Nathaniel's nutmeg

by Giles Milton

  East India Company (Dutch): foundation of 141; first fleet dispatched 141; conferences with English 26-66, 311-12; and Coen 269-70; Treaty with English Company 311—12; reaction to Aniboyna Massacre 341—2; Bandanese land grants 349 East India Company (English): first expedition 7, 71-100; and Muscovy Company 16; foundation 66—67; organisation of 68; Charter 76-77; difficulties of 1034; most of spiceries lost to Dutch 145; concern about licence 199—200; freeman of 200-1; shipbuilding by 201; Venison Committee 201; successs of 1611 240; complains about Dutch aggression 264; conferences with Dutch 26-66,311-12; Treaty with Dutch Company

  311-12; reaction to Amboyna massacre 34041, 342; financial precariousness 346-47; decline of 347; on its knees 350-53; sale of Run 352; new charter and reformation 354 Edward Bonaventure 10, 45-52 Eldred, Mr 37, 38 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 29, 30,40,41,66,69-70,102, 224 Engano 297

  Expedition 191, 192, 193, 194, 196,198

  factors 76, 97, 98, 24042 Fardo, John 324, 326, 329, 331, 335

  Faroe Islands 177 Femell, Laurence 204, 213, 214 Fenton, Edward 34—37 Finch,Will 123, 124,125,126, 130

  Firando 241,344 Fitch, Ralph 37, 38-39 Fitzherbert, Captain Sir

  Humphrey 307-8, 319 Floris, Peter 218 Forbes, Henry 370 Fort St George 351 Francois I, King 180 Fredericks, Cryn 229 Frobisher, Sir Martin 34, 177

  Garcia, Captain 5, 110 Gardiner, Charles 167 Gerrit van Beuningen 60 Goa 38, 67 Golden Hind 33 Gordes, Sir Ferdinando 224 Gran Canaria 78

  Great Banda: description 112; Heemskerck at 137; Keeling at 154-57; Verhoef at 158-59; Dutch authority over 262; submission to the English 280—81, 313; uprising against the Dutch 304-5; disaffected Bandanese flee to 314; submits to Dutch 314-15; continuing defiance of the Dutch 316; hostages killed 316-17; torture used against 316 communities transported as slaves 318; England demands 356 Great St Anne 41 Great Sunne 192 Greenbury, Richard 341 Greene, Benjamin 202 Greenland 169 Greville, Sir Fulke 72 Griffon 122

  Griggs, William 324, 329, 331, 336

  Grotius, Hugo 26465 Guinea 361

  GunungApi: description 110, 112; erupts on Heemskerck's arrival 137; erupts on Reynst's arrival 253, 254; effects of eruptions 368

  H

  Hagan, Steven van der 144—5 Hakluyt, Richard 24 Half Moon 175, 176, 177, 178,

  179, 181, 186 Hamet Aga 211 Handson, Mr 346 Hariot, Thomas 176 Hart, Sir John 67 Harwood, Thomas 217 Hatti, Mohammed 370

  Hawkins, William: and India 7, 122-33,215-16,242; Fenton's voyage 34, 36; acquires a wife 128 Hayes, Robert 282, 305, 308 headhunters 1, 197 Heckewelder, John 183,186 Hector 72, 86, 93,95,105,113, 123, 124, 147,148, 151, 154 Heemskerck, Jacob van 136-37,

  167, 168 Henry IV, King of France 172,

  173 Hert 313-14 Heyward,John 76 Hitu 320, 324, 328 Hoen, Simon 160-61, 191 Hope,James 106 Hopewell 194-5, 198 Hormuz 38 Horse 228

  Houtman, Cornelis 58-65, 81,

  85, 135 Hudde, Hendrik 53 Hudson, Henry 169-71, 172,

  173-89,219, 221-22 Hudson Bay 221 Hudson River 179, 180, 181,

  223, 225, 228 Hudson Strait 221 Hunt, Richard 252, 261, 263,

  264, 271 Hunter, John 358, 359-60 Huyghen van Linschoten, Jan 57-58, 72

  I

  Iberson, John 106 India: Hawkins in 7, 122-33, 215—16, 242; Portuguese and 23, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130; trade with 121, 122,351,354; famine, 1630 351; significance

  India continued:

  of to East India Company 354; becoming British India 355; local government in 355 Ivan the Terrible 15-16

  j

  Jakarta 298, 299,309 James Bay 222 James, Duke ofYork 360—6 James I, King 1, 91, 102-3, 107, 199,201,224, 225,226,264, 273, 340 Japan 344

  Japanese mercenaries 312—13, 315-16,317,320, 321-22, 337-38 Java 39,311 Jeannin, Pierre 172—73 Jehangir, Emperor 122, 126, 127,

  128-33,215 Joan, Dom 141—4 Johnson, Henrie 302 Johnson, Timothy 324, 325, 326 Johor 240 Joost,John 327

  Jourdain, John 217, 244, 245-52, 258,259,263,268, 271,285, 302

  Juet, Robert 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 185, 186,187,221

