Bitter Spring
Page 49
“Autocritica” (Silone), 194–95
Avanguardia, L’, 67, 68, 69, 305
Avanti!, 49, 60, 69, 190, 193; fusionist program and, 185–86; Silone’s resignation from, 194; Silone’s writing for, 44, 188, 191, 194–95
Avezzano, 24, 61, 62, 186, 194, 263
Avvenire dei Lavoratori, L’ (The Future of the Workers), 160, 183–84
Baal Shem Tov, 332
Babel, Isaac, 280
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 38
Badoglio, Pietro, 102, 159, 160, 356n; resignation of, 187
Bakunin, Mikhail, 99, 273
Balabanoff, Angela, 102, 138–39
Banfield, Edward, 353–54n
Barabbas, 153
Barbati, Gianbattista, 86, 87
Barbusse, Henri, 87, 95, 117
Barcelona, 77, 78–79
Barth, Karl, 225
Basel, 81, 86, 118; PEN Congress in, 236
Bataille, Georges, 225
Batalla, La, Silone’s writing for, 3, 77
“Battle of the Births,” 198
Bazzi, Giovanni, 312
BBC, 119, 190
Beckett, Samuel, 7
Belgium, 196, 203–205
Bellone, Emilia, 303, 322, 323
Bellone, Guido, 188, 248, 292, 307–11, 322, 324; background of, 299; death of, 312; The Fox and the Camelias and, 230; portrayal of, 324–25; Silone’s correspondence with, 9, 11, 27, 86, 138, 154, 295–305, 307, 309–11, 321, 325, 328, 329, 340; Silone’s guilt over relationship with, 104–105, 112, 154, 330; Silone’s meeting of, 305, 309, 321
Bellow, Saul, 220
Benda, Julien, 237
Benjamin, Walter, 362n
Berenson, Bernard, 135
Bergelson, Dovid, 280, 376n
Beria, Lavrenty, 206, 223
Berle, Adolf, 158, 159–60
Berlin, 75, 76, 77, 85, 105, 117; CCF founding in, 201–202; dividing of, 253
Berlin, West, 218
Bern, 156–59, 168, 170
Bernard, Saint, 149, 155
Berneri, Camillo, 8, 198, 222–23
Berneri, Giovanna, 8, 198
Bernstein, Eduard, 72
Bertini, Cesare, 307–308
Berton (lawyer), 79
Bethlehem, 16, 263
Bettiza, Enzo, 241
Biagi, Enzo, 74
Bible, 7, 39, 89, 148, 194; Genesis in, 107–108; Isaiah in, 204; Lamentations in, 113, 358n
Bidone, Paolo, 351n
Bidussa, David, 355n
Biemel, Rainer, 27
Biocca, Dario, 295–97, 300, 305, 306, 308, 310, 320–23, 325–28, 379n; on Silone’s ambiguous sexuality, 318–19
biographies, xvi–xix; author’s efforts to counter trends in, xvi–xvii; autobiographical elements in, xvii, xviii; fabrications in, xix; history and, xviii–xix; outlaw character of, xix; readers of, xviii
birth control, 99, 198
Bitter Stream (stage adaptation of Fontamara), 214
Blum, Léon, 104, 111
Bo, Carlo, 220, 232–34
Bocca, Giorgio, 296
Bocchini, Arturo, 87, 303, 308, 309, 310; report to Mussolini by, 86, 305
Boethius, 154
Bombacci, Nicola, 69–70
bombing: of Coventry, 167–68; in Milan, 84–88, 256–57, 305; in World War II, 90, 167–68, 194
Bondy, François, 205
Boniface VIII, Pope (Benedetto Caetani), 267, 268
Bonomi, Ivanoe, 187
books, fates of, 151, 362n
Bordiga, Amadeo, 68–73, 81, 94
Borges, Jorge Luis, 253
Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio, 119, 203
Bosco, Giovanni Luigi, 47
Bottai, Giuseppe, 178
braccianti (landless day laborers), 28, 34
Brandt, Willy, 253
Brazil, 32, 184
bread, 16, 55, 58, 65, 66, 334; rationing of, 61
Bread and Wine (Silone), xvi, 27, 111–12, 135–41, 150, 151, 162, 232, 283, 326–27, 358n; Cristina in, 20, 102, 136–37; Darina’s reading of, 164; Don Benedetto in, 13, 137, 337–38, 348n; film suggested for, 361n; Luigi Murica in, 138, 306, 323, 329; Pietro Spina/Paolo Spada in, 4, 13, 14, 20, 136–39, 254–55, 306; success of, 126, 136; translation of, 136, 143; in U.S., 213, 215
Brecht, Bertolt, 94
Brenner Pass, 159
Brentano, Bernard von, 14, 121, 125, 132
Bresciani, Antonio, 46
bribery, 83, 306
Brossi, Manlio, 187
Brown Book of the Hitler Terror, The (Münzenberg), 166
Brunate, 84–85
Bruno, Giordano, 67, 154
Brupbacher, Fritz, 99–100
Brussels, CCF congress in (Nov. 3, 1950), 203–205
Buber, Martin, 94, 117, 177, 179, 281
Bukharin, Nikolai, 70, 125
Buonaiuti, Ernesto, 120
Buscemi, Vanni, 76–77, 79
Buttitta, Anthony, 213
Caetani, Benedetto, see Boniface VIII, Pope
Caffi, Andrea, 240, 371n
cafoni, 34–37, 292; Christ as, 358n; Silone’s link with, 12, 35–36, 45, 202, 260, 340; Silone’s use of term, xvi, 35; in Silone’s work, 113, 114, 115, 120, 122; as “too civilized,” 36–37
Calamandrei, Mauro, 220
Calamandrei, Piero, 196
Calogero, Guido, 198
Calvino, Italo, 200, 220
Camilleri, Carmelo, 256
Camon, Ferdinando, 34
Campagnola, Umberto, 224
Campanella, Tommaso, 154, 255
Camus, Albert, 8, 217, 218, 281, 282; Chiaromonte’s friendship with, 242; Nobel Prize of, 238, 259; Sartre’s dispute with, 237–38; on Silone, 6, 259; Silone compared with, 10, 16, 327
Camus, Francine, 290
Canali, Mauro, 296, 297, 305–308, 310, 320–23, 325–28, 379n
Canetti, Elias, 107
Canevascini, Guglielmo, 140–41
capitalism, 59, 63, 64, 124, 125, 178, 221, 256, 262
Cappellini, Giuseppe, 69
carabinieri (military police), 47, 61, 62, 84–85, 185
Carandini, Count Nicolò, 189–90
Cárcel Modelo di Barcelona, 78–79
Carlo Rosselli (Pugliese), xvii
Carpentier, Madame, 81
Carroll, Rory, 322
Carucci, Paola, 309
Caserta, 172
caso Silone (Silone case), 10–12, 232–35, 295–330; see also Silone, Ignazio, Fascist spying allegations against
Castellani, Renato, 251
Cattaneo, Carlo, 183
“Cavalcade of the Bruna, The” (Scotellaro), 331
Cecchi, Emilio, 208
Celano, 185
Celestine V, Pope (Pietro Angelerio da Morrone), 4, 27, 266–69, 285
censorship, 100, 118, 123, 175, 215, 226, 305; in U.S., 218, 219
Central Intelligence Agency, see CIA
Central State Archives, 295–96
Centro Estero, 143–48, 155, 156, 170, 247; Radio Moscow’s revelation of, 146, 147, 171
Cervantes, Miguel de, 255
Chamber of Deputies, 198; Silone in, 178, 191, 210
Chernyshevsky, Nicolai, 115
Chiara, Piero, 220
Chiaromonte, Nicola, 4, 205, 225, 239–43, 249–50; Silone’s correspondence with, 217, 239, 242, 245, 349n, 371n; Silone’s relationship with, 239–42, 249–50, 371n; on Silone’s writing, 249–50, 373–74n; Tempo Presente and, 4, 239–40, 245, 246, 248, 253
Chieti, seminary of, 42–43
China, 91, 200
“Choice of Companions, The” (Silone), 273, 282, 376n
cholera epidemic (1911), 31
“Christian,” use of term, 155, 363n
Christian Democrats, 195, 196, 205, 253, 308–309, 313; in election of 1948, 187; Nenni rejected by, 187, 190
Christianity, 6–8, 244, 250, 263, 286; mysticism in, 22, 29, 186; pagan past synthesized with, 3–4; primitive, 37–40, 339; Romolo and, 56; Silone’s views on, 4, 7, 8, 10,
28, 29, 38, 149, 170, 196, 227, 244, 249, 252, 255, 271, 285, 287, 292, 324, 338, 339; transcendence and, 7; see also God; Jesus Christ; Roman Catholicism Christian Socialism, 94, 111, 152–53, 249
Christmas, 37–38, 67–68, 155, 172, 174, 262–63
Christ Stopped at Eboli (Levi), 39, 333
Christ the Redeemer painting, 65
Church of San Berardo, 114
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 246–49; CCF and, 10–11, 201, 202, 246; Silone accused of spying for, 11, 143, 158, 246, 295; Silone records and, 249, 373n
CIA Act (1949), 249
Ciano, Galeazzo, 178, 310
civil disobedience, 143–47, 156, 179
civilization, 36–37, 39; Roman, 281
civil rights movement, 217, 218
class betrayal, 12, 165
Clifton, Harry, ix–x
Cocchi, Romano, 96
Cockburn, Alexander, 322, 323, 327
Cocullo, 27–28, 261
cold war, 12, 200, 221–57; myths of, 254–55; Silone as pawn in, 248
Coleman, Peter, 201, 241, 367n
colonialism, 251; of Italy, 59, 60, 141, 144
Columbia University, 217–18
Comenici, Luigi, 184
Cominform, 201
Comintern, 70, 117
Commission for Sanctions Against Fascism, 188
Committee for the Political Defense of the Continent, 184
Commune, 80
Communist International, 27, 78, 94, 96; Executive Committee meeting of (ECCI; May 1927), 91–92, 200; see also Third International
Communist Party, Soviet, Twentieth Congress of, 224–28, 238
Communist Party of Italy (PCd’I), 67, 70, 72, 75; Centro Interno of, 80, 81; name change of, see Italian Communist Party; naming of, 69
Communists, communism, 12–15, 34, 133, 140, 196–210, 240, 332–33, 339; ex-Communists vs., 222–23; Milan bombing and, 84, 256; myths of, 262; Picasso’s views on, 16; risks taken by, 66; Romolo and, 56, 57, 87–89, 102, 185; Silone imprisoned as, 3; Silone’s criticism of, 12, 13; Silone’s writing and, 4, 138, 215; in Switzerland, 146, 148; see also French Communist Party
Communist Youth Federation, 71
Communist Youth International, 67, 75
Comologno (La Barca), 106–108
Comunità, 199, 205
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 310
concentration camps, 75, 208
Conciergerie, 79
“Confessione” (Silone), 161–62
Confessions (St. Augustine), 7
Confluence, 223–24
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 201–205, 218, 221, 239, 243; founding convention of, 201–202; funding of, 10–11, 246–48; Paris conference of, 221, 246, 259; second congress of, 203–205; Silone’s resignation from, 11, 248
Constituent Assembly, 178, 186, 191, 195
consumerism, 9, 251, 261–62
contadini, 28
Cooley, C. H., 6
Corriere della Sera, Il, 72, 203, 233
corruption, 110, 154, 199, 299; bread ration and, 61; material, 44; moral and spiritual, 51; politics and, 58, 61, 211; postwar, 187; religious, 28, 267, 268; of state, 58; in U.S., 213
Coventry bombing, 167–68
crime, 36; organized, 308
Crisi di una generazione (Magnani and Cucchi), 206
Croatia, 216
Croce, Benedetto, 22, 64, 125, 179, 198, 202, 293; anticlericalism of, 205; Marxist phase of, 209; Togliatti’s criticism of, 199
