Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  51. Dinur (1954–72), vol. 2, 255, 259, 292, 416; Kister (2000), 27–28.

  52. Schechtman and Benari (1970), 1:289; Luttwak and Horowitz (1975), 9; Schechtman (1961), 443–44; Kister (2000), 29–31; Laqueur (1976), 374; Dinur (1954–72), 2:429–30; Niv (1975), 1:163–64.

  53. Schechtman (1961), 444; Pedahzur and Perliger (2009), 12–13; Dinur (1954–72), 2:426–32; Niv (1975), 1:263–78.

  CHAPTER 3: RED DAYS OF RIOTS AND BLOOD

  1. Esco (1947), 2:661–62; Connell (1964), 187; Bentwich (1932), 230; Keith-Roach (1994), 137, 142–43; Marlowe (1946), 133–34; Seikaly (2002), 72–73.

  2. Keith-Roach (1994), 143; Sherman (1997), 65; Shepherd (1999), 127, 136; Hurewitz (1976), 36.

  3. Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, letter, June 24, 1936, NA, CO 733/297/3; Fergusson (1970), 32; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 12; Keith-Roach (1994), 132, 195; Shepherd (1997), 38, 162, 183–85; Chaim Weizmann (1949), 2:345; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 72.

  4. Shepherd (1999), 38.

  5. Esco (1947), 2:662–63; Evans (2005), 14–16; Bauer (1974), 163.

  6. Gilbert (2007), 108; Hurewitz (1976), 27; Marlowe (1959), 130; McCarthy (1980), 36; Wasserstein (1979), 11; Porath (1977), 2:82; Lachman (1982), 53; Lesch (1979), 68; Esco (1947), 2:662; Marlowe (1946), 131, 136.

  7. CP 343 (29), Nov. 28, 1929, NA, CAB 24/207; Shepherd (1999), 193; Lachman (1982), 56; Krämer (2008), 259; Chancellor to Passfield, letter, Feb. 22, 1930, NA, CO 733/190/5.

  8. Porath (1977), 2:40–43; Marlowe (1946), 132; Laqueur (1976), 493–94; Krämer (2008), 234–35, 254–55; Edward Horne (1982), 186.

  9. Edward Horne (1982), 187–90.

  10. Ibid., 186–91; Porath (1977), 2:44.

  11. Edward Horne (1982), 193–95; Imray (1995), 93–94; Porath (1977), 2:45; Shepherd (1999), 181–82.

  12. Imray (1995), 94–95; Time, Nov. 6, 1933; Edward Horne (1982), 196–99; Porath (1977), 2:45.

  13. Edward Horne (1982), 201–3.

  14. Marlowe (1946), 133; Edward Horne (1982), 203–4; Mohammad Amin Husseini (chairman, Arab Supreme Committee) to Wauchope, letter and manifesto by the Supreme Arab Committee to the Noble Arab Nation (attached), April 27, 1936, NA, CO 733/297/2; Porath (1977), 2:45.

  15. Lachman (1982), 53–54; Krämer (2008), 259; Mattar (1988), 66.

  16. Krämer (2008), 260; Lachman (1982), 59–60; Lesch (1979), 108; Porath (1977), 2:133; Sayigh (1997), 2; Segev (2000), 359–61.

  17. Krämer (2008), 261–62; Lachman (1982), 60; Mishal and Sela (2000), 16; Porath (1977), 2:133–34; Segev (2000), 361; Sayigh (1997), 2.

  18. Krämer (2008), 259–60; Lachman (1982), 63–64.

  19. Mattar (1988), 30, 67; Mishal and Sela (2000), 16; Lachman (1982), 64; Segev (2000), 361; Porath (1977), 2:133–35; Lesch (1979), 108; Krämer (2008), 262.

  20. Krämer (2008), 262; Lachman (1982), 61–67; Porath (1977), 2:134–35; Segev (2000), 361–62; Esco (1947), 2:784; Marlowe (1946), 144–45.

