The Secret Life of Trees
Page 50
medicines 6, 134, 170, 187, 222
medullary rays 83
meiosis 422
Melaleuca 209
Melia 222
Meliaceae 221–3
Melicocca 225
melons 168
mengkulang 215
meranti 219
meristem 422
mersawa 219
metabolism 422
metals, in soils 265–6
Metasequoia 105, 110–11, 282
methyl salicyclate 205, 358
Microberlinia 90, 185
micronutrients 252, 422
micro-propagation 270
micro-satellites 335–6
Milankovitch cycles 303
Mimosa 186
minerals 257–8, 422
Minusops 232
miro 39, 41, 119
Misodendraceae 165,
mistletoe 164, 256
mitochondria 66, 67, 422
mitosis 422
Mitragyna ciliata 239
molybdenum 252
moncots 48, 422
mongongo nuts 388
monilophytes 74–5
monkey ears 186
monkey puzzle tree 41, 103
monkey-bread tree 215
monocots 128–9, 139–56, 422
monocotyledon 422
Monodora myristica 132
monoecious 125, 422
montane forests 278
monterey pine 392
moonseeds 160
mopane tree 358
Moraceae 191–4, 195
Morus 191–2
mosses 69–71
mountain ash (Eucalyptus) 211
mountain ash (Sorbus) 189
mountain pine 119
Mouriri 389
muhuhu 246
mulanje cedar 110
mulberry 191–2
multicellular organisms 68–9
Musa 15, 24, 155
Musaceae 155
mutualism 422
acacia-ant 182
with Frankia 189–90, 259
fig-wasp 331
game theory 334–5, 336–8, 339–40
mycelium 260, 422
mycorrhizae 97, 182, 210, 260–61, 422
Myoporaceae 242
Myoporum 242
Myrica 208
Myricaceae 208
Myristica 132
Myristicaceae 132
myrrh 220
Myrsinaceae 232
Myrtaceae 209
Myrtales 208–13
myrtle 209
Myrtus 209
Nageia 98
nastic movements 266
natural selection 52, 422–3
naturalists 28–9, 47
Nauclea 239
needle palm 151
neem 39, 187, 222–3, 354
nematodes 339–40
neolinnean classification see Linnean classification
Nepal alder 203
Nephelium 225
Nerium 240
Nesgordonia 214
nettles 194
New Caledonia 98, 101, 102, 118, 120, 129, 278, 287
New Zealand 118–19, 133
niches 423
Nicobar breadfruit 145
nipa palm 152
nire 201
nitrates 258
nitric oxlde 272
nitrogen 252, 257, 258
nitrogen fixanon 180, 189–90, 202, 203, 206, 208, 258–60, 423
noble fir 115
Norfolk Island pine 41
Norway spruce I 16
Nothofagaceae 196, 201
Nothofagus 107, 165, 200–202, 278, 290
Nothotsuga 113
Notocactus 163
nucleic acid see DNA; RNA
nucleus 66, 423
nut 423
nutmeg 132
nyotah 232
Nypa 152, 264
Nyssa 230
Nyssaceae 230
oaks 196, 197–8
British 39–40
centre of origin 280, 409–10
classification 409
distribution 278
leaf loss 351
naming of 39–40
tropisms 268
oceanic islands 287
ocelots 345
Ochnaceae 179
Ochroma 217–18
Ocotea 133–4
octoploidy 23
odoko 178
oil palms 146, 149
okra 213
Olacaceae 165
Olea 86, 242, 243
Oleaceae 242–3
oleander 240
olives 388, 391
olivewood 243
Onagraceae 209
onions 143
opepe 239
Ophiostoma 191
Opiliaceae 165
Opuntia 163
oranges 220
orchids 125, 143
orders 49, 58, 423
organelles 66, 423
organic compounds 252, 423
organisms, origin of 65–6
ornamentals
Apocynaceae 240
apples 188–9
Gardenia 238
legumes 186
Liquidambar 170
palms 150–51
Prunus 189
Sapindaceae 225
Orobanche 242
osiers 177
osmosis 255, 423
Ostrya 202, 206
Ostryopsis 202
outcrossing 423
ovary 123, 423
ovule 123, 423
Owen, Richard 49, 54
Oxalidaceae 179
Oxalidales 179
Oxalis 179
oxygen 65, 252, 263, 371, 410
Pachycarpae 218
padang 232
pagoda tree 240
palaeobotany 281–2, 424
Palaquium 231, 232
palm cabbage 148
palm heart 144, 148
Palmae 145–52
palms 83–4, 142, 145–52
palmyra 146, 149
Pandanales 144–5
Pandanus 144–5
Pangaea 283–6
paper birch 306
papyrus 153
Paracetoma 243
paradise nuts 235–6
parallel evolution 424
parallel venation 424
parana pine 41, 103
Parasitaxusa 118
parasites
of acacias 183
of alders 203
broomrapes 242
and cold 300–301
coniferous 118
defences against 352
