Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  30. Borisov (1947), 133; Medoff (2002), 40; Baumel (2005), 186; Ziff (1948), 486.

  31. High Court of Justice, King’s Bench Division, the Hon. Mr. Justin Hilberry, 1948 S.No. 3790 Sir John Shaw v. Wm. B. Ziff, Donald George Port Trading as Jason Press and S. T. Botolphs Publishing Co. Ltd., April 12, 1949, Shaw Papers; Shaw to Isham, letter, Jan. 18, 1972, Isham Papers, I.184; Cavendish (1990), 19; Thurston Clarke (1981), 190–91, 260; Rose (2009), 115–16.

  32. Shaw to W. L. Dale (deputy legal adviser, Colonial Office), letter, Sept. 26, 1951, Shaw Papers; Shaw to Messrs. W. H. Allen & Co. Ltd., letter, Sept. 3, 1951, Shaw Papers.

  33. Niv (1975), 4:282–83; Shaw to Isham, letter, Jan. 18, 1972.

  34. Bethell (1979), 263; Thurston Clarke (1981), 260.

  35. Third Parachute Brigade, Quarterly Historical Report, July–Sept. 1946 (n.d.), NA, WO 261/700; Historical Record, July–Sept. 1946: The Attack on the King David Hotel—July 22, 1946 (n.d.), NA, WO 261/562.

  36. OSS Report, July 24, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Thurston Clarke (1981), 204–5, 211–13; Historical Record, July–Sept. 1946: The Attack on the King David Hotel.

  37. Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 29, 1946, D’Arcy Papers; Thurston Clarke (1981), 203–6, 211–13.

  38. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; Cunningham to Hall, letter, Dec. 20, 1946; Thurston Clarke (1981), 222; Rose (2009), 116.

  39. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 425, cols. 1877–80, July 23, 1946; Begin (1977a), 52; Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 20, NA, WO 261/562; HQ Palestine, July 22 to Aug. 4, 1946; Sherman (1997), 183; Daily Telegraph and Manchester Guardian, July 23, 1946.

  40. Cunningham, note (n.d.), Cunningham Papers, IV/2; Shaw to Hall, telegram, July 22, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; CM (46) 72, July 23, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6.

  41. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 23, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Montgomery, Confidential Annex DO (46) 23, Minute 6, July 22, 1946, BLM 211/6, Montgomery Papers.

  42. CM (46) 72, July 23, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Top Secret: Operations in Palestine—Illegal Zionist Armed Forces in Palestine and the Complicity of the Jewish Agency (n.d.), NA, CO 537/1715; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, July 8, 1946, NA, CO 537/1715.

  43. Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 2–10; Palestine Post, July 25, 1946; Times, July 25 and 26, 1946; O’Sullivan, Destruction of the King David Hotel, Dec. 6, 1946; memorandum (n.d.), NA, CO 537/1715.

  44. CM (46) 73, July 25, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Bullock (1983), 298; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 127–32.

  45. CM (46) 74, July 29, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6.

  46. Montgomery, Confidential Annex DO (46) 23, Minute 6, July 22, 1946; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 24, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 24, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; CM (46) 75, July 30, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, Aug. 5, 1946, NA, FO 371/52550.

  47. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 24, 1946; 128/6 CM (46) 73, July 25, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Hall to Cunningham, July 7, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1.

  48. Palestine Post, July 25, 1946; Bushinsky, “Early Years.”

  49. Inverchapel to Bevin, telegrams, July 30 and Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CO 537/2291; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 426, cols. 998–99 (the Reverend Gordon Lang), July 31, 1946; Meinertzhagen (1959), 214; Sherman (1997), 183; Barker, Order of the Day, July 25, 1946, Cunningham Papers, V/4.

  50. Barker, Order of the Day, July 25, 1946; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 30, 1946, NA, CO 537/2291; Eban (1977), 62–63; Montgomery Diary, pt. 1, chap. 9, “The War Office Period, June 26 to August 19, 1946,” BLM 175/1, Montgomery Papers.

  51. New York Times, July 28, 1946; Inverchapel to Bevin, telegram, July 30, 1946; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 29, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; CM (46) 74, July 29, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Times, July 29, 1946; Montgomery, “War Office Period”; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 30, 1946, NA, WO 216/194.