  21. Porath (1977), 2:136; Segev (2000), 362; Krämer (2008), 262–63; Lachman (1982), 71.

  22. Bowden (1977), 190; Hroub (2000), 5, 11; Krämer (2008), 262; Lachman (1982), 71, 86–88; Lesch (1979), 114; Marlowe (1959), 138; Mattar (1988), 67–68; Mishal and Sela (2000), 16, 30–31, 225n4; Porath (1977), 2:136, 142; Sayigh (1997), 2; Segev (2000), 362; Esco (1947), 2:784.

  23. Lesch (1979), 114; Keith-Roach (1994), 146; Bowden (1977), 190; Teveth (1987), 512, 544; Lachman (1982), 72; Porath (1977), 2:142; Segev (2000), 362.

  24. H. P. Rich (deputy inspector general, CID) to John Hall (chief secretary), letter, secret PPF assessment, Dec. 14, 1935, NA, CO 733/297/1; Porath (1977), 2:137, 142; Mattar (1988), 68; Mishal and Sela (2000), 16, 225n4.

  25. Palestine Post, April 17, 1936; Niv (1975), 1:273–74; Chen (2009), 95; Morris (2001), 128; Krämer (2008), 271.

  26. Times, April 20, 21, and 22, 1936; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 10–12; Gilbert (1993), 18; Hillel Cohen (2009), 95; Edward Horne (1982), 206–7; Lesch (1979), 114–15, 217; Lapidot (1996), 54; Marlowe (1946), 150–51; Mattar (1988), 68; Morris (2001), 128–29; Niv (1975), 1:242; Porath (1977), 2:142, 162–64; RIIA (1976), 28–29; Simson (1937), 187–89.

  27. Al-Husseini to Wauchope, letter, April 27, 1936.

  28. Hillel Cohen (2009), 98.

  29. Lachman (1982), 57–58; Porath (1977), 2:131–32.

  30. Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, letter, June 7, 1936, NA, CO 733/297/2; précis of General Dill’s dispatch No. C.R./Pal/1026/G, Oct. 30, 1936, NA, WO 32/9401; Palestine Post, June 22, 1936; Esco (1947), 2:793; Mattar (1988), 74–76; Shepherd (1999), 184–85; Bowden (1977), 173; Keith-Roach (1994), 185; Simson (1937), 189, 194–95.

  31. Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, letter, June 7, 1936; Times, April 23 and May 2 and 6, 1936; Bowden (1975), 147; Gilbert (1993), 18–19; Keith-Roach (1994), 184–85; Morris (2001), 130–31; Porath (1977), 2:178–84; Simson (1937), 196–97.

  32. Esco (1947), 2:794; Mattar (1988), 76; Keith-Roach (1994), 187–88; Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, letter, June 7, 1936.

  33. Bowden (1977), 186; Lachman (1982), 52; Morris (2001), 129; Porath (1977), 2:142; Marlowe (1946), 153; Marlowe (1959), 139–40; Hurewitz (1949), 87; Philip Jones (1979), 86; “The Most Underrated Books and Authors, from the Times Literary Supplement, 1977”; Simson (1937), 331; Beckett (2001), 216; Notes on Tactical Lessons of the Palestine Rebellion, 1936, March 1, 1937, NA, AIR 5/1244.

  34. Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, letter, June 7, 1936.

  35. Marlowe (1946), 135; Simson (1937), 170–71, 173, 180–81, 198.

  36. Simson (1937), 182, 198; Bowden (1977), 172; Edward Horne (1982), 206; précis of General Dill’s dispatch No. C.R./Pal/1026/G, Oct. 30, 1936.

  37. Porath (1977), 2:183–85; précis of General Dill’s dispatch No. C.R./Pal/1026/G, Oct. 30, 1936; Notes on Tactical Lessons of the Palestine Rebellion, 1936, March 1, 1937; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, “Report of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (1946), Appendix V: Palestine—Public Security”; Times, June 9, 1936, June 26, 1937, and July 6, 1936; Marlowe (1946), 158–63, 200; Newton (1948), 287–89; Morris (2001), 130–32; Segev (2000), 399; Hughes (2009), 322–23; RIIA (1976), 89; memorandum of comments by the high commissioner on General Dill’s report on events in Palestine from Sept. 15 to Oct. 30, 1936, NA, WO 32/4178; Simson (1937), 209–11, 218–19.