Crossman, Richard, 12, 199
Cucchi, Aldo, 206
culture, 195, 196, 198, 210; peasant, 241; socialist goals and, 204
Cutler, Bruce, 297–98
Czapski, Józef, 226
Czechoslovakia, 167
Dachau, 167, 171
Daily Worker, 102
Daniel, Jean, 242
Daniel, Yuly, 220
D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 22, 27, 128
Dante, 89, 165, 194, 199, 234, 267, 318
David, Gwenda, 118
Davos, 15, 99, 100, 117, 155, 156, 170, 171, 314–15, 320; sanatorium in, 112, 113
D’Azeglio, Massimo, 194–95
Debenedetti, Antonio, 285
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 253
“Declaration on the Right to Insubordination,” 246
De Donatis, Rocco (char.), 46
De Felice, Renzo, 300, 306
De Gasperi, Alcide, 187, 196
de Gaulle, Charles, 260–61
Delli Quadri, Marianna, see Tranquilli, Marianna Delli Quadri
Delli Quadri, Vincenza, 30, 48, 56, 76, 81, 86, 131, 265; patronage secured by, 41, 55; Romolo’s imprisonment and, 87; Silone’s departure and, 65; Silone’s writing and, 8, 30
Delogue, Giuseppe, 49
demagogic thesis, 311, 317
Demain, 238
democracy, 8, 148, 159, 172–73, 286, 317; “chrism” of, 261; in Italy, 11, 141, 145, 151, 153, 154, 159, 160, 173, 182, 211, 261, 290; Western, 202
democratic socialism, 11, 68, 72, 92, 93, 94, 134, 147, 155
departures, Silone’s painful memories of, 274
depression, 174, 211, 272
d’Eramo, Luce, 235, 309, 330
De Rougemont, Denis, 219, 253
Derrida, Jacques, 298
De Ruggiero, Guido, 198
De Sanctis, Gaetano, 198
De Sanctis, Gino, 286–87
Deviazione (d’Eramo), 309
Devoyon, Mini, 77
Dewey, John, 202
Diario profetico (Quinzio), 244
Diggins, John Patrick, 217
di Montezemolo, Giuseppe Cordero Lanza, 173
Dissent, 11
Di Stefano, Michelangelo, 308
Divine Comedy (Dante), 194, 199
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 246
Dolci, Danilo, 239, 250
Dominic, Saint, 27–28, 261
donkeys, 16, 36, 49, 52, 113, 176, 266; in Silone’s work, 141
D’Onofrio, Edoardo, 88
Donovan, “Wild Bill,” 158
Dos Passos, John, 212, 236
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 3, 20–21, 78, 164, 233, 299, 321
Dublin, 164–67
Dulles, Allen, 143, 156–61, 170, 174, 373n; Silone’s correspondence with, 160; and Silone’s return to Italy, 172, 184, 313
earthquake of 1908, 48, 259
earthquake of 1915, 15, 20–22, 29, 40–45, 65, 66, 114, 131, 272, 322, 367n; aftermath of, 44–45, 47, 48, 76, 305, 309, 320–21; anniversaries of, 81, 314; Bellone and, 305, 309, 320–21; flight of bishop after, 24, 61; Orione’s role after, 47, 48, 256, 263; Romolo in, 41, 42, 54, 55, 321; Silone’s views on, 41, 42–44, 284; townspeople’s acceptance of, 43–44; Vittorio Emanuele’s visit after, 47
economy, 32, 59, 153, 215, 261–62; unification of Italy and, 34, 63
education, 47–48, 59, 210; university, 198
Egypt, 260, 336
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 280
Einaudi, Luigi, 196
Einaudi, Mario, 373n
Elba, 193
Elena, Queen of Italy, 41, 43, 54, 55
Eleven Years in Siberia (Lipper), 226
Eliot, T. S., 281–82
Ellis, Joseph, xviii–xix
“Emergency Exit” (Silone), 12, 23, 199–200, 229, 232, 329–30, 355n; Kissinger’s views on, 223–24
