101 “He was always losing them”: H. Ponsonby, 265 n.
102 Duke at coronation rehearsal: Lucy, Diary, 193.
103 “Do you feel nervous, Winston?”: R. Churchill, Fifteen Homes, 105.
104 “The best of company”: F. Ponsonby, 294.
105 Spectator and subsequent quotations in this paragraph: Strachey, 406 and 398; Holland, II, 211, n. 1; The Times, Mar. 25, 1908.
106 “Go and tell him he is a pig”: Mackintosh, 91.
107 “A point of honor to stand for their county”: Sir George Otto Trevelyan, q. A. Ponsonby, Decline, 101.
108 Long and Chaplin described: Gardiner, Pillars, 217; Prophets, 212.
109 “Calm, ineradicable conviction”: Gardiner, Prophets, 213.
110 “How did I do, Arthur?”: Londonderry, 171.
111 “Sit on his shoulder blades”: q. Young, 100.
112 “The finest brain”: q. Chamberlain, 206.
113 William James: letter of Apr. 26, 1895, The Letters of William James, ed. H. James, Boston, 1920.
114 “Oh dear, what a gulf”: Battersea, Diary for Sept. 6, 1895.
115 “Lovely bend of the head”: Margot Asquith, I, 166.
116 “No, that is not so”: Margot Asquith, I, 162.
117 Darwin on Frank Balfour: Young, 8.
118 Cambridge friends: Esher, I, 182; society friends: Russell, 63.
119 Balfour on Judaism: Dugdale, I, 324.
120 Harry Cust’s dinner: Bennett, I, 287.
121 Daisy White congratulated: Nevins, 81.
122 “Quite a good fellow”: Frances Balfour, II, 367; “A sympathetic outlook”: ibid., II, 93.
123 “A natural spring of youth”: ibid.; “a freshness, serenity”: Fitzroy, I, 28.
124 Lord Randolph: Life of Lord Randolph Churchill, by Winston Churchill, II, 459–60.
125 Balfour on Socialism: q. Halévy, V, 231.
126 “What exactly is a Trade Union?”: Lucy Masterman (see Chap. 7), 61.
127 “My uncle is a Tory”: Margot Asquith, I, 154.
128 Churchill used the word “wicked”: Blunt, II, 278.
129 “Relentless as Cromwell”: Young, 105.
130 Morley, “took his foes by surprise”: q. Russell, 66.
131 “The most courageous man alive”: Blunt, II, 278.
132 Debated with “dauntless ingenuity”: Morley, I, 225–27.
133 “If he had a little more brains”: q. Buchan, 156.
134 “A bullet on a bubble”: Andrew White (see Chap. 5), II, 430.
135 “I never lose my temper”: q. Morley, I, 227.
136 “This damned Scotch croquet”: Lyttelton, 204.
137 Reply to Lady Rayleigh: Fitzroy, II, 491; charmed Frau Wagner: Esher, I, 312.
138 “Supreme energy of Arthur”: ibid., 340.
139 “He never reads the papers”: Whyte (see Chap. 5), II, 120.
140 Prince felt Balfour condescended: Halévy, VI, 231.
141 The Queen admired him: F. Ponsonby, 69.
142 Queen “much struck”: Journal, Sept. 11, 1896, Victoria, 74.
143 Proust’s housekeeper: q. Havelock Ellis (see Chap. 4), 377.
144 Queen Victoria, “No one ever”: q. Hector Bolitho, Reign of Queen Victoria, 366.
145 Kipling, “a certain optimism”: Kipling, 147.
146 Sir Edward Clarke, “The greatest poem”: q. Amy Cruse, After the Victorians, London, 1938, 123.
147 “Joe’s War”: Kennedy, 315.
148 Salisbury on Chamberlain: Dugdale, I, 67.
149 Balfour to Lady Elcho: Young, 129.
150 Entertaining three duchesses: Frances Balfour, II, 211.
151 “The difference between Joe and Me”: q. Julian Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, IV, 464.
152 “Let us defy someone”: q. Adams, 78.
153 Duke of Argyll: Frances Balfour, II, 318.
154 Salisbury to German Ambassador: Hatzfeld to Foreign Office, July 31 1900, Grosse Politik (see Chap. 5), XVI, 76.
155 Lady Salisbury: Frances Balfour, II, 290.
156 Le Temps, “What closes today?”: q. The Times, July 15, 1902.
157 “Go up at once, Sir James”: Blunt, I, 366.
2. The Idea and the Deed
Bibliography
ARCHER, WILLIAM, The Life, Trial and Death of Francisco Ferrer, New York, Moffat, Yard, 1911.
BARNARD, HARRY, Eagle Forgotten: The Life of John Peter Altgeld, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1938.
BERKMAN, ALEXANDER, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, New York, Mother Earth Publishing Co., 1912.
BRENAN, GERALD, The Spanish Labyrinth, Cambridge, University Press, 1950.
CHANNING, WALTER, “The Mental Status of Czolgosz, the Assassin of President McKinley,” American Journal of Insanity, October, 1902, 233–78.
CHARQUES, RICHARD D., The Twilight of Imperial Russia, London, Phoenix, 1958.
CORTI, COUNT EGON, Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1936.
*Crapouillot, Numéro Spécial, I’ Anarchie, Paris, January, 1938.
CREUX, V. C., Canovas del Castillo, sa carrière, ses œvres, sa fin, Paris, Leve, 1897.
DAVID, HENRY, History of the Haymarket Affair, New York, Farrar & Rhinehart, 1936.
*ELTZBACHER, PAUL, Anarchism, tr. S. T. Byington, New York, Benjamin Tucker, 1908.
GOLDMAN, EMMA, Living My Life, Vol. I, New York, Knopf, 1931.
HAMSUN, KNUT, Hunger, New York, Knopf, 1921.
HARVEY, GEORGE, Henry Clay Frick, New York, Scribner’s, 1928.
HUNTER, ROBERT, Poverty, New York, Macmillan, 1904.
ISHILL, JOSEPH, Peter Kropotkin, New Jersey, Free Spirit Press, 1923.
——, ed., Elisée and Elie Reclus, in Memoriam, New Jersey, Oriole Press, 1927.
KERENSKY, ALEXANDER, The Crucifixion of Liberty, New York, John Day, 1934.
KROPOTKIN, PRINCE PETER, The Conquest of Bread, New York, Putnam’s, 1907.
——, Mutual Aid, London, Heinemann, 1902.
*——, Paroles d’un Révolté, Paris, Flammarion, 1885.
——, “Anarchism,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.
*LONDON, JACK, People of the Abyss, New York, Macmillan, 1903.
*MAITRON, JEAN, Histoire du Mouvement Anarchiste en France, 1880–1914, Paris, Société Universitaire, 1951.
MALATESTA, ENRICO, A Talk Between Two Workers, tr., 8th ed., London, Freedom Press, n.d.
MALATO, CHARLES, “Some Anarchist Portraits,” Fortnightly Review, September, 1894.
MILIUKOV, PAUL, SEIGNOBOS, CHARLES, and EISENMANN, L., Histoire de Russie, Vol. III, Leroux, n.p., n.d.
MIRSKY, D. S., Russia: A Social History, London, Cresset, 1931.
NEVINSON, HENRY W., The Dawn in Russia: Scenes in the Russian Revolution, New York, Harper, 1906.
NICOLAEVSKY, BORIS, Azev, the Spy, tr. George Reavey, New York, Double-day, Doran, 1934.
*NOMAD, MAX, Apostles of Revolution, Boston, Little, Brown, 1939.
——, Rebels and Renegades, New York, Macmillan, 1932.
PILAR, PRINCESS OF BAVARIA, and CHAPMAN -HUSTON, MAJOR D., Alfonso XIII: A Study of Monarchy, New York, Dutton, 1932.
