Brotherhood of the Bomb

by Gregg Herken

  Underhill, Robert. Papers. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

  ———. Papers. Los Alamos National Laboratory archives, Los Alamos, N. Mex.

  U.S. Air Force

  Headquarters records. RG 341. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  U.S. Army

  Chief of Staff files. RG 319. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  General Groves files. RG 200. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  Manhattan Engineer District files. RG 77. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  MED investigative files. Records of the Defense Nuclear Agency. RG 374. Army Corps of Engineers archive, Ft. Belvoir, Va.

  U.S. Central Intelligence Agency

  RG 263, National Archives, College Park, Md.

  U.S. Congress

  Records of the Dies Committee. RG 233. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

  Records of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy. RG 128. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

  U.S. Department of Defense

  Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. RG 330. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  U.S. Department of Energy

  AEC Secretariat files.

  Dean, Gordon. Papers.

  Documents on nuclear testing.

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert. Personnel Security Board files.

  Records of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. RG 326. Coordination and Information Center, Las Vegas, Nev.

  Records of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. RG 326. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  Strauss, Lewis. Papers.

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation files

  Bohm, David. No. 100–17787.

  Chevalier, Haakon. No. 100–18564, secs. 1–8.

  CINRAD. No. 100–190625, secs. 1–10.

  COMRAP. No. 100–203581 secs. 1–93.

  Eltenton, George. No. 100–214312, secs. 1–4.

  FAECT. No. 61–7231, secs. 1–5.

  Fuchs, Klaus. No. 65–58805, serial 1412, pt. 1.

  HUAC. No. 61–7582.

  Lawrence, Ernest. No. 116–10798.

  Lawrence, John Hundale. No. 77–32400.

  Nelson, Steve. No. 100–16847, vols. 1–6.

  Oppenheimer, Frank. No. 100–237735, secs. 1–2.

  Oppenheimer, Robert. No. 100–17828, secs. 1–44 and supplemental releases.

  Scherer, Marcel. No. 100–34665, secs. 1–2.

  Silvermaster, Nathan G. No. 65–56402, pt. 1.

  Weinberg, Joseph. No. 100–190625.

  U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development

  Bush-Conant file. RG 227. National Archives, College Park, Md.

  Wilson, Carroll. Papers. Special Collections, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.

  York, Herbert. Papