BOWERS, CLAUDE G., Beveridge and the Progressive Era, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1932.
BRYCE, JAMES, The American Commonwealth, 3 vols., London, Macmillan, 1888.
*CLARK, CHAMP, My Quarter Century of American Politics, 2 vols., New York, Harper, 1920.
CROLY, HERBERT, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, New York, Macmillan, 1912.
CULLOM, SENATOR SHELLY M., Fifty Years of Public Service, Chicago, McClurg, 1911.
DUNN, ARTHUR WALLACE, From Harrison to Harding, 2 vols., New York, Putnam’s, 1922.
DUNNE, FINLEY PETER, Mr. Dooley in Peace and War, Boston, Small, Maynard, 1898.
FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY, A Hoosier Autobiography, Oxford Univ. Press, 1922.
FUESS, CLAUDE MOORE, Carl Schurz, Reformer, 1829–1906, New York, Dodd, Mead, 1932.
GARRATY, JOHN A., Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography, New York, Knopf, 1953.
GODKIN, EDWIN LAWRENCE, Life and Letters, ed. Rollo Ogden, 2 vols., New York, Macmillan, 1907.
GOMPERS, SAMUEL, 70 Years of Life and Labour, 2 vols., London, Hurst & Blackett, 1925.
GRIFFIN, SOLOMON B., People and Politics Observed by a Massachusetts Editor, Boston, Little, Brown, 1923.
HARRINGTON, FREDERICK, “The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States,” Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., September, 1935.
HOAR, SENATOR GEORGE FRISBIE, Autobiography of 70 Years, 2 vols., New York, Scribner’s, 1905.
HOWE, M. A. DE WOLFE, Moorfield Storey: Portrait of an Independent, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1932.
JAMES, HENRY, Charles William Eliot, 2 vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1930.
KIPLING, RUDYARD, American Notes, New York, Munro’s, 1896.
KOHLSAAT, H. H., From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recollections of Our Presidents, New York, Scribner’s, 1923.
LANZAR, MARIA C., “The Anti-Imperialist League,” Philippine Social Science Revue, August and November, 1930.
LODGE, HENRY CABOT, ed., Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and H. C. Lodge, 2 vols., New York, Scribner’s, 1925.
LONG, JOHN D., The New American Navy, 2 vols., New York, Outlook, 1903.
LYON, PETER, Success Story: The Life and Times of S. S. McClure, New York, Scribner’s, 1963.
MC ELROY, ROBERT, Grover Cleveland, 2 vols., New York, Harper, 1925.
MAHAN, CAPTAIN ALFRED THAYER, The Influence of Sea Power on History, New York, Sagamore Press, 1957.
——, From Sail to Steam (autobiography), New York, Harper, 1907.
——, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Boston, Little, Brown, 1897. (Collected articles from Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s Monthly, Forum and North American Review, 1890–97.)
MILLIS, WALTER, The Martial Spirit, New York, 1931.
MITCHELL, EDWARD P., Memoirs of an Editor, New York, Scribner’s, 1924.
NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT, Letters, ed. Sara Norton and M. A. DeWolfe Howe, 2 vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1913.
PECK, HARRY THURSTON, Twenty Years of the Republic, New York, Dodd, Mead, 1906.
PERRY, R. B., Thought and Character of William James, Harvard Univ. Press, 1948.
PETTIGREW, SENATOR RICHARD F., Imperial Washington, 1870–1920, Chicago, Kerr, 1922.
PLATT, THOMAS COLLIER, Autobiography, New York, Dodge, 1910.
POWERS, SAMUEL LELAND, Portraits of Half a Century, Boston, Little, Brown, 1925.
PRINGLE, HENRY F., Theodore Roosevelt, New York, Harcourt, 1931.
PULESTON, CAPTAIN WILLIAM D., Mahan, Yale Univ. Press, 1939.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, An Autobiography, New York, Scribner’s, 1920.
*——, The Letters, ed. Elting E. Morison, Vols. I and II, Harvard Univ. Press, 1951.