  K

  Kara Sea 164, 166

  Keeling, William 7, 148, 150-57,

  159, 161,219 Kola Peninsula 168

  L

  Ladbrook, Thomas 324 Laet.John de 182 Lagundi 344, 345 Lakoy 314

  Lam, Admiral Jan Dirkz 258, 260, 261,262 Lambert, Peter 148 Lancaster, James 7, 42—52, 65, 67,

  75-100, 103,104, 115 Landak 243 Langley, Edward 217 Larica 320, 324 Larkin, Robert 249 latitude 53-55 Leay,John 106 Leedes, Mr 37, 38 Lemaire, Isaac 171-72, 173 Levant Company 67 Lewed, William 106 Long Island 179 Long Island Sound 222 Lonthor 314, 315 Luther, Christopher 217

  M

  Macassar 240, 271,286 mace 27, 348 Mace, William 49 Madagascar 94, 148 Madras 351 Madura 63

  Magellan, Ferdinand 24-28, 30 Malacca23, 38 Malay Peninsula 312 Malice Scourge 73 Mandeville, Sir John 83 Manhattan 222, 224, 225, 226, 227-30, 361-62, 363,364, 365

  Manhattan Island 188, 189 maps 54, 56 Masulipatam 301 Mauritius 59, 63, 64, 136 Mauritius 82 May, Henry 79 Mercator, Gerardus 56, 165 Merchant Royal 45, 48, 51

  Meteren, Emanuel van 170, 175,

  176, 188 Meulenaer,Jan 63-64 Michelbourne, Sir Edward

  72-73,105, 114-20, 124 Middleton, Captain John 67, 76,

  86, 93-94, 96 Middleton, David 7, 67, 148, 149-50,153, 190, 191-99, 247

  Middleton, Sir Henry 7, 67, 105-14, 133, 149,202-17 Minuit, Peter 229 Mocha 20-6,211,212,213,216 Mollocos/Moluccas see Spice

  Islands Mona 52

  Morgan, Thomas 97 Mountney, Richard 347 Mukarrab Khan 125, 129 Mun, Sir Thomas 354 Muschamp, George 303 Muscovy Company 16, 163, 219 Mystery, Company and Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of Unknown Lands, The 9

  N

  Nailaka 276,278, 285, 291, 292,

  307,313 Nassau Strait 166 Nay, Cornelis 166 Nealson, William 241 Neck, Jacob van 13—36 Neira: and Captain Garcia 5; description 110; Heemskerck at 137; Keeling at 157; massacre on 159-60;Verhoef on 159, 160; Dutch devastation on 160—61; Fort Nassau 190, 193,199,260,

  312, 366; and Middleton 191; Dutch authority over 262; Dutch castle on stormed 366-68; Fort Belgica stormed 366; US bombing of 371; present-day character 372 New Amsterdam 189, 230 Newberry, Mr 37, 38 Newfoundland 177 New Netherland 226, 227 New York 362 Nicobar Islands 50, 83 North-East Passage 940, 162-74 North-West Passage 170-89,

  219,221-22 NovayaZemlya 12, 166, 167, 169, 173

  nutmeg: doctors and 3, 17; fussiness of 3; and plague 3; illegal trade in 6, 349; value of 6, 348; appearance 17; as aphrodisiac 19; and sexual desire 19; as preservative 20; seedlings transplanted 368

  0

  Oldebarnvelt, Johan van 140-41 Orantatta 314 Ortelius, Abraham 56

  P

  Parker, Captain 297 Patani 344

  Pauw, Reynier 52, 54, 57 Pemberton, Master 205, 209,

  210,214 Penang 50, 368 Peneiro, Father 126 Penelope 45, 48 Penobscot Bay 177 pepper 18,70, 103 Peppercorn 201, 218 Pepys, Samuel 6, 19, 362-63

  Persia 352, 354

  Philip II, King of Spain 39, 41, 71

  Philip III, King of Spain 107 Philippines 312 Pigafetta, Antonio 25, 27, 28 plague 3, 18, 100, 101, 102,103 Plancius, Petrus 53-56, 58, 59,

  165,170-71,176-77 Pliny the Elder 14 portcullis money 77 Porter, Samuel 106 Portugal: Banda Islands and 5, 7; Spice Islands and 21-23; Spain, dispute with 28-29 Powle, John 324 Pretty, Francis 67 Priaman 89, 92 Price, Abel 322-23,325 Prickett, Abacuk 222 Prince Charles Island 345 Privy Council 71, 103 Ptolemy, Claudius 56 Purchas, Samuel 25-27, 70, 145, 149, 164-65, 169,223,375

  R

  Ralegh, Sir Walter 83 Ramsey, Ephraim 324 Randall, Robert 313, 315, 316 Reael, Laurens 269, 270, 283,