definition 424
mistletoes 164–5
and plant evolution 350
of rubber 174
sandalwood 166
and sex 300
speed of adaption 360–61
and tropical diversity 299–300
Parkia 186, 328–9
parlour palms 151
pathogens 424
pau marfin 220–21
Payena 232
peach palms 149
peach 189
pears 189
pecans 207
peepul 38–9, 192
pelargoniums 168
Peltogyne 185
Pennington, Toby 289
peonies 168
pepper vines 128
pepper 138
Pére David 228
Pereskia 163
periwinkles 240
Persea 133
Persian walnut 207
persimmons 230, 231
petals 123
petticoat palm 145, 151
phenolics 356
phenotype 424
pheromones 272, 358, 424
phloem 83, 146, 424
Phoebe 133
Phoenix 149
phosphorus 252, 257, 261
photoperiodism 274–5, 424
photosynthesis 253–4, 256, 374, 410, 424
phototropism 267, 268, 424
/> Phyllocladaceae 100, 119–20
Phyllocladus 119–20
phyllodes 119, 120, 181, 424
phylogeny 53, 59, 424–5
phylum 58, 425
physiology 425
Phytelephas 149–150
phytochrome 275, 410–11, 425
Phytophthora 203
Phytotrade Africa 393
Picea 113, 116
Picramnia 219
Pieris 234
pigments 267, 275, 356–8, 425
Pimenta 209
Pinaceae 100, 101, 112–17
pine seeds 388
pineapple 153
pines 41–2, 99, 113–14
Pinus 99, 113–4
pioneer trees 86–7, 96–7, 113, 182, 194–5, 298
Piper 138
Piperaceae 135–8
Piperales 135–8
Piratinera 191
Pistacia 223, 338
pistachio 223, 338
pitomba-de cerrado 389
plane trees 22, 161, 226
plantations 392–3
Platanaceae 161
Platanus 22, 161, 226
Platycladus 110
pleaching 205–6
plum yew 104
plum 189
Plumeria 240–41
pneumatophores 264–5
Poaceae 153–5
Poales 153–5
Podocarpaceae 41, 100, 101, 117–19
podocarps 113, 117–19
Podocarpus 113, 117–19
poisons 135, 226, 230, 234, 237
pollarding 270
pollen 76, 425
of conifers 99
of cycads 78
fossil 281–2
tricolpate 158
pollen tube 123, 425
pollination 425
acacias 182–3
avocado 133
Betulaceae 202
birches 205
cycads 78
figs 125, 329–37
Lecythis 237
oaks 197
Sterculiaceae 214
Polygonales 160
polymorphism 15
polyploidy 22–5, 203, 425
pomegranate 209
Pometia 225
pondweeds 142
poplars 178, 390, 392
populations 425
population, human 365, 387
Populus 178, 390, 392
port orford cedar 106
Portulaceae 163
potassium 252, 257
potatoes 23
Pouteria 231
Prance, Ghillean 35–6, 326
predators 350, 359–60, 425
prickles 353
pride of India 222
Priestley, Joseph 173
privet 242
Proenca, Carolyn 389
prokaryotes 65–6, 425
Prosopis 186–7
Protea 160
Proteaceae 160
Proteales 160–62
proteins 252
protozoa 57
Prumnopitys 119
Prunus 189
Pseudolarix 113
Pseudomyrmex 182
Pseudotsuga 113, 117
Pseudowintera 357
Psidium 209
Pterocarpus 185
Pterocarya 208
Pterygota 215
Puca 389
pumpkins 168
Punica 209
purgatives 135
purple loosestrife 208
purpleheart 185
purslanes 163
Pyracantha 189
pyrethroids 354
Pyrus 189
Quassia 219
queen palm 151
Queensland maple 220
Queensland walnut 133
Quercus 39–40, 85, 196, 197–8, 409
quickthorn 189
quillworts 73
quince 189
quinine 174, 239
r-strategy 18–19
races 26
radicle 426
Raffia 150
Rafflesia 324
rain tree 186
raisin tree 190
ramara tree 409
rambutan 225
rank 426
Ranunculales 160
Raphidophyllum 151
rasamala 170
rattan 146, 150
Rauvolfia 240
Raven, Peter 79
Ravenala 156
Ray, John 47–8, 128
Raymo, Maureen 302
reaction wood 426
red alder 203
red gum 170
red mangroves 176–7
red maple 199
red oak 197, 198
red pine 41, 119
red silk cotton tree 217
red spruce 199
redwoods 42, 298, 312–16
reeds 153
relicts 96
reproduction strategies 18–19, 317–18, 329–37
Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke 35–7, 406
resins 170
Retrophyllum minus 118
rewarara 160
Rhamnaceae 190
Rhamnus 190
Rhizobium 180, 189–190, 259, 260
rhizome 426
Rhizophora 176–7, 242, 264