SCHURZ, CARL, Reminiscences, Vol. III (continued by Frederic Bancroft), New York, McClure, 1908.
SPRING -RICE, CECIL, The Letters and Friendships, ed. Stephen Gwynn, 2 vols., Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1929.
STEALEY, ORLANDO O., Twenty Years in the Press Gallery, New York (author), 1906.
STOREY, MOORFIELD, The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, New York, Putnam’s, 1926.
SULLIVAN, MARK, Our Times, Vols. I and II, New York, Scribner’s, 1926.
TAYLOR, CHARLES CARLISLE, The Life of Admiral Mahan, New York, Doran, 1920.
VANDERBILT, KERMIT, Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard Univ. Press, 1959.
VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON, Fighting Years, New York, Harcourt, 1939.
WOLFF, LEON, Little Brown Brother, New York, Doubleday, 1961.
Notes
All biographical facts, anecdotes and quotations by or about Reed are from Lodge, McCall or Robinson except where otherwise stated. All quotations from Roosevelt are from the Morison edition of his Letters, for which I have given the dates and dispensed with volume and page references.
1 “Out of whose collar”: De Casseres. The following quotations in this paragraph, in order, are from Clark, I, 287; Leupp; McCall, 248; Dunn, I, 165; Foulke, 110; Porter. “The ablest running debater” was said by Rep. John Sharp Williams, Democratic Leader of the House; “the greatest parliamentary leader” by Lodge; “far and away the most brilliant” by Clark, II, 10.
2 Henry Adams on his brother John: Sept. 1, 1894, Letters, II, 55.
3 Bryce, “apathy …”: III, 326–28.
4 Lewis Morris, “Damn the consequences”: “Biographical Sketches of the Four Signers from New York,” Americana, Aug., 1914, 627.
5 “A human frigate” and “How narrow”: Day.
6 “Calculated … to obstruct legislation”: Rep. Frye of Maine.
7 “All the wisdom”: Clark, I, 286.
8 “Voting for him on the sly”: Porter.
9 Palmerston’s popularity: Peck, 276.
10 Choate anecdote: Barry, 142.
11 On Balzac: Porter.
12 “We asked the Tom Reeds”: Lodge, Corres., I, 77, 120.
13 “Theodore, if there is one thing more than another”: q. George Stimpson, A Book About American Politics, New York, 1952, 342.
14 “Theodore will never be President”: Leupp.
15 “Ambitious as Lucifer”: Cullom, 243.
16 “It becomes a tyranny”: Dunn, I, 35.
17 “The largest human face”: Clark, I, 277–78.
18 ff. “The Chair directs”: All remarks by the Speaker and Representatives in the account of the Quorum fight are from the Congressional Record, 51st Congress, First Session.
19 ff. “Pandemonium broke loose”: Dunn, I, 27. Reporters and other eyewitnesses quoted on the Quorum fight are Dunn, I, 24–32; Peck, 200–202; Fuller, 219–21. The New York Times gave the story four columns on page 1 on both Jan. 30 and 31.
20 Reed’s Rules: Fuller, 228.
21 Roosevelt on Reed’s reform; Forum, Dec., 1895.
22 “Biting a green persimmon”: Mount (see Chap. 1), 192. Sargent had difficulty with the portrait and destroyed his first version. “His exterior somehow does not correspond with his spirit. What is a painter to do?… I could have made a better picture with a less remarkable man. He has been delightful.” Reed claimed that he liked it although “I am willing to admit that the picture is not so good-looking as the original.” The portrait now hangs in the Speaker’s Lobby in the Capitol. As it seems to the author to convey little of Reed’s personality, it is not reproduced here.
23 “They might do worse”: Brownson.
24 “White House Iceberg”: Platt, 215.
25 “The House has more sense”: Alexander, 27.
26 “Look outward”: “The United States Looking Outward,” Dec., 1890.
27 “A voice … of our external interests”: Puleston, 133. All subsequent biographical facts, anecdotes and quotations by or about Mahan are from Puleston unless otherwise stated.