REGIS, DR . EMMANUEL, Les Régicides dans I’ histoire et dans le présent, Paris, Masson, 1890.
*RIIS, JACOB A., How the Other Half Lives, New York, Scribner’s, 1890.
*SAVINKOV, BORIS V., Memoirs of a Terrorist, tr. Joseph Shaplen, New York, Boni, 1931.
SOREL, GEORGES, Réflexions sur la violence, Paris, Pages Libres, 1908.
VIZETELLY, ERNEST ALFRED, The Anarchists, London, John Lane, 1911.
WOODCOCK, GEORGE, and AVAKUMOVIC, IVAN, The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Prince Kropotkin, London, Boardman, 1950.
Three useful books have appeared since this chapter was written: Anarchism, by George Woodcock, The Anarchists, by James Joll, and The Anarchists, an anthology, edited by Irving L. Horowitz.
Notes
I have not thought it necessary, in thi
s chapter, to give separate references for each incident and quotation since they group themselves, according to subject, into easily identifiable sets of sources, as follows:
For the conditions of the poor, Riis, London, Hunter and Chiozza Money (see Chap. 1) were my chief contemporary sources. For the ideas and theories of Anarchists of all countries and for excerpts from their writings, Eltzbacher was particularly useful. For French Anarchism all quotations, unless otherwise stated, are from Maitron or Malato (himself one of the French Anarchists of the time), supplemented by Crapouillot and Vizetelly. For Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman their own memoirs are the sources for all quotations. For Johann Most the chapter on him in Nomad’s A postles was the chief source. In the sections on Spanish Anarchists the quotations are taken chiefly from contemporary reports in the American press, as noted. For Czolgosz the essential primary source is Channing. For the Russians, Savinkov, himself a member of the Terror Brigade, and Nicolaevsky are primary (and indeed so fascinating that my first version of the Russian incidents, having grown altogether out of proportion, had to be condensed to a fifth of its original length).
Facts and quotations not covered by the foregoing, and which seem to require a specific reference, are separately noted.
1 “A daydream of desperate romantics”: Nomad, Rebels, 13.
2 Proudhon, “Whoever lays his hand on me”: from his Confessions of a Revolutionary. “To be governed is to be …”: from his Idée générale de la révolution au vingtiéme siécle, Epilogue.
3 “Abstract idea of right”: Bakunin said this was Proudhon’s point of departure, q. Nomad, Apostles, 15.
4 “Their power will be irresistible”: q. Eltzbacher, 138.
5 “We reckoned without the masses”: q. Nomad, Apostles, 205.
6 “The gentry had murdered the Czar” and “Broken and demoralized”: Kerensky, 44–45.
7 Henry James, “sinister anarchic underworld”: from his Preface to Princess Casamassima, his novel with Anarchist characters first published in 1886. Johann Most is said to have inspired the conception of the unseen Anarchist leader Hoffendahl in the novel. Another literary exercise in the theme was Joseph Conrad’s rather shallow story “An Anarchist,” published in Harper’s Weekly for Aug., 1906, of which the chief point seems to be that Anarchists are people of “warm hearts and weak heads.” It was followed in 1907 by his novel The Secret Agent, dealing with plot and conspiracy. Neither James nor Conrad was concerned with the underlying social origins or social philosophy of Anarchism.
8 August Spies quoted: David, 332–39.
9 “I want the Day of Judgment!”: a story told by Robert Blatchford, q. London, 298.
10 “What is Property?”: the title of his second treatise, Qu’est ce que la propriété? 1840.
11 “All mankind’s tormentors”: from his Dieu et I’Etat, 2nd ed., 1892, 11.
12 Woman who made match boxes and young man in the river: Riis, 47 and London, 205–07.
13 “Eight hours of work”: q. Maitron, 186.
14 Nevinson on Kropotkin: Changes and Chances (see Chap. 1), 125.
15 Shaw on Kropotkin: q. Woodcock, 225.
16 “Galloping decay” of states: Paroles, 8–10.