  38. Esco (1947), 2:797; Krämer (2008), 274.

  39. Esco (1947), 2:797; Marlowe (1946), 163; RIIA (1976), 96; General Dill’s dispatch, Oct. 30, 1936, NA, WO 32/9401; Mattar (1988), 79; Morris (2001), 134–35; Sherman (1997), 103.

  40. Précis of General Dill’s dispatch No. C.R./Pal/1026/G, Oct. 30, 1936; Esco (1947), 2:797; Marlowe (1946), 166–67; Morris (2001), 135; Porath (1977), 2:300; Notes on Tactical Lessons of the Palestine Rebellion, 1936, March 1, 1937; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 12–15; CP 225 (36), Aug. 26, 1936, NA, CO 733/297/4; app. 1, Wauchope to Ormsby-Gore, secret dispatch, Aug. 22, 1936, NA, CO 733/297/4; Simson (1937), 286; Connell (1964), 188; Hughes (2009), 319.

  41. Mattar (1988), 73; Who’s Who of Palestine: Jewish Politicians and Personalities, Political Reference Library, CID HQ, Jerusalem, Sept. 1944, 70, 73, 132, MSS Medit. S20 (4), Catling Papers; Teveth (1987), 543–44; Sherman (1997), 94.

  42. Kurzman (1983), 210; Teveth (1987), 543–44.

  43. Teveth (1987), 548–49; Bransten (1970), 82; Bar-Zohar (1968), 55.

  44. Luttwak and Horowitz (1975), 12; Kurzman (1983), 210; Who’s Who of Palestine, 121; Teveth (1987), 550.

  45. Dinur (1954–72), 1:426–28; Samuel Katz (1968), 15; Shindler (2010), 191–92; Times, July 23, 1936; Levine (1991), 98; Niv (1975), 2:209, 269–76.

  46. Kister (2000), 45; Niv (1975), 2:269–71; Shindler (2010), 194; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 77; Levine (1991), 100; Schechtman (1961), 447.

  47. Levine (1991), 96–97; Samuel Katz (1968), 15; Bauer (1966), 184; Niv (1975), 1:283–84, 286–87.

  48. Schechtman (1961), 445.

  49. Niv (1975), 1:282–84; Schechtman (1961), 444; Levine (1991), 99–100, 104; Shindler
(2010), 194.

  50. Levine (1991), 99–101.

  CHAPTER 4: TERROR AGAINST TERROR

  1. Michael J. Cohen (1978), 12–13; RIIA (1976), 90–91; Sherman (1997), 103; Teveth (1987), 556–57; Palestine Royal Commission: Report 1937, Cmd. 5479, 503.

  2. Michael J. Cohen (1978), 12–14; Esco (1947), 2:797–98; Marlowe (1946), 173–74, 178; Mattar (1988), 80; Morris (2001), 138; Porath (1977), 2:220–21; RIIA (1976), 90–92; Sherman (1997), 105; Teveth (1987), 556–58.

  3. RIIA (1976), 97; Keith-Roach (1994), 188–89; Mattar (1988), 80; Porath (1977), 2:224–25.

  4. Bar-Zohar (1968), 56–58; Marlowe (1946), 178; Mattar (1988), 80; Porath (1977), 2:230; Schechtman (1961), 445–46; Golan (2003), 81; Niv (1975), 1:276–78.

  5. Niv (1975), 1:276–78; Levine (1991), 102; Shindler (2010), 194.

  6. Levine (1991), 103, 105; Bar-Zohar (1968), 67.

  7. Levine (1991), 101, 107; Niv (1975), 1:297–99; Schechtman (1961), 447.

  8. Bauer (1966), 184; Levine (1991), 107; Niv (1975), 1:298–99; Lapidot, “Restrain [sic] and Retaliation”; Schechtman (1961), 447–48.

