.
Nerenberg, Michael. Liner notes to Goin’ Way Back. Justin Time Records (1997).
Nicholls, Dick. “Strangers from a Strange Land: Muddy Waters in New Zealand.” New Zealand Rolling Stone (June 7, 1973): 34–37.
O’Neal, Amy. “Bill Hill.” Living Blues 57 (N.d.): 13–14.
O’Neal, Jim. “Blue Smitty” part 1. Living Blues 44 (fall 1979): 9–11.
———. “Blue Smitty” part 2. Living Blues 45 (winter 1980–1981): 54–57.
———. “Houston Stackhouse.” Living Blues 17 (N.d.): 20–36.
———. “Joe Willie Wilkins — 1923–1979.” Living Blues 42 (N.d.): 8–9.
———. “Junior Wells.” Living Blues 119 (January / February 1995): 9–29.
———. “Muddy’s First Chicago Record.” Living Blues 52 (spring 1982): 4.
———. “Pepper’s Lounge.” Living Blues 5 (summer 1971): 30–35.
———. “Willie Nix.” Living Blues 43 (summer 1979): 9–13.
———. “Willie Nix.” Living Blues 101 (January / February 1992): 35–36.
O’Neal, Jim, and Amy van Singel. “Muddy Waters.” Living Blues 64 (March / April 1985): 15–40.
O’Neal, Jim, and Bill Greensmith. “Jimmy Rogers.” Living Blues 14 (1973): 11–20.
O’Neal, Jim, David Whiteis, and Bruce Iglauer. “Big Walter Horton 1918–1981.” Living Blues 52 (spring 1982): 52–53.
O’Neal, Jim, and Tim Zorn. “Buddy Guy.” Living Blues 2 (1970): 3–8.
O’Neal, Jim, and Wesley Race. “Chicago Blues Club Guide.” Living Blues (winter 1972–1973): 8–10.
Obrecht, Jas. “The Life and Times of the Hoochie Coochie Man.” Guitar Player 28 n3 (March 1994): 30–48, 72.
———. “Muddy Waters: Bluesman, 1915–1983.” Guitar Player (August 1983): 48–57, 67–70.
Obrecht, Jas, and Keith Richards. “Muddy, Wolf, and Me.” Guitar Player (September 1993): 87–93.
Oliver, Paul. “Remembering Sonny Boy.” American Folk Music Occasional 2 (1970): 39–44.
Palmer, Robert. “Muddy Waters: 1915–1983.” Rolling Stone 398 (June 23, 1983): 37–42.
———. “Muddy Waters: The Delta Sun Never Sets.” Rolling Stone 275 (October 5, 1978): 53–57.
Peabody, Charles. “Notes on Negro Music.” Journal of American Folklore 16 n62 (1903).
Peabody, Dave. “Primer Life.” Folk Roots (N.d.): 29, 31, 37.
Piazza, Tom. “Sacred and Profane in Clarksdale: Rev. Willie Morganfield.” Oxford American 21 (1997): 64–68.
Random Notes. Rolling Stone 63 (July 23, 1970): 4.
———. Rolling Stone 213 (May 20, 1976): 28, 30.
“Rebirth of the Blues.” Newsweek (May 26, 1969).
Russell, Tony. “Clarksdale Piccolo Blues.” Jazz and Blues (November 1971): 30.
Sacre, Robert. “Jazz Life: Dortmund, Germany.” Living Blues 31 (March / April 1977): 27.
Scala, Rita. “Muddy Waters in Italy.” Living Blues 31 (March / April 1977): 29–30.
Shaw, Norm. “Charlie Musselwhite.” BlueSpeak (May 1997): 10–11, 13.
Shurman, Dick. “Howling Wolf Review.” Living Blues 24 (November / December 1975): 6.
Skelly, Richard. “Muddy Waters: Whom Didn’t He Influence?” Goldmine (April 6, 2001): 14–18.
Springer, Robert. “They Wanted to Make a Muddy Waters Player Out of Me.” Blues Unlimited 143 (1982): 25–29.
Standish, Tony. “Muddy Waters in London” part 1. Jazz Journal 12 n1 (January 1959): 2–4.
———. “Muddy Waters in London” part 2. Jazz Journal 12 n2 (February 1959): 3–6.