  284, 285, 286, 294 Red Dragon 73-74, 79, 82, 89, 94,

  105,108, 113, 148, 153,154 Rejib Aga 204, 205, 206, 207,

  208,210,211,212,213,214 Reynst, Gerald 252-54, 255, 256, 269

  Roe, Sir Thomas 320 Royal African Company 361 Rozengain 112,263,280 Run: fragrance of 1; location of 2; nutmeg on 2-3, 5;
r />   seventeenth-century fame of 2; hostility of natives 5; perils of 5; first English contact with 7; English wash up at 100; description of 113; and nutmeg 113; Keeling passes 154; English build castle on 260; only Banda Island not occupied by Dutch 263; and Courthope 271, 272-306; hatred of Dutch on 272; surrender to Courthope 272, 273; fortification of 275, 276; natural defences 275-76; vulnerability to blockade 279; shortage of water 280, 295; English treachery 283; Dutch victory on 307; nutmeg trees chopped down 343; demand for return of to Britain 347; replanting nutmeg trees 348; England's claim for, 1654 356; expedition sent to, 1654 356-57; first governor selected 357; Dutch dupe English over 359; trees chopped down again 360; recaptured by English and by Dutch 360 nutmeg swapped for Manhattan 363; present- day method of reaching 372-73 Rycx, Jacob 143

  S

  Sackville, Charles, sixth Earl of

  Dorset 19 Sacone,John Peter see Coen, Jan Sadler, John 324 saffron 18

  St Helena 35, 50-51, 261, 357, 358

  Salisbury, Earl of 146, 198

  Sambrooke, Jeremy 356-57 Sana'a 207, 208, 209, 210, 216 Sandy Hook 179, 181 Santo Antonio 89, 90 Saris, John 216,217 Scott, Edmund 97, 105, 231-40 scurvy 4647,79, 120 Sebastian del Cano 28 Segar,John 51

  Seventeen, The see East India

  Company, Dutch Shakespeare, William 39, 151-52,

  153,154, 161 Sharrocks, George 324, 330 Sheep 228

  ships' provisions 73—75 Siam 344 Sidayu 61

  Sidney, Henry 9, 10 Singapore 368 Sjahrir, Sutan 370 Skinner, John 254-55 Smallwood, George 358 Smythe, Sir Thomas 67, 75, 147, 200,201,219, 220,246,254 Soane, Sir Stephen 67, 68 Socotra 154 Solomon 288

  South Africa, reactions to natives

  of 80, 81 Southampton, Earl of 201 Spain: Portugal, dispute with

  28- 29; Armada 39,44 Spalding, Augustus 194 Speedwell 252, 259,287 Speult, Herman van 318, 320,

  322,323,324, 326,331,332, 339,341,342 Spice Islands: search for 21-23; London merchants and

  29- 40, 65, 66-76, 120-22, 240; Dutch merchants and 52-65, 121, 139-41,166-74;

  maps of 56-57; Portuguese influence, 1599 67-68 spice race 5, 6 Spitzbergen 169 Spurway, Thomas 285 Staper, Richard 66-67 Starkey, William 97, 98, 104 Steven, Thomas 38 Stiles, Henry 106 Story, Mr 37, 38 Stuyvesant, Peter 361, 362 Sukadana 242, 243, 244 Sumatra 39, 60, 63 Sun 297

  Surat 123, 127, 133,351,354

  Surfflict, Master 106

  Susan 72, 89,92,105,113

  Sutan Sjahrir 370

  Swan 271, 272, 278, 281-82, 293

  'sweating sickness' 17

  T

  Table Bay 47, 80, 113, 147 Taiz 210,211,213 Ternate: Portuguese seize 23; Drake on 31—32; and Middleton 108-8; and Dutch 109;

  Dutch at 136; and English 145 Thomas 259

  Thomson, Emanuel 324, 325,

  326, 333, 339 Thorne, Robert 13 Tidore: Portuguese seize 23; Portuguese first visit 27; Portuguese fort in 68; Dutch and

  109; English and 145

  Tiger 114,115,118

  Tiger's whelp 114

  Tordesillas,Treaty of 28, 71—72

  torture 23-35

  Towerson, Gabriel: marries

  Hawkins's widow 133; on third expedition to East 147; on Bantam 149, 236-37, 239; character 320; distrust of Dutch 320; imprisonment and torture on Amboyna 323, 324, 327,330-31,332, 336-37; execution 338-39 Trades Increase 201, 208, 209,

  212,213,217-18 Treaty of Defence 311 Trico, Caterina 227, 228 Trinidad 27 Tucker, Thomas 130 Tyne, Mr 346 typhoid 120,231

  V

  Vardohuus 11,12 Varnam, James 106 Venice 3; spice trade and 20

  Verhoef Peter 158-59 Verrazano, Giovanni de 180 Victoria 27, 28 Virginia 179, 188,224

  W

  Warwyck.Vice Admiral Wybrand

  van 136, 141 Webb, Roland 202 Webber, Wffliam 324 Weert, Sebald 141-4 Weldon, Richard 252 West India Company, Dutch 226 Westminster, Treaty of 356, 358 Wetherall, John 324 Weymouth, George 176, 221 Whitthers, Robert 106 Willoughby, Sir Hugh 10, 11-15 Wolstenholme, John 221 Wood, Benjamin 70 Wooten, Sir Henry 265