  9. Niv (1975), 1:298–99; Schechtman (1961), 448–51; PICME Paper 2, Aug. 30, 1943, NA, WO 169/8311; Cavendish (1990), 17; Levine (1991), 111–12; OSS R&A Report 2612, Oct. 13, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Lapidot (2001), 73–74; Bauer (1973), 14–15.

  10. Niv (1975), 1:298.

  11. Keith-Roach (1994), 189–90; Marlowe (1959), 142; Sherman (1997), 106; Palestine Royal Commission: Report 1937, 554.

  12. Hillel Cohen (2009), 122–23; Hurewitz (1976), 79–80; Palestine Royal Commission: Report 1937, 544–48; Morris (2001), 139; Marlowe (1959), 145; Porath (1977), 2:228–32; RIIA (1976), 104–5.

  13. Michael J. Cohen (1978), 34–38; Hurewitz (1976), 77–78; RIIA (1976), 105–6.

  14. Krämer (2008), 284–85; Hurewitz (1976), 81; Wauchope to Dill, letter, Dec. 15, 1936, NA, WO 32/4178; Connell (1964), 187; Marlowe (1959), 184; Porath (1977), 2:233; Lachman (1982), 81.

  15. Palestine Post, Sept. 28, 1937; Times, Sept. 28 and 29, 1937; Segev (2000), 7; Shepherd (1999), 117, 191; Keith-Roach to Battershill, memorandum, Oct. 9, 1937, NA, CO 935/21.

  16. Keith-Roach to Battershill, memorandum, Oct. 9, 1937; Battershill to Ormsby-Gore, report, Oct. 14, 1937, NA, CO 935/21.

  17. Keith-Roach to Battershill, memorandum, Oct. 9, 1937; Battershill to Ormsby-Gore, report, Oct. 14, 1937; Lachman (1982), 81–82; Marlowe (1946), 185–87; Porath (1977), 2:235–36; Keith-Roach (1994), 190; Mattar (1988), 82–83; RIIA (1976), 113; Segev (2000), 426.

  18. Bowden (1977), 227–28; Porath (1977), 2:233–34; Simson (1937), 309–11.

  19. Battershill to Ormsby-Gore, report, Oct. 14, 1937; Porath (1977), 2:237.

  20. Précis of General Dill’s dispatch No. C.R./Pal/1026/G, Oct. 30, 1936; Palestine Post, Oct. 29, 1937; Porath (1977), 2:238–39; Times, Nov. 11, 1937; Sherman (1997), 106–7.

  21. Lapidot (2001), 73–74; Schechtman (1961), 449; Niv (1975), 2:17; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 72.

  22. Schechtman (1961), 450–51; Niv (1975), 2:17; Golan (2003), 84.

  23. Golan (2003), 83–84; Samuel Katz (1968), 25–26; Levine (1991), 112–13; Niv (1975), 2:18–20; Schechtman (1961), 448–49; Shindler (2010), 195.

  24. Levine (1991), 115–16; Niv (1975), 2:34–38.

  25. Niv (1975), 2:38; Lapidot, “Restrain [sic] and Retaliation.”

  26. Niv (1975), 2:41–42.

  27. Times, Nov. 16, 1937; Levine (1991), 117–19; Shindler (2010), 196; Narrative Despatches from the High Commissioner for Palestine to the Secretary of State for the Colonies Reporting, Sept. 26, 1937, to Dec. 31, 1938, NA, CO 935/21; Niv (1975), 2:38–42; Esco (1947), 2:876; Borisov (1947), 11; Samuel Katz (1968), 24–25, 31; Levine (1991), 119–26; Lapidot, “Restrain [sic] and Retaliation”; Kister (2000), 54–55; Morris (2001), 147.

  28. Lectures for Recruits, n.d., 47/60 008-447, HA; Niv (1975), 1:224; Shamir (1994), 20–21.

  29. Connell (1964), 191; RIIA (1976), 116, 188, 191; Report on the Operations Carried Out by the British Forces, April 7, 1938, NA, WO 32/9401; Anglim (2005), 13; Porath (1977), 2:215–16; Sherman (1997), 108.