Sumlin, Hubert. “My Years with Wolf.” Living Blues 88 (September / October 1989): 15.
Thompson, Art, and Dan Forte. “Smokestack Lightnin’.” Guitar Player (August 1992): 101–103.
Tidwell, Emily. “Going Back to Where I Had Been: Calvin Jones and Willie Smith.” Living Blues 99 (September / October 1991): 18–21.
Townsley, Tom. “Little Walter: The Muddy Waters Years.” Blues Revue (N.d.): 41–43.
———. “Paul Oscher: Long Overdue.” Blues Connection 3 n7 (May 1996): 4–9, 13.
Trow, George W. S., Jr. “Ahmet Ertegun.” The New Yorker 54 (June 5, 1978): 45–81.
Trynka, Paul. “Howlin’ Wolf: Deep Blue.” Mojo 27 (February 1996): 40–50.
———. Mojo (April 1998): 77.
Turner, Twist. “Sammy Lawhorn: A Half-Pint and a Pistol.” Blues Access (winter 1999): 101.
Underwood, Tut. “Bob Margolin: Remembering Muddy Waters.” Living Blues 99 (September / October 1991): 22–23.
van Singel, Amy. “Theresa’s.” Living Blues 17 (N.d.): 9–12.
van Singel, Amy, Jim O’Neal, and Dave Loebel. “Howlin’ Wolf.” Living Blues 1 (spring 1970): 13–17.
Voce, Frank. “Jimmy Rogers: We Started Hanging Around Together.” Blues Unlimited 5 (N.d.): 5–7.
———. Article. N.p., n.d.
von Lehmden, M
ark. “Muddy Waters’ Winter of Content.” Rolling Stone 239 (May 19, 1977): 27–28.
Walters, David, Laurence Garman, and John Matthews. “Jimmy Rogers.” N.p., n.d., 17–18.
Wardlow, Gayle Dean. “Henry Sims.” 78 Quarterly 9 (N.d.): 11–19.
Welding, Pete. “Afro Mud: A Personalized History of the Blues.” Down Beat 42 (February 27, 1975): 17–18, 34, 36.
———. “Howling Wolf.” Down Beat (December 14, 1967): 20–23.
———. Interview with Johnny Shines. Living Blues 22 (July / August 1975): 24.
———. “An Interview with Muddy Waters.” American Folk Music Occasional 2 (1970): 2–7.
———. “Last King of the South Side?” Down Beat 31 n27 (October 8, 1964): 18–19, 42. Reprint, Down Beat 61 n2 (February 1994): 32–35.
———. Liner notes to Chicago Blues: The Beginning. USA: Testament T-2207 (N.d.).
———. “Muddy Waters.” Rolling Stone (November 9, 1968): 10–11, 22.
———. “Muddy Waters: An American Original.” Guitar World (March 1982): 81–82.
———. “Muddy Waters — Folk Singer.” Down Beat (May 9, 1964).
———. “Muddy Waters, the Troubador, Los Angeles.” Down Beat 34 (1967): 24–25.
———. “The Real Folk Blues.” Down Beat (October 22, 1964).
Wenner, Jann. “A Letter from the Editor.” Rolling Stone 1 (November 9, 1967): 2.
Wheeler, Tom. “Waters–Winter Interview.” Guitar Player 17 n8 (August 1983): 58–62.
Whiteis, David. “Sammy Lawhorn.” Living Blues 95 (January / February 1991): 47–49.
Wilmer, Val. “Little Walter Blows In.” Jazz Beat (October 1964): 14–15.
———. “The First Time I Met the Blues.” Mojo (N.d.): 84–94.
Wisner, Steve. “Mojo Buford.” Living Blues 42 (January / February 1979): 22–27.
———. “Sunnyland Charles and the Globetrotters.” Living Blues 38 (May / June 1978): 27–30.
Wolfe, Charles. “Where the Blues Is At.” Popular Music and Society 1 (1971–1972).
“Year of Jubilee.” Time (May 12, 1941): 92.
NEWSPAPERS
Boston Herald Traveler, March 19, 1971.
Boston Phoenix, March 23, 1971; May 10, 1983.
Chicago Daily News, June 1967.
Chicago Defender, March 26, 1955.
Clarion-Ledger, May 4, 1983.
Des Moines Tribune, September 23, 1981.