28 “Don’t tell Grover”: Clark, I, 281–82.
29 Roosevelt read it “straight through”: May 12, 1890, Letters, I, 221.
30 Origin of “Sea Power”: Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 276–77.
31 Kaiser on Mahan: q.
Taylor, 131.
32 Secretary White: Fuller, 211.
33 Mahan on the Jews: From Sail to Steam.
34 Lodge in “desperate earnest”: q. Garraty, 52.
35 Comments of Senators Morgan, Frye and Cullom: Millis, 29.
36 Union League Club, NYT, Dec. 18, 1895.
37 “Admirals? Never!”: q. Taylor, 12.
38 “A towering influence”: q. Godkin, I, 221.
39 Lowell on the Nation: Godkin, I, 251; Bryce on the Evening Post: ibid., 232; Governor Hill: Villard, 123.
40 Godkin on the United States in 1895: Life and Letters, II, 187, 202.
41 William James on “fighting spirit”: to Frederic Myers, Jan. 1, 1896, Perry, 244.
42 Norton, “shout of brutal applause”: NYT, Dec. 30, 1895.
43 “Supremely urbane”: Daniel Gregory Mason, “At Home in the Nineties,” New England Quarterly Review, Mar., 1936, 64.
44 Students on Norton: William D. Orcutt, Celebrities on Parade, 41; Josephine Preston Peabody, Diary and Letters, 73.
45 Norton to Godkin and to English friend: q. Vanderbilt, 211; to Leslie Stephen, Jan. 8, 1896, Letters, II, 236.
46 Henry Adams: “dead water of the fin de siècle” is from The Education, 331. Other quotations in this paragraph are from the Letters, Vol. II, in order, as follows: Sept. 9, 1894, 55; Aug. 3, 1896, 114; Apr. 1, 1896, 103; Apr. 25, 1895, 68; July 31, 1896, 111; Feb. 17, 1896, 99; Sept. 25, 1895, 88.
47 Norton, “How interesting our times”: to S. G. Ward, Apr. 26, 1896, Letters, II, 244.
48 “The Czar commands you”: Fuller, 238.
49 “Tranquil greatness”: Powers.
50 Reading Richard Burton: Stealey, 413.
51 “A policy no Republican”: Knight.
52 Roosevelt on Reed campaign: Oct. 18, 1895; Dec. 27, 1895; Jan. 26, 1896.
53 Reed’s campaign: Robinson, 326–34; Griffin, 344; Platt, 313.
54 Henry Adams on Reed: to Brooks Adams, Feb. 7, 1896, Letters, II, 96.
55 “Chocolate eclair”: Robinson, 362, calls it Reed’s “alleged” statement. Kohlsaat, 77, gives it to Roosevelt and Peck says it was a “favorite saying” of Roosevelt although this does not exclude its having originated with Reed. To the present author it bears the stamp of Reed’s picturesque turn of phrase.
56 Roosevelt to Reed: McCall, 228; to Lodge: Mar. 13, 1896.
57 “In a word, my dear boy”: Pringle, 159.
58 Altgeld to Darrow: q. Ginger (see Chap. 8), 188.
59 “The whistle would not blow”: ibid., 191.
60 “Mark Hanna’s era”: Norman Hapgood, The Advancing Hour, 1920, 76–77.
61 What sells a newspaper, “War”: Kennedy Jones, q. Halévy (see Chap. 1), V, 9.
62 Eliot’s speech in Washington: New York Evening Post, May 18, 1896.
63 “Degenerated sons of Harvard”: Roosevelt to Lodge, Apr. 29, 1896.
64 Eliot characterized: In addition to James’s biography, the sources used were:
BROWN, ROLLO WALTER, Harvard Yard in the Golden Age, New York, 1948.
HOWE, M. A. DE WOLFE, Classic Shades, Boston, 1928.
MORISON, SAMUEL ELIOT, Three Centuries of Harvard, Harvard Univ. Press, 1937.
SEDGEWICK, ELLERY, The Happy Profession, Boston, 1946.