  30. Kroizer (2004), 122; Knight (2008), 255, 268; Bowden (1977), 171; Wavell to Lord Halifax (secretary of state for war), report on the operations from Sept. 12, 1937, to March 31, 1938, April 7, 1938, NA, WO 32/9401; Marlowe (1946), 190; Edward Horne (1982), 206; Connell (1964), 192.

  31. Shepherd (1999), 204; Kroizer (2004), 123.

  32. Kroizer (2004), 123–24; Hughes (2009), 331; Knight (2008), 266; Segev (2000), 428; Sinclair (2006a), 107; Sinclair (2006b), 53; Palestine Post, Nov. 9 and 18, 1937; Shepherd (1999), 206; Philip Jones (1979), 243.

  33. Sinclair (2006a), 107–10; Sinclair (2006b), 53–54; Sir Charles Tegart and Sir D. Petrie, report, Jan. 24, 1938, NA, CO 733/383 75742/38; Kroizer (2004), 118, 124.

  34. Tegart and Petrie, report, Jan. 24, 1938.

  35. Ibid.; Edward Horne (1982), 474; Knight (2008), 268.

  36. La Guardia (2007), 405; Ashkenazi, “Beneath Mandate-Era Nazareth Fort There’s a Massive Surprise”; La Guardia, “Jericho Jail Creates Own Modern History”; Knight (2008), 269; Anglim (2005), 12; Edward Horne (1982), 236; Keith-Roach (1994), 191; Kroizer (2004), 128; Segev (2000), 428–29; Sinclair (2006a), 107.

  37. Keith-Roach (1994), 191; Cahill (2009), 62; Duff (1953), 168; Shepherd (1999), 212.

  38. Marlowe (1959), 4; Segev (2000), 416; Shepherd (1999), 191; Clarke Papers, 590; Marlowe (1946), 191–92; Reich and Goldberg (1996), 334–35; Bar-Zohar (1968), 6; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 75.

  39. Clarke Papers, 590; Sherman (1997), 111; Rymer-Jones Papers, 114, 134; Reich and Goldberg (1996), 334; MacMichael to MacDonald, telegram, June 9, 1938, NA, FO 371/21870 75156/38; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 66–68; Hurewitz (1976), 90–91.

  40. Marlowe (1946), 196–97; Hurewitz (1976), 93; Esco (1947), 2:674.

  41. Borisov (1947), 13; Gurion (1950), 31; Golan (2003), 94; Marlowe (1946), 198; Segev (2000), 385; Niv (1975), 2:61–63.

  42. Niv (1975), 2:61–63.

  43. Palestine Post, May 29, 1938; Bethell (1979), 41; Gilbert (1978), 200; Golan (2003), 94; Gurion (1950), 32–33; Marlowe (1946), 198–99; Memorandum on the Comparative Treatment of the Arabs During the Disturbances of 1936–39 and of the Jews During the Disturbances of 1945 and Subsequent Years, June 19, 1947, NA, FO 371/61938 E 5862/5862/31; Niv (1975), 2:63.

  44. MacMichael to MacDonald, report 8, July 14, 1938, NA, CO 935/21; petitions and appeals, June 13, 16, and 23, July 1 and 4, 1938, NA, FO 371/2188; Niv (1975), 2:63–64; Borisov (1947), 13; Gilbert (1978), 200; Gurion (1950), 36–38; Marlowe (1946), 198; Schechtman (1961), 469.

  45. Ibid., 469, 473–74; Niv (1975), 2:64; Samuel Katz (1968), 35; Haber (1978), 171; Shindler (2010), 203; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 8, July 14, 1938; Bethell (1979), 41; Levine (1991), 130; Perlmutter (1987), 95; Shamir (1994), 27; Teveth (1987), 665; Golan (2003), 94.

  46. Levine (1991), 130; Niv (1975), 2:68; Samuel Katz (1968), 36; Haber (1978), 119; Gurion (1950), 40; Schechtman (1961), 471, 473; Shamir (1994), 27; Shindler (2010), 204; Golan (2003), 94.