Rhizophoraceae 176–7
rhizosphere 295
Rhodesian teak 185
Rhododendron 234
rhubarb 160
Rhus 223
rhyniophytes 73
ribonucleic acid see RNA
rice 387
Ricinus 172
rimu 39, 41, 119
riverine forests 278
RNA 63, 252, 426
Robinia 186
Rollinia 131
root hairs 148
roots 254
adventitious 140, 147, 270
aerial 264
buttress 88
of monocots 140
nodules 259–60
of palms 147–8
stilt 144, 147, 264
Rosa 188, 189
rose acacia 186
rosa peroba 240
Rosaceae 188–90, 359, 409
Rosales 188–195
roses 189
rosids 158, 167–226
Rosoideae 409
rowans 189
Royal Oak 1
royal palm 147, 151
Roystonea 147
rubber 172–6
Rubiaceae 238–9
Rubus 188
rue 220
Ruscaceae 144
Ruta 220
Rutaceae 220–21
Sabal 151
sabina 107
sacred trees 192–4, 240–41
Salicaceae 177–8
salicin 178
salicyclic acid 178, 358
Salix 24–5, 177–8, 278
Samanea 186
samaras 226
Sambucus 228
sandalwood 165–6, 183, 392, 393
Santalaceae 165–6
Santalales 164–6
Santalum 165–6
sap 426
sap gum 170
sapele 222
Sapindaceae 224–5
Sapindales 219–26
Sapindus 225
Sapium 172
sapodilla 231
saponons 355
Sapotaceae 231–2, 265
sapucaia nuts 235–6
sapwood 84, 88–9, 426
Sarraca 186
Sassafras 133
sassafras 133
satinleaf 231
satsumas 220
sausage tree 243
savannah 426
Saxifragales 168–70
saxifrages 168
scented satinwood 179
Scbefflera 228
Schoepficaceae 165
Sciadopiryaceae 100, 120
Sciadopitys 120
scientific names 49
Scolytus 191
Scorodocarpus 165
Scotellia 178
/> screw pines 144–5
Scrophulariales 241
sea-grasses 125, 142
seasons, awareness of 274
seaweeds 58
Sebertia 265
secondary cambium 85
secondary centres of diversity 280–81
secondary growth 83–4, 142, 144, 146, 426
secondary metabolites 267, 352–9
secondary thickening 83–4, 142, 144, 146
sedges 153
seed dispersal 342–9
seed plants 75–80
seeds 75–6, 78, 78–9, 149–50
Selaginella 73
self-fertilization 320
sepals 122
Sequoia 105, 110, 111
Sequoiadendron 110, 111
series 211
sessile leaves 211
sessile oak 197, 198
Seville orange 220
sexual reproduction 318–19
shadbush 189
shade trees 391
shapes, of trees 89–90
shea butter tree 231
shellac 190
she-oaks 206, 259, 260
shisham 185
Shorea 218
short-day plants 275, 426
shrubs 15, 426
Sideroxylon 232
silk oak 160, 233
silver beech 201
silver birch 205
silver pine 119
silver yellow pine 119
Simaroubaceae 219
sissoo 185
sitka spruce 346–7, 356, 392, 393
smoke bush 223
snakewood 191
snowberry 228
sodium 252
softwood 426
soil 257–66
Solanaceae 237–8
Solanales 237–8
Sophora 187
Sorbus 189
sour cherry 189
soursop 131
South America, origins of biota 288–9
South American cedar 222
southern beeches 107, 165, 200–202, 278, 290
soya 389, 390
Spanish moss 153
Spathodea 40, 243
speciation, in rainforests 296–301
species 20–22, 27–30, 50, 52–3, 58, 426
Speight, Martin 359, 360
spermatophytes 74
spice star anise 129
spider-worts 143
spikes 147
spindle tree 171
spines 353
Spiraea 189
spores 70, 74, 75, 426
sporophytes 70, 76, 427
Spruce, Richard 29
spruces 113, 116
spurges 172
squashes 168
St John’s wort 179
stamens 123
Stapelia 240
star apple 231
star fruit 179
Sterculia 40–41, 214
Sterculiaceae 213, 214–15
stink wood 134
stomatas 254, 255, 256
stonecrops 168
Storax 170
strangler figs 192
strawberry tree 234
Strelitzia 155
Strelitziaceae 155–6
Striga 242
strobilus 78, 427
Stryax 170
strychnine tree 166
Strychnos 166
subspecies 26, 427
substrate 427
succession 304, 427
succulents 427
suckers 427
sugar maple 199, 200, 226
sugarberry 191
sugi 110
sulphur 152, 257–8
sumac 223
sundews 160
Swartzia 389
sweet cherry 189
sweet gums 170, 409
sweetsop 131
Swietenia 38, 221–2
Syagrus 151
sycamore 126, 161, 226
syconium 330, 341–2, 346, 427