Illinois Entertainer, May 1981.
Los Angeles Times, May 1983; December 3, 1989.
Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 21, 1981; June 9, 1997.
New York Times, December 21, 1972; April 1, 1981; May 1, 1983; April 23, 1988.
Philadelphia Inquirer, May 5, 1983.
San Francisco Examiner, May 2, 1972.
Tri-State Defender, 1961.
Village Voice, December 8, 1966.
Washington Post, September 24, 1971.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A band mate of Muddy’s, in an early interview for this book, shared this advice from Muddy: “If you don’t want someone to know what you’re thinking, keep it in your pocket.” Muddy was dead nearly fifteen years when I began this book, and I am indebted to those who, in his lifetime, rattled Muddy’s pocket. I thank those writers who published their information, Muddy’s friends and family for opening themselves to me in interviews, and Muddy’s band mates, who allowed me to repeatedly interrupt their lives, were frank and forthcoming, and shared their photographs and memorabilia with me.
Researching this book was a race against time. Nearly all the intimate friends from Muddy’s early days in Mississippi and Chicago had passed away before I began my quest. Jimmy Rogers was still alive and, through the good reputation of Dick Shurman, Jimmy welcomed me into his South Side home. As daylight slipped away for evening, I drifted with Jimmy’s casual and detailed recollection. The shock of his death six months later, followed shortly by the passing of Junior Wells, fueled my desire to find Muddy’s family and friends.
Much of the research that supports this book comes from Living Blues magazine, which, since 1970, has run long and unexpurgated interviews with members of the blues community. I’d like to acknowledge the magazine’s foresight and contribution by listing the founding editors, as noted in their first issue: Jim O’Neal, Amy van Singel, Diane Allmen, Paul Garon, Bruce Iglauer, Andre Souffront, and Tim Zorn.
Even before I began this book, I enjoyed the warmth of Peter Guralnick’s friendship. He has given me advice and good counsel, helping me through not just this book but also the writer’s wending path. Mentor, yes, but more importantly, friend.
From the time I began this book, I received encouragement from Dick Shurman, Jim O’Neal, and Mary Katherine Aldin. Their support was unflagging and essential to whatever I may have accomplished. Additionally, Dick Shurman helped me navigate Chicago, and his introductions around town always yielded a warm welcome and a new friend.
Over the course of this book, I benefitted from the research and efforts of several assistants and friends: Lisa Roy, Brad Cawn, Torrie Arnold (who saw a bear), Abe Gaustad, Vanessa Roberson, Melissa Dunn, Scott Bomar, and Andria Lisle. Many times, writers working on related topics get competitive, creating an atmosphere where everyone suffers, especially the reader. I encountered generous collaborators, however, among them Nadine Cohodas, author of Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records, and Tony Glover, Scott Dirks, and Ward Gaines, authors of the forthcoming Blues with a Feeling: The Little Walter Story. We all benefitted from sharing information.
My sense of Muddy’s story was sharpened by my collaboration with filmmaker Morgan Neville. Check out our Muddy Waters documentary, Muddy Waters Can’t Be Satisfied, available on home video through Wellspring (www.wellspringvideo.com).
My manuscript had traveled many miles by the time it found its way to Geoff Shandler, my editor. Geoff intuitively grasped the essential story and deftly foregrounded it. He made my writing better. I only got to him because of Michael Pietsch, who enlisted me in this expedition and then let me proceed at my own pace. Liz Nagle alerted me to the twists and turns of Little, Brown’s process, guiding me with grace even when I resisted. Karen Landry, copyeditor, sharpened my work and remained good-natured through a difficult process. Thanks to all at Little, Brown. Hosannas to my agent, Dick McDonough, for taking care of business.
This book was improved by the suggestions of its readers through its various incarnations: Joy Allen, Robert Duffy, Jim and Mary Lindsay Dickinson, Alex Greene, Chip Rossetti, Adam Miller, Ross Johnson, Jeff Talman, Zachary Lazar, Elaine Gordon, Dick Shurman, Peter Wolf, and my wife, Tara McAdams.
The loan of tapes and transcripts sharpened and intensified my vision of Muddy’s world. Several people shared their personal interview tapes with me: Peter Guralnick, John Brisbin, Paul Trynka, Jas Obrecht, Robert A. Messinger and Andy Allu, Larry Lasker, and Howard Stovall.