  47. MacMichael to MacDonald, report 8, July 14, 1938; Palestine Post, June 30, 1938; Teveth (1987), 665–66; Segev (2000), 385; Kurzman (1983), 220; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 76; Perlmutter (1987), 95.

  48. MacMichael to MacDonald, report 8, July 14, 1938; Marlowe (1946), 199.

  49. Schechtman (1961), 472–73; Shindler (2010), 203; Lapidot, “Restrain [sic] and Retaliation”; Golan (2003), 95; Niv (1975), 2:77.

  50. Niv (1975), 2:73–75; Levine (1991), 130, 132, 152; Kister (2000), 56–57; “In the Service of the British Army”; Lankin (1992), 45–46.

  51. Levine (1991), 1–17, 52–61.

  52. Ibid., 67–68, 74–76, 81; Perlmutter (1987), 95; Lapidot, “Restrain [sic] and Retaliation.”

  53. Levine (1991), 132–33; Perlmutter (1987), 95.

  54. Samuel Katz (1968), 36; Niv (1975), 2:72–73, 77; Gilb
ert (1978), 204; Levine (1991), 134; Schechtman (1961), 424; Schechtman and Benari (1970), 1:346, 355, 379.

  55. MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938, NA, CO 935/21; Niv (1975), 2:77–78.

  56. MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; Times, July 7, 1938.

  57. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 349, col. 404, June 28, 1939; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; Marlowe (1946), 200; Niv (1975), 2:78; Palestine Post, July 6, 1938; Times, July 9, 1938.

  58. Times, July 11, 1938; Porath (1977), 2:238; Palestine Post, July 10, 1938.

  59. Times, July 11, 12, 14, 18, and 22, 1938; Niv (1975), 2:79; Porath (1977), 2:238, 364; Bauer (1973), 14.

  60. Times, July 11, 1938.

  61. Niv (1975), 2:91; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; Palestine Post, July 24, 1938; Times, July 25, 1938; Keith-Roach (1994), 196.

  62. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 349, col. 404, June 28, 1939; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; George Wadsworth (American consul general, Jerusalem) to Secretary of State, letter, May 29, 1939, Army Intelligence, Palestine 3800, RG 165 G-2, NARA; Niv (1975), 2:79–80; Times, July 25, 1938; Palestine Post, July 26, 1938.

  63. Niv (1975), 2:82, 90–91; Levine (1991), 137–38.

  64. Gilbert (1987), 204; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; Palestine Post, July 10 and 26, 1938; Hurewitz (1976), 92; Samuel Katz (1968), 37; Kister (2000), 558–59; Teveth (1987), 552; Levine (1991), 137; Schechtman (1961), 461–62; Segev (2000), 387.

  65. Levine (1991), 136; Niv (1975), 2:93–94; Palestine Post, Aug. 28, 1938; Marlowe (1946), 201–2.

  66. Niv (1975), 2:94, 112–13, 117–20; Schechtman (1961), 463–65; Bar-Zohar (1968), 68.

  CHAPTER 5: DARK NIGHTS OF DESPAIR

  1. Haining, Hostile Propaganda in Palestine in 1938, Dec. 1, 1938, NA, WO 32/4562; Hamilton (1981), 292; Anglim (2005), 13–14; Bowden (1977), 178, 207, 212.

  2. MacMichael to MacDonald, telegram, June 9, 1938; MacMichael to MacDonald, telegram, Sept. 2, 1938, NA, AIR 2/3312; MacMichael to MacDonald, report 9, Sept. 13, 1938; Haining, Hostile Propaganda in Palestine in 1938; Haining to Leslie Hore-Belisha (secretary of state for war), report, April 24, 1939, NA, WO 32/9499; Bowden (1977), 233, 237; Hillel Cohen (2009), 137–39; Gilbert (2007), 141; Morris (2001), 149–50; Porath (1977), 2:238; RIIA (1976), 115; Keith-Roach (1994), 196.