  52. CM (46) 75, July 30, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 426, cols. 957–71, July 31, 1946; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 30, 1946; Dempsey to Montgomery, July 23, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Montgomery to Dempsey, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Montgomery, “War Office Period”; Palestine Post, Aug. 9, 1946; Trevor (1948), 233n30.

  53. Eban (1977), 63; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 426, cols. 957–1075, July 31, 1946.

  54. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 426, cols. 998, 1014–15, July 31, 1946; “Attitude in England to the Palestine Problem,” in HQ Palestine and Transjordan, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 20, July 22 to Aug. 4, 1946, NA, WO 261/562; Peter Clarke (2008), 463; Mass Observation: Recording Everyday Life in Britain.

  55. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 426, cols. 1232–317, Aug. 1, 1946.

  56. CM (46) 73, July 25, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; CM (46) 74, July 29, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 27, 1946, NA, FO 371/52545; telegram, Aug. 3, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 29, 1946; OSS Report GP 150, Aug. 1, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 9, NARA; Husseini to Bevin, letter, July 23, 1946, NA, FO 371/52543.

  57. Krämer (2008), 298–99; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 27, 1946; Monthly Report on Situation, Cunningham to Hall, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CO 537/1708; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 3, 1946; C.-in-C. Middle East, Appreciation of Situation in Palestine, July 24, 1946, NA, KV 5/36.

  58. Charters (1989), 170–76; French (2011), 33, 180–84, 196; Mockaitis (1990), 12, 41–43, 52, 160; Stubbs (2004), 1, 70–74, 159–68, 173–84, 254–58, 262–63; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, July 24, 1946, NA, WO 216/194.

  59. French (2011), 106, 148; Palestine Post, Jan. 9, 1946.

  60. Kitson (1971), 95; French (2011), 33; Rymer-Jones Papers, 132, 143–44, 149; Shaw to Crossman, letter, Aug. 2, 1946, Crossman Papers; CM (46) 75th Conclusions, July 30, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 29, 1946.

  61. Philby to Bromley, letter, July 8, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; Foreign Office to Shone, July 19, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; Shone to Foreign Office, July 21, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; Isham to Shaw, letter, Jan. 15, 1972, Isham Papers, I.184.

  62. CM (46) 73, July 25, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Niv (1975), 4:278; Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946.

  63. Wilson (1949), 66.

  64. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 1, 1946, NA, CO 537/2291; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 4, Aug. 9, 1946, NA, WO 275/58; Wilson (1949), 67–71; HQ Palestine, Historical Record, July–Sept. 1946, Operation Shark, Sept. 1946, NA, WO 261/562; Trevor (1948), 231; HQ Parachute Brigade, Sixth Airborne Division Report on Operation Shark, Aug. 15, 1946, NA, WO 261/700; Historical Record, Sept. 1946, NA, WO 261/562; Jewish Terrorist Index, 1947, O’Sullivan Papers.

  65. The Irgun Zvai Leumi, Aug. 7, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; OSS Report GP150, Aug. 7, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 4, NARA; Daily Express, Aug. 2, 1946; Shamir (1994), 60–61; Bethell (1979), 271; Wilson (1949), 71.

  66. Shamir (1994), 60–62; Daily Telegraph, Sept. 10, 1946; Brutton (1996), 50; Bethell (1979), 277.

  67. Cassels, Special Message, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, WO 275/4; OSS Report GP150, Aug. 21, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 5, NARA; Blaxland (1971), 39; Wilson (1949), 66–73; Trevor (1948), 23; Sixth Airborne Division Report on Operation Shark, Aug. 30, 1946, NA, WO 275/33A; Sixth Airborne Division, Summary 4, Aug. 9, 1946, NA, WO 275/58; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 1, 1946.

  68. Sixth Airborne Division Report on Operation Shark, Aug. 30, 1946; Sixth Airborne Division Operation Shark, July 29, 1946, NA, WO 275/31; CM (46) 74, July 29, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; O’Sullivan, Destruction of the King David Hotel.

  69. Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, Aug. 2, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 6, 1946, NA, FO 371/52628; OSS Report GP150, Aug. 14, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 4, NARA; Palestine Post, July 24 and Aug. 6, 1946; Trevor (1948), 223–24.

  70. OSS Report GP150, Aug. 2 and 14, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 4, NARA.

  71. Gale (19
68), 167.

  72. Sherman (1997), 187; Palestine Press Review, Aug. 7, 1946, NA, WO 275/108; Gale (1968), 167; Assistant Secretary (John Gutch), Colonial Office, note, July 27, 1946, CS D/27/46, ISA; Gutch to Chairman, Palestine Civil Service, letter, July 28, 1946, CS D/27/46, ISA; Chairman, Palestine Civil Service to Shaw, letter, Aug. 5, 1946, CS D/27/46, ISA; CM (46) 75, July 30, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; CP (46) 310, Aug. 5, 1946, NA, CAB 219/12; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 25, 1946, NA, FO 371/52544; Cunningham to Hall, telegrams, July 26, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Aug. 1 and 3, 1946, NA, FO 371/52549.

  73. Palestine Post, July 1, 7, 12, 14, and 16, 1946; CM (46) 77 Conclusions, Aug. 7, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; T. Wikley, minute, Aug. 2, 1946, NA, FO 371/52551; Budapest to Foreign Office, telegram, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CO 537/1737; John Russell (Warsaw) to Baxter, telegram, Aug. 2, 1946, NA, FO 371/52630; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 25, 1946; memorandum of conversation between Sir Walter Smart and Philip W. Ireland (Cairo legation), Aug. 8, 1946, RG 84, Post Files Cairo, 800 Palestine 150, NARA; Foreign Office to Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, telegram, Aug. 24, 1946, NA, FO 371/52630; H. J. Seager to H. E. Burley, letter, Jan. 6, 1947, NA, KV 5/31.

  74. CM (46) 75th Conclusions, July 30, 1946; Peter Clarke (2008), 461; CP (46) 306, July 29, 1946, NA, CAB 129/12.

  75. CP (46) 310 Annex I, Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CAB 129/12; Annex II, Montgomery to Attlee, memorandum, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CAB 129/12; CM (46) 77, Aug. 7, 1946, NA, CAB 129/12; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, Aug. 5, 1946; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Aug. 7, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Montgomery to Attlee, note, Aug. 9, 1946, NA, FO 371/52627; Foreign Office to Bevin, telegram, Aug. 11, 1946, NA, FO 371/525628; Hall to Cunningham, Aug. 11, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/2; Cyprus (Sir C. Woolley) to Hall, telegrams, Aug. 12 and 14, 1946, NA, FO 371/52627; Hall to Woolley, Aug. 14, 1946, NA, FO 371/52627.

  76. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Aug. 5, 1946, NA, WO 216/194.

  77. Montgomery, “War Office Period”; Montgomery to Hall, letter, Aug. 6, 1946, BLM 211/10, Montgomery Papers.

  78. SIME, Possibility of Jewish Terrorist Outrages Outside Palestine, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; top secret meeting held in Mr. Howe’s room on July 24 to discuss security arrangements for the U.K. delegation to the peace conference in Paris, July 25, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Liddell to Roberts, telegram, July 24, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Dixon to Ashley Clarke, telegram, July 24, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Kellar, report, Feb. 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Kellar, Reports on Visits to SIME and CICI, Feb. 1945; C. Douglas Roberts (SIME, Cairo) to Kellar, letter, May 11, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; Barr (2012), 275, 278.

  79. Top secret meeting held on July 24, NA, KV 2/3428; Foreign Office (Dixon) to Alexandria, telegram, July 24, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Codrington to Dixon, telegram, July 26, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, Aug. 17, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Palestine Post, Aug. 30, 1946.

  80. Liddell to Roberts, telegram, July 24, 1946; Foreign Office (Dixon) to Alexandria, telegram, July 24, 1946; Roberts to Liddell, telegram, July 27, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Liddell to Harold Caccia, July 31, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428.

  81. Extract from Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Daily News Bulletin, Aug. 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Cunningham to Hall, telegrams, Aug. 18, 19, and 22, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; extract from Jewish Standard, Aug. 23, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, Aug. 27, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Notes for Director General’s Meeting with Prime Minister, Aug. 28, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Captain S. Bales (DSO, Jerusalem) to Lieutenant Colonel M. Oldfield (SIME), letter, Aug. 28, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Times, Aug. 13, 1946.

  CHAPTER 15: BEATING THE DOG IN HIS OWN KENNEL

  1. New York Times, Sept. 5 and 7, 1946, and Feb. 2, 1979; Medoff, “Ben Hecht’s ‘A Flag Is Born’ ”; “Paul Muni”; Baumel (2005), 219, 220; Zaar (1954), 201–2.

  2. New York Times, Sept. 5, 7, and 15, 1946; Medoff, “Ben Hecht’s ‘A Flag Is Born’ ”; New Yorker, Sept. 14, 1946.

  3. New York Times, Sept. 5 and 7, 1946; Medoff, “Ben Hecht’s ‘A Flag Is Born.’ ”

  4. Medoff, “Ben Hecht’s ‘A Flag Is Born’ ”; Baumel (2005), 220.

  5. Zaar (1954), 200; Medoff, “Ben Hecht’s ‘A Flag Is Born’ ”; Hecht (1954), 614; Baumel (2005), 220; New York Times, Oct. 1, 1946.

  6. Hall to Cunningham, Oct. 2, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/2; Harris (1982), 396; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, July 4, 1946.

  7. Johan J. Smertenko to J. M. Martin (CO), letter, Dec. 21, 1945, NA, CO 733/461.7582/14B; Martin, minute, Jan. 3, 1946, NA, CO 733/461.7582/14B; R. Gallopin (director delegate, Comité International de la Croix-Rouge) to Hall, letter and report, Sept. 27, 1946, NA, FO 371/61872; French (2011), 165–66; Trevor (1948), 260.

  8. HQ South Palestine District, Quarterly Historical Report for Quarter July–Oct. 1946, NA, WO 261/646; Palestine Post, June 21 and Aug. 21, 1946; Trevor (1948), 249–50.

  9. Wilson (1949), 78–79; Trevor (1948), 252–54; OSS Report GP200, Sept. 4, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 5, NARA; Palestine Post, Aug. 29 and Sept. 3, 1946.

  10. Palestine Post, Sept. 3, 1946; Trevor (1948), 253.

  11. Captain H. Linklater, 317 Airborne Field Security Section Report, Aug. 1946, NA, WO 275/72; HQ South Palestine District, Intelligence Summary 14, Sept. 2, 1946, NA, WO 261/646; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Sept. 22, 1946, NA, CO 537/1789; Wilson (1949), 60; French (2011), 177; Charteris, A Year as an Intelligence Officer, Sept. 1946, S 25/6910, CZA; HQ South Palestine District, Quarterly Historical Report HQ South Palestine District for Quarter July–Oct. 1946; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Oct. 12, 1946, NA, FO 371/52655.

  12. Interview, April 29, 1969, Scrivenor Papers.

  13. Begin (1977a), 55; summary of a statement by Menachem Begin, Dec. 20, 1946, NA, WO 275/63.

  14. HQ British Troops in Palestine and Transjordan, G Branch Historical Record, Jan.–Sept. 1946, NA, WO 261/526; Levenberg (1991), 622–23; Times, Sept. 9, 1946; Daily Telegraph, Sept. 10, 1946; Jewish Standard, Sept. 13, 1946.

  15. Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Sept. 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/37; Times, Sept. 9 and 10, 1946; HQ British Troops in Palestine and Transjordan, G Branch Historical Record, July–Sept. 1946, NA, WO 261/526; Bulletin 211, Sept. 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/37; Daily Telegraph, Sept. 10, 1946; Jewish Standard, Sept. 13, 1946; Dorrill (2000), 54; Jeffery (2010), 689; A. F. Kirby, Report of the General Manager (Palestine Railways), 1946–48, 12, box 1, files 13–16, Scrivener Papers; Trevor (1948), 258.

  16. Cesarani (2009), 22–23; Charters (1989), 46, 48; Rose (2009), 144; Trevor (1948), 258; Extract from DO (46) 145 pt. 1, War Office View, Nov. 1946, Montgomery Papers; Bulletin 211, Sept. 10, 1946; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 434, col. 35 (Churchill), March 3, 1947; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 441, cols. 2341–43 (Lever), Aug. 12, 1947; Montgomery (1958), 419.

  17. OSS Report GP200, Aug. 28 and Sept. 4, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 5, NARA; Times, Sept. 14, 1946; Wilson (1949), 87; Report of the General Manager, 12, Scrivener Papers; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Daily News Bulletin, Sept. 29, 1945, NA, KV 5/37.

  18. Trevor (1948), 262; security minutes, Sept. 30, 1946, Cunningham Papers, IV/1.

  19. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Sept. 27, 1946, NA, CAB 127/280.

  20. Dugdale (1973), 238; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 159.

  21. Note of a meeting, Oct. 1, 1946, NA, CAB 127/280; Bevin to Attlee, telegram, Aug. 14, 1946, NA, CAB 127/280.

  22. Note of a meeting, Oct. 1, 1946.

  23. DO (46) 40, Memorandum, March 13, 1946, NA, CAB 131/2; DO (46) 27 Memorandum, March 2, 1946, NA, CAB 131/2; Ismay to Attlee, note, July 15, 1946, NA, CAB 127/280; Army Council CP (46) 281 ACSB/2097, July 22, 1946, NA, WO 32/10260.

  24. Note of a meeting, Oct. 1, 1946; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, Oct. 2, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/3.

  25. Dugdale (1973), 240; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 159, 162–67; Louis (1984), 439–41; Bullock (1983), 304–5; Harris (1982), 395–96; Times, Oct. 7, 1946.

  26. Antonius (1979), 13–412; Bird (2010), 18–19; Times, Dec. 8,
1984; Segev (2000), 469–70; Wasserstein (1978), 28–29, 182–88; Montefiore (2011), 463–64, 485; Rose (2009), 32; Cleveland, “George Antonius”; Hasson, “Jay Gatsby in Jerusalem”; Economist, Jan. 13, 2011; Barker to Antonius, letters, Oct. 11, 24, and 26, 1946, P/867, ISA.

  27. Barker to Antonius, letters, April 14, 1947, and April 26, 1947, P/867, ISA.

  28. Bethell (1979), 280; Kenneally (2008), 229–30; Times, Sept. 28, 2000; First Battalion, Welsh Guards, Quarterly Historical Report, Sept. 30, 1946, NA, WO 261/302; HQ, Officer Commanding Troops, Jaffa/Tel Aviv, Quarterly Historical Report, Sept. 30, 1946, NA, WO 261/129.

  29. Mansfield to Kellar, letter, Oct. 26, 1946, NA, KV 5/31; notes on a conversation between the DSO and “Z,” Oct. 7, 1946, NA, KV 5/30.

  30. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Oct. 29, 1946, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. 2; Daily Telegraph and Palestine Post, Oct. 25, 1946; Trevor (1948), 273–74; Wilson (2001), 140; interview with Lieutenant Colonel Richard Webb, Oct. 24, 1946, S 25/6910, CZA; Mitchell (1969), 59.

  31. Mitchell (1969), 55; Wilson (2001), 140; Max Steinberg to Inverchapel, telegram, Oct. 24, 1946, NA, FO 371/52508; T. E. Bromley to Steinberg, letter, Oct. 31, 1946, NA, FO 371/52508; Palestine Post, Oct. 27, 1946; Bethell (1979), 280–81.

  32. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Oct. 29, 1946; Wilson (2001), 148; Cassels to Barker, letter, Oct. 28, 1946, NA, WO 275/72; Linklater, 317 Airborne Field Security Section Report, Aug. 1946; HQ South Palestine District, Intelligence Summary 14.

  33. Begin (1977a), 53–54, 56; Kenneally (2008), 227.

  34. Niv (1975), 5:54; Sir David Petrie (director general, MI5), Minute 44, March 30, 1946, NA, KV 5/4; extract from SIME, Aug. 14, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, Aug. 26, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Andrew (2009), 355–56; Cesarani (2009), 44–45; Walton (2008), 448–50; Notes for Director General’s Meeting with Prime Minister, Aug. 28, 1946, NA, KV 3/41.