Emergency Exit (Uscita di sicurezza) (Silone), xvi, 9, 12, 199, 232–35, 269; reviews of, 232–33
Encounter, 230–31, 239
Engels, Friedrich, 94, 282
England, 239; bombing in, 167–68; Weil in, 281; see also London
English language, 190; Silone’s aversion to, 177, 179, 213
Ernst, Max, 107
Esenin, Sergei, 273
espionage, see spying
essays of Silone, 9, 30, 105, 125, 180, 192, 242, 273, 282, 299–300, 352n; j’accuse in, 44; socialism in, 206; see also “Emergency Exit”; Emergency Exit
Essential Works of Socialism, The (Howe, ed.), 13
0
Ethics (Spinoza), 275
Ethiopia, 102, 141
Ethiopian War, 150–51, 166
Eurocommunism, 232
Europa Socialista, 195–96
Europa Verlag, 125
“Europe, Culture, Freedom” (manifesto), 198
Europe, unity of, 183, 196
“Even Worse Than Orwell” (Cockburn), 322
exile: Silone’s views on, 26, 243; in Switzerland, see Switzerland, Silone’s exile in
Exposition des Artistes Indépendants (1937), 264
Express, L’, 227–30, 236
Fabbri, Diego, 268
“Facetta nerra,” 166
factory councils, 72, 94
Falce e Martello (Hammer and Sicle), Silone’s declaration in, 96–97
Fascismus, Der (Fascism) (Silone), 95, 123–26, 151, 346n; Italian edition of, 346n, 355n; Polish translation of, 124, 359n
Fascist Grand Council, 178
Fascists, fascism, 10, 23, 34, 119, 120, 123–29, 133, 141, 184, 203, 240, 339; “Battle of the Births” and, 198; Bombacci and, 70; “March on Rome” of (Oct. 1922), 231; Milan bombing and, 86, 256; Pavese’s thoughts on, 325; Piccinini’s commemoration of Romolo and, 257; in RAI special, 253; rise of, 46, 71; in School for Dictators, 126–29; in Silone’s novels, 4, 114, 115, 136, 215, 217, 230–31, 261, 276; in “Third Front,” 143–46
Faulkner, William, 8, 119, 221
FBI, 247
federalism, 317
Feffer, Itzik, 280, 376n
Fellini, Federico, 177, 251
Feltrinelli, 246
Fergusson, Harvey, xvi
Ferrero, Guglielmo, 140
Ferretti, Don Silvio, 52
Fiedler, Leslie, 281
film, 158, 240, 361n; Fontamara and, 119, 184, 366n; Venice festival and, 251
Fish, Stanley, xviii, xix
Fisher, Louis, 199
Fisher Verlag, 116
Fiuggi, 275
Fiume, 75, 128
Flamini, Ebe, 247
Fleischmann, Julius “Junky,” 248
Fleischmann, Marcel, 130–32, 230; villa of, 130, 132, 168–69, 320
Fles, Barthold, 258
Florence, 71, 175–76, 232, 260; PSIUP conference in, 191, 192; Silone Archive in, 296, 298
Florida State University, 120
Foer, Franklin, 376n
Fontamara (Silone), xvi, 10, 27, 105, 111–26, 132, 139, 150, 155, 162, 208, 214–17, 232, 272, 326–27, 340, 341, 358n; Berardo Viola in, 4, 36, 114, 115, 122, 135; Chiaromonte’s views on, 240; clandestine circulation of, 120, 123, 151; Darina’s reading of, 163–64; dedication of, 91, 113, 180, 365n; dialect and, 115; film considered for, 119, 184, 366n; peasants in, 35–36, 112–16; plot summary of, 114; profits from, 100; publication of, 112, 113, 116–20, 122–23, 180, 185, 310; radio broadcast of, 119, 190; reviews of, 120, 121–22; Rosselli’s views on, 120, 133; Salvemini’s critique of, 116–17; stage adaptation of, 214; storytelling in, 134; success of, 12, 15, 65, 119, 123, 125, 134, 135, 172, 285; translations of, 116–20, 135, 163, 215–16, 347n