65 “Eliza, do you kneel …”: James, I, 33–34; “Misunderstood”: Morison, 358; “I had a vivid sense”: Brown, 27; “An oarsman’s back”: Sedgewick, 371–72; “A noble presence”: Howe, 185; “A gentlemen who is …”: ibid.; “Throwing it in ANOTHER!”: James, II, 69; “First private citizen”: ibid., 92; “An emblem of triumph”: Sedgewick, 371–72.
66 “If ever we come to nothing”: Apr. 29, 1896.
67 Secretary Long on Roosevelt: Bishop, I, 71; Lodge to Roosevelt: Mar. 8, 1897, q. ibid.
68 McClure to co-editor: Lyon, 148; to Page: ibid., 167.
69 “Do nothing unrighteous”: q. Puleston, 182; Roosevelt’s reply: May 3, 1897.
70 Schurz’s visit to McKinley: Fuess, 350.
71 Spectator on the Treaty: June 19, 1897.
72 “Empire Can Wait”: Illustrated American, Dec., 1897.
73 Bryce in the Forum: Dec., 1897, “The Policy of Annexation for America.”
74 “Far distant, storm-beaten ships”: from his Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution.
75 Reed on Senator Proctor: Dunn, I, 234.
76 “The taste of Empire”: q. Morison and Commager, Growth of the Amercan Republic, II, 324.
77 “Dissuade a cyclone”: NYT, Apr. 7, 1898.
78 Roosevelt to Mahan: Mar. 21, 1898.
79 Mr. Dooley on the Philippines: Dunne, 43. When Mr. Dooley asked Hinnissy if he could tell where the Philippines were, Hinnissy, representing public opinion, replied, “Mebbe I cudden’t, but I’m f’r takin’ thim in, annyhow.” Mr. Dooley wasn’t so sure. “Th’ war is still goin’ on; an’ ivry night, whin I’m countin’ up the cash, I’m askin’ mesilf will I annex Cubia or lave it to the Cubians? Will I take Porther Ricky or put it by? An’ what shud I do with the Ph’lippeens? Oh, what shud I do with thim?”: ibid., 46–47.
80 McKinley on the Philippines: Kohlsaat, 68.
81 Lodge, must not. “let the islands go”: to Henry White, May 4, 1898, Nevins (see Chap. 1), 136.
82 Norton, “We jettison …”: text of the speech in Letters, II, 261–69. The politician who proposed lynching was the Hon. Thomas J. Gargan.
83 The Anti-Imperialists: Lanzar, Harrington, Howe, Fuess.
84 “An abominable business”: Mark Twain-Howells Letters, Harvard Univ. Press, 1960, II, 673, n. 4. See also Mark Twain’s “To The Person Sitting in Darkness,” North American Review, Feb., 1901.
85 Godkin on “inferior races”: Mar. 24, 1898, 216.
86 Carl Schurz, same argument: Schurz, 441.
87 Beveridge’s speeches: Bowers, 68–70, 76; Storey, 38; W. E. Leuchtenberg, “Progressivism and Imperialism, 1898–1916,” Miss, Valley Hist. Rev., Dec., 1952.
88 “We’re a gr-reat people”: Dunne, 9.
89 Roosevelt, “my power for good”: Mar. 29, 1898.
90 Beveridge on Reed: to George W. Perkins, May 31, 1898, Bowers, 71.
91 “Opposition exclusively from Reed”: May 31, 1898, Lodge, Corres., I, 302.
92 Reed begged Clark: Dunn, I, 289.
93 Lodge, “one of the great world powers”: to Henry White, Aug. 12, 1898, Nevins’ White, 137.
94 Mahan, “the jocund youth” and “Deus Vult!”: Puleston, 201.
95 Schurz, “the great neutral power”: Fuess, 354.
96 Saratoga conference: NYT, Aug. 20, 1898.
97 Carnegie, “Let us stand together”: Harvey, Gompers (see Chap. 8), 89–90.
98 Reed “terribly bitter”: Dec. 20, 1898, Lodge, Corres., I, 370.
99 Bryan and the Treaty: Dunn, I, 283; Hoar, I, 197; II, 110; Pettigrew, 206. The dealing in judgeships and other bribes by the Republicans is discussed in W. S. Holt, Treaties Defeated by the Senate, Johns Hopkins, 1933, 171, and in Garraty, Lodge, 201–2.