In Memphis and Mississippi, I’d like to thank Robert Morganfield, drummer / librarian Ross “Baron of Love” Johnson, Lauren Johnson, Lula O’Neal, Bruce and Sylvia Feldbaum, Meredith Carter, Rick Ireland and Mary Heffernan, Knox Phillips, Shelly Ritter, Scott Barretta, Tom Freeland and the T-list, Panny Mayfield, Monsieur Jeffrey Evans, Ed Porter, the Waltons and the staff of Computer-lab, and Harry’s Kwik Check on Madison. At Stovall: Howard and Gil Stovall, Nancy Stovall, Norma Weiland, Pete Hunter, Linda Donnelly, Manuel Jackson Jr., Magnolia Hunter, and Mary Emerson. At the Memphis / Shelby County Public Library: Libby Carroll, Nathan Tipton and everyone else at the Arts Department, and Jimmy Johnson, Patricia LaPointe, and the History Department staff.
In Chicago: Angela Rogers, Bobby Stovall, Dave Waldman, Steve Cushing (Does your public radio carry his “Blues Before Sunrise” show?), Tom Heimdal, Heather West, Jimmie Lee Robinson, Michael Frank, Tom Radai, D. Thomas Moon, David Whiteis, Sho, Billy Flynn, Buddy Guy’s Legends Club, and the hospitality and friendship of Belinda and Tim G
ordon, and Ian and Nadine Schneller.
In London: Val Wilmer, Paul Trynka, Cilla and Mick Huggins at Juke Blues, Sylvia Pitcher and Frank Weston, Chris Barber, Mike Evans and the Chelsea Arts Club, Tim Tooher, Tasha Lee, Mike and Ski and Bob in Ray’s Blues Basement, Jim Irvin, Mat Snow, Keith Briggs and Tony Burke at Blues and Rhythm, Joe Boyd, Bruce Bastin, Paul Oliver, Paul Jones, Charles Shaar Murray, Neil Slaven, Tony Russell, Harold and Barbara Pendleton, and the ever-resourceful Alan Balfour.
Guitar consultation: Doug Easley, Stefan Grossman, Trey Harrison, and Jas Obrecht. The discographers: Phil Wight, Fred Rothwell, Les Fancourt, Chris Smith, Howard Rye, and Bill Rowe.
Continued inspiration: James Luther Dickinson.
In memoriam: Townes Van Zandt, Jeff Buckley, Randall Lyon.
I could not have created this book without the following people and organizations, to whom I express great thanks: The Corporation of Yaddo; Judith Gray, Joe Hickerson, and Sam Brylauski at the Library of Congress; Jeff Place at the Smithsonian Institution; Beth Howse at the Fisk Archives; Matt Barton and Anna Lomax Chairetakis at the Lomax Archives; Bruce Nemerov and Mayo Taylor at the Center for the Study of Popular Music, Middle Tennessee State University; Jeff Rosen; Jane Rose; Steve Berkowitz; John Work IV; Sebastian Danchin; Guido van Rijn; John Bredar and family; Bob Margolin; Scott Cameron and Nancy Meyer at the estate of McKinley Morganfield; Levon Helm; Butch Dener; Andy McKaie at Chess / MCA / Universal; Ryan Null at Universal; Joy Graeme; Kip Lornell; Nolan Porterfield; Axel Kustner; Davia Nelson; Mike Kappus; Willie Strandberg; and Chris Bourke at the New Zealand desk.
This project took a long time. My wife, Tara McAdams, came through the mud with me, writing with me, advising me, caring for me, covering for me. Thank you, with love.
INDEX
ABC Booking, ref1
Abrahamson, Terry, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Abram, Goldie B., ref1
accordions, ref1
Ace of Cups, ref1
Aces, ref1, ref2, ref3
Adams, Samuel, ref1, ref2
Ada’s Lounge, ref1
Adins, Georges, ref1
African Americans: in Chicago, ref1, ref2; Chicago Defender, ref1, ref2, ref3; curfews for, ref1; Great Migration and, ref1, ref2, ref3; in Mississippi Delta, ref1, ref2; music of, ref1, ref2; race records, ref1, ref2; radio programming and, ref1, ref2
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