17 “Inertia of those who have a vested interest”: Paroles, 275–76.
18 Brousse, “The idea is on the march”: q. Crapouillot, 15.
19 “By dagger, gun and dynamite”: q. ibid., 15.
20 “Men of courage … the deed of mutiny”: Paroles, 285.
21 “A single deed …”: ibid., 285.
22 La Révolte of March, 1891; q. Maitron, 240.
23 Argument with Ben Tillett and Tom Mann: Ford (see Chap. 1), 110.
24 Plans for Anarchist society: Kropotkin’s Revolutionary Studies, Conquest of Bread, I’Anarchie dans I’évolution social. Malatesta’s Talk Between Two Workers.
25 Shaw: Tract No. 45, read to the Society Oct. 16, 1891, published July, 1893.
26 Royal Geographic Society’s dinner: Woodcock, 227.
27 Elisée Reclus, “irresistible magnetism”: Vandervelde (see Chap. 8), 37.
28 Jean Grave, “simple, silent, indefatigable”: Malato, 316.
29 Malatesta’s adventures: Nomad, Rebels, 1–47.
30 “Just as we saw him last”: Ishill, Kropotkin, 40.
31 “All are awaiting the birth”: ibid., 9.
32 “A shining moral grandeur”: Victor Serge in Crapouillot, 5.
33 “Breathe hatred and revolt”: Malato, 317.
34 Kropotkin and Malatesta repudiate Ravachol: in La Révolt, Nos. 17 and 18, Jan., 1892, and I’En Dehors, Aug. 28, 1892, q. Maitron, 204, 221.
35 “Miniature Borgias”: Nomad, Rebels, 26.
36 The shooting of Frick: in addition to Berkman, Harvey’s Frick and Harper’s Weekly, Aug. 6, 1892.
37 Altgeld and the pardon: Barnard, 217, 246; NYT, June 28, 1893.
38 “Madrid is sad …”: Pilar, 50.
39 Pallas’ attempt on Martinez de Camos: Creux, 295–96; Crapouillot; NYT, Sept. 25, 30, 1893.
40 Barcelona Opera House bombing: NYT, Nov. 9, Dec. 20, 1893, Jan. 3, 1894.
41 Montjuich tortures: Brenan, 168, n. 1.
42 Asquith-Balfour exchange on the Anarchists: Spectator, Nov. 18, 1893, 706, Dec. 2, 791; NYT, Nov. 11, 1893.
43 Paris “absolutely paralyzed”: Ford (see Chap. 1), 107.
44 Laurent Tailhade, “a blessed time”: Nomad, Apostles, 11.
45 Octave Mirbeau: Daudet (see Chap. 4), 70.
46 “That there need be no misery”: Suttner (see Chap. 5), I, 313.
47 President caricatured in soiled pajamas: in Père Peinard, July 4, 1897.
48 Sebastien Faure’s “harmonious voice”: Malato, 316.
49 “Qu’importe les victimes …”: q. Maitron, 217. (This is frequently quoted as Qu’importes les vagues humanités pourvu que le geste soit beau? but this seems to have a ring of the morning after.)
50 Duchesse d’Uzès: Maitron, 215.
51 Clemenceau on Henry’s execution: in La Justice, May 23, 1894, q. Maitron, 226.
52 Trial of the Thirty, Felix Fenéon: Roman (see Chap. 4), 59, 95.
53 “Every revolution ends …”: q. Nomad, Apostles, 6.
54 Corpus Christi bomb: NYT, June 9, Nov. 25, Dec. 2, 22, 1896.
55 Canovas: Pilar, 40; Millis (see Chap. 3), 80–81; Nation, Aug. 12, 1897; Review of Reviews, Nov., 1897.
56 Letter from prisoner of Montjuich: q. Crapouillot.
57 Angiolillo: Creux, 301–15; Nomad, Rebels, 23.
58 Empress Elizabeth and Luigi Lucheni: Corti, 456–93.
59 Plot to assassinate the Kaiser: Spectator, Oct. 22, 1898; NYT, Oct. 15/16, 1898.
60 Bakunin, Germans not fit for Anarchism: Nomad, Apostles, 169, n. 5.
61 International Conference of Police in Rome: Maitron; Vizetelly, 238.
62 King Humbert and Gaetano Bresci: Outlook, Aug. 10, 1900; Harper’s Weekly, Aug. 4, 1900; NYT, Aug. 3, 1900; Review of Reviews, Sept., 1900, 316–22.