100 “Closest, hardest fight”: ibid.
101 William James: Letters, II, 289; Perry, 240.
102 Norton, “lost her unique position”: Nov. 18, 1899, Letters, II, 290.
103 Moorfield Storey, “We are false”: Howe, 221.
104 “Most influential man”: Mar. 3, 1898, Letters, II, No. 976.
105 Storey to Hoar: Howe, 218–19.
106 “Touching a match”: NYT, Apr. 23, 1899.
107 “Moody and ugly”: Dunn, I, 298.
108 “Fatigue and disgust”: NYT, Feb. 21, 1899.
109 Tribune: q. Robinson, 380; Times, Apr. 19 and 23, 1899.
110 Godkin on Reed: Letters, II, 239, 241.
111 “The public!”: NYT, Apr. 20, 1899.
112 “How is the horse feeling?”: Pringle, Life and Times of William Howard Taft, 1939, I, 236.
113 Beveridge, “We will not renounce”: q. Wolff, 303.
114 Godkin, “the military spirit”
: Life and Letters, 243.
115 Admiral Dewey on the Presidency: Sullivan, I, 311.
116 “Evil genius”: Fuess, 366.
117 Third party and Plaza Hotel meeting: Pettigrew, 320–21; Fuess, 362–63.
118 Aguinaldo on the election: Wolff, 252.
119 “Hold your nose”: Lanzar, 40.
120 Nation’s dissatisfied reader: Oct. 18, 1900, 307.
121 Lodge on Manila; q. Wolff, 304.
122 Roosevelt on expansion: ibid., 332.
123 Dumdum bullets; ibid., 305.
124 Norton’s elegy: to S. G. Ward, Mar. 13, 1901, Vanderbilt, 217. An effort to heal the breach between the Anti-Imperialists and the Administration was made by Senator Hoar in the spring of 1901, with embarrassing results. As President of the Harvard Alumni Association, he offered an honorary LL.D. to McKinley without consulting the Harvard Corporation. Although President Eliot regarded McKinley as a “narrow-minded commonplace man” (James, II, 118), the Corporation gave its approval. But when the Board of Overseers, which contained a number of Anti-Imperialists, was asked for its concurrence a storm was raised, led by Moorfield Storey and Wendell Phillips Garrison. Bitter feeling developed, debate was “very sharp,” and Theodore Roosevelt, thrown into a frenzy, and denouncing Storey as a “scoundrel,” marshaled the votes of the waverers by mail. Leaked to Godkin, who published it in the Nation, Apr. 25, 1901, the opposition in the Overseers became known to McKinley. Although the Board finally voted for his degree, reportedly by 26 to 3, he did not appear at Commencement, with the result that the LL.D., which could not be conferred in absentia, was not conferred at all. Roosevelt, Letters, III, Nos. 2010, 2012; Howe, 177; NTT, May 3 and 9, 1901.
125 “That damned cowboy”: Kohlsaat, 100.
126 Twenty-three poker hands: A. B. Paine, Mark Twain, III, 1163.
127 Joe Cannon said of him: q. McFarland.
4. “Give Me Combat”
Bibliography
BARCLAY, SIR THOMAS, Thirty Years: Anglo-French Reminiscences, 1876–1906, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1914.
*BARRÈS, MAURICE, Scènes et doctrines du Nationalisme, Paris, Plon, 1925.
BENDA, JULIEN, La Jeunesse d’un clerc, Paris, Gallimard, 1936.
BERTAUT, JULES, Paris, 1870–1935, New York, Appleton-Century, 1936.
*BLUM, LÉON, Souvenirs de l’Affaire, Paris, Gallimard, 1935.
The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 Page 66
