fraud
Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation): establishment of foreign investors in government takeover of lending to support housing prices losses of mandate of mortgage-backed securities issued by reforms of role in subprime crisis
free-enterprise capitalism
French, Ken
French Revolution
Frieden, Jeffry
Fuld, Richard
G-7 (Group of)
G-20 (Group of)
Gelband, Michael
Gender, Robert
General Motors
Germany: banks in energy consumption in export-led growth strategy of health care costs in Landesbanks in social welfare spending in unemployment benefits in Weimar Republic
Ginnie Mae (Government National Mortgage Association)
Glass-Steagall Act of
global economic governance reforms
GNMA (Government National Mortgage Association). See Ginnie Mae
Goldin, Claudia
Goldman Sachs
government bonds: foreign investors in, risk premium on
government intervention: attitudes toward corruption and in credit markets in early developers expectations of in financial systems in housing market in India limitations of managed capitalism strategy in market economies private sector influence on reducing risk taking and role in financial crisis state-owned enterprises unintended consequences of, See also exchange-rate policies; exportled growth strategies; regulation
Government National Mortgage Association. See Ginnie Mae
government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). See Fannie Mae; Freddie Mac; Ginnie Mae
Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck)
Great Depression
greed
Greenspan, Alan
Greenspan put
growth. See economic growth; export-led
growth strategies
GSEs (government-sponsored enterprises). See Fannie Mae; Freddie
Mac; Ginnie Mae
Haitian earthquake
Hart, Robert M.
Hayek, Friedrich von
Head Start
health care: cost-efficiency of in developing countries medical tourism
health insurance: adverse-selection problem of costs of employment-based, in Europe reform act (2010)required subsidies for universal U.S. system of
Heckman, James
hedge funds
Henry VII, King
Heymath
higher education: business schools costs of enrollment assistance for future of graduation rates of relationship
to incomes
high school graduation rates, See also education
Hillery, Ruthie
HOLC. See Home Owner’s Loan Corporation
Holmes, Steven
home equity loans
home ownership: affordable housing mandate government policies to expand rates of tax credits
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Horioka, Charles
hospitals
Housing and Urban Development Department of (HUD)
housing market: boom in bust in credit expansion in demand in effects of low interest rates in government intervention in, historical evolution of oversupply in price increases in tax breaks in, See also mortgages; subprime mortgage market
Huang, Yasheng
HUD. See Housing and Urban Development, Department of human capital: access to components of definition of improving noncognitive skills training value of, See also education
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
immigration: effects on income inequality illegal
imports: of India of United States See also trade
incentives: in bureaucracies effects of unemployment benefits, in financial firms in governments reforms of
for risk-taking
income inequality: attitudes toward causes of increases in credit expansion and economic benefits of increases in policy responses to political pressure for easy credit and political pressure for economic stimulus and reducing
incomes: college premium financial institution compensation of hedge fund managers from investments in Kenya opportunities for increasing of physicians, See also economic growth; poverty; wages
India: British rule of central bank of conglomerates in economic growth of economic policies of energy consumption in exchange-rate policies of exports of financial crisis in government intervention in credit markets in health care costs inphysical capital in reforms in trade policies of
Indonesia: economic crisis in IMF loans to
industrial development: early developers in India late developers in Taiwan
inequality. See income inequality
infant-industry protection
inflation: in asset prices expectations of Federal Reserve policies and, relationship to unemployment in United States
innovation See also technological change
institutional economics
insurance: bond earthquake livelihood mortgage,See also health insurance; unemployment benefits
interest rates: on bank deposits in China consequences of low effects of expectations hypothesis and increases to fight inflation in Japan long-term low levels of on mortgages on savings short-term, spreads of Taylor rule and
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Asian financial crisis and conditionality of loans influence of Mexican loans (1994) policy coordination role of reforms in staff of, warnings about trade imbalances
Internet: communicating with public through distance education use in hiring
investment: bond holders boom in in China in East Asia housing incomes from in managed capitalist systems in physical capital relationship to saving, See also foreign
investment
investment banks See also banks
investment managers, See also hedge funds
Jackson Hole Conferences
Japan: central bank of competition in consumption in economic growth of education in elevator ladies in employment in energy consumption in exchange-rate policies of export-led growth strategy of exports of, financial bubble and crisis in health care costs in keiretsus in managed capitalism in
jobless recoveries: political pressure for economic stimulus during in United States
jobs. See employment; labor force
Johnson, Lyndon B.
JP Morgan
Katz, Lawrence
keiretsus
Kenya, government expenditures in
Keynes, John Maynard
labor force: migration of mobility of, protective legislation and resilience of skills of training women in, See also employment; income inequality; wages
labor unions. See unions
late developers
Lee Kuan Yew
Lehman Brothers: board members of CEO of, collapse of risks taken by salaries in short selling by subsidiaries of Lenin, Vladimir
liquidity See also monetary policy
liquidity risk
livelihood insurance
Lucas, Robert E., Jr.
Madoff, Bernard
Malaysia: economic growth of
export-led growth strategy of
investment in
managed capitalism: in Asia challenges of export-led growth strategies and investment and success of
Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees
markets. See capitalism; financial
markets; housing market; prices; stock
market
marriage
McCarthy, Nolan
Medicaid
medical care. See health care; physicians
medical malpractice
Medicare
Merrill Lynch
Mexico: conditional cash transfers financial crisis of
Mian, Atif
microcredit
middle class
migration
mobility: economic factors restricting of workers
models, economic
Mohamad, Mahathir
monetary policy: credit expansion and financial stability and housing market and improvements in Japanese Keynesian lags in political influences on reforms of of United States, See also central banks; interest rates
money-market funds
moral hazard
Morgan, J. P., See also JP Morgan
Morrice, Brad
mortgage-backed securities: credit risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac issues federal purchases of held by banks investors in ratings of risks of, subprime mortgages in tail risks of tranches of
mortgage brokers
mortgage insurance
mortgages: defaults on deregulation of thrift industry FHA foreclosures of historical evolution of interest rates on predatory lending traditional lending process for, See also subprime mortgage market
motivations
multilateral financial institutions: influence of lending by reforms of See also International
Monetary Fund; World Bank
mutual fund management companies
national home ownership strategy, See also home ownership nationalism
Nehru, Jawaharlal
New Century Financial
New Deal
New York City
No Child Left Behind Act of
noncognitive skills
Northern Rock
Obama, Barack
Obama administration
Office of Thrift Supervision
O’Neal, Stanley
opportunities
organizational capital
ownership society, See also home
ownership
Park Chung Hee
Paulson, Henry J.
Paulson, John
PBOC. See People’s Bank of China
Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation
pensions
People’s Bank of China (PBOC)
Peugeot
Phillips curve
physicians: malpractice suits and salaries of See also health care
Pinto, Edward
A Plan of the English Commerce (Defoe)
Plaza Accord (1945)
political fault lines
politics: economics and of immigration pressures for easy credit, pressures for fiscal stimulus
Poole, Keith
populist credit expansion
Populist movement
poverty: cycle of in developing
countries family instability and
opportunities for escape from
Prasad, Eswar
predatory lending
prices: food functions of, See also asset prices; housing market; inflation
Prince, Charles
professional credentials
proprietary trading
protectionism
racism
rating agencies
Rato, Rodrigo de
recession of: Federal Reserve responses to fiscal stimulus response to jobless recovery from
recessions: of of cleansing role of jobless recoveries from Keynesian policies and overreactions to political pressure for economic stimulus during
redundancy, in financial systems
reforms: in access to credit in Brazil in China in deposit insurance educational fault lines addressed by of Federal Reserve financial in global economic governance goals of guiding principles of of health insurance in housing finance of incentives in India of monetary policy of multilateral financial institutions, need for reducing government intervention reducing search for tail risk regulatory tort of unemployment benefits
regulation: antitrust cycle-proof enforcement of failures of history of laissez-faire ideology and in New Deal reforms of See also deregulation
regulation, banking: capital requirements central bank responsibilities for cognitive capture and Community Reinvestment Act effectiveness of enforcement of history of of new products reforms of resolution of bank failures risk monitoring and transparency of
relationship capitalism. See managed capitalism
relationship systems: of employment financial
remittances
Renault
research and development, See also innovation
Reserve Bank of India
resilience: of financial systems of workers
retirement savings returns: alpha relationship to risk risk: bank exposures of default effects of government intervention in financial sector incentives for taking information needed for monitoring interest rate levels and liquidity, inmortgage-backed securities relationship to return underpricing of See also tail risks
risk managers
Rodrik, Dani
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Rosenthal, Howard
Rubin, Robert
Russia
S&P options prices
sabbaticals
safety net: conditional cash transfers costs of in Europe political attitudes toward social security strengthening in United States See also health insurance; unemployment benefits
Salam, Reihan
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos
Samuelson, Robert J.
“Save More Tomorrow” plan
savings: in Asia, government policies to encourage household increasing interest rates on rates of relationship to investment retirement, shortages of
schools. See education
Schumpeter, Joseph
scientific research
securitization: benefits of collateralized debt obligations collateralized loan obligations of French annuities innovative products, See also mortgage-backed securities
self-interest
Shiller, Robert
short sellers
Sinha, Yashwant
skill-based technical change
Smith, Adam
socialists
social safety net. See safety net
social security
Social Security Act of
Sorkin, Andrew Ross
South Korea: chaebols in
economic growth of economic policies of exports of investment in
Soviet Union
Squam Lake Working Group
Stalin, Joseph
state-owned banks
state-owned enterprises
Stein, Herbert
Steinbeck, John, Grapes of Wrath
sterilized intervention
stock market: bank stock prices crash of (2000) dot-com bubble in, efficient markets hypothesis and overvaluation of price volatility of students. See education
subprime mortgage market: boom in, classification of loans credit growth and defaults in governmentsponsored enterprises and housing prices and NINJA loans, originating companies private issuers of securitization in size of
Subramanian, Arvind
Sufi, Amir
Suharto
systemically important financial institutions: bond holders of factors in importance of prevention of reducing number of risks taken by
Taibbi, Matt
tail risks: difficulties in managing incentives for taking of mortgage-backed securities public exposure of reducing search for systemic taken by banks
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