63 Czolgosz: Channing; Nomad, Apostles, 298–99; NYT, Sept. 9, 1901.
64 Harper’s and Century quoted: Harper’s Weekly, Dec. 23, 1893, Aug. 28, 1897. “The Assassination of Presidents,” by J. M. Buckley, in Century, Nov., 1901.
65 Roosevelt on Anarchists: NYT, Dec. 5, 1901.
66 Blackwood’s: July, 1906, 128, apropos of attempt on King Alfonso.
67 Lyman Abbott: Outlook, Feb. 22, 1902.
68 Assassination of Canalejas: Literary Digest, Nov. 23, 1912; Living Age, Dec. 12, 1912.
69 “Outraged beyond endurance”: in his Preface to Major Barbara, dated June, 1906, apropos of the attempt on King Alfonso.
70 Russian Socialist-Revolutionaries: in addition to Savinkov and Nicolaevsky, general background from Charques, Miliukov and Kerensky.
71 Plehve, “We must drown the revolution”: Miliukov, 1056.
72 Grand Duke Sergei “conspicuous for his cruelty”: Nevinson.
73 “A formless mass 8
or 10 inches high”: Savinkov, 106–7.
74 Czar and brother-in-law on the sofa: Bülow (see Chap. 5), II, 178.
3. End of a Dream
Bibliography
There are two full-length biographies of Reed, one by Samuel McCall, who served with him in Congress and was later Governor of Massachusetts, and one by Professor Robinson, both listed below. Among friends, reporters, Congressional colleagues and other contemporaries who wrote about him are the following:
BROWMAN, W. H., “Thomas Brackett Reed,” New England Magazine, April, 1890.
DAY, HOLMAN F., “Tom Reed Among His Neighbors,” Saturday Evening Post, January 3, 1903.
DE CASSERES, BENJAMIN, “Tom Reed,” American Mercury, February, 1930.
FULLER, HERBERT B., Speakers of the House, Boston, Little, Brown, 1909.
HINDS, ASHER C., “The Speaker of the House of Representatives,” American Political Science Review, May, 1909.
KNIGHT, ENOCH, “Thomas Brackett Reed: An Appreciation,” New England Magazine, April, 1904.
LEUPP, FRANCIS E., “Personal Recollections of Thomas Brackett Reed,” Outlook, September 3, 1910.
*LODGE, HENRY CABOT, “Thomas Brackett Reed,” reprinted in The Democracy of the Constitution and Other Essays, New York, Scribner’s, 1915.
*MCCALL, SAMUEL, The Life of Thomas Brackett Reed, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1914.
MCFARLAND, HENRY, “Thomas Brackett Reed,” American Review of Reviews, January, 1903.
PORTER, ROBERT P., “Thomas Brackett Reed of Maine,” McClure’s, October, 1893.
*ROBINSON, WILLIAM A., Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian, New York, Dodd, Mead, 1930.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, “Thomas Brackett Reed and the 51st Congress,” Forum, December, 1895.
Other Sources
ADAMS, HENRY, The Education of Henry Adams, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1918.
——, Letters, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford, 2 vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1930–38.
ALEXANDER, DE ALVA STANWOOD, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1916.
BARRY, DAVID S. (Washington Correspondent of New York Sun and Providence Journal), 40 Years in Washington, Boston, Little, Brown, 1924.
BISHOP, JOSEPH BUCKLIN, Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, 2 vols., New York, Scribner’s, 1920.
The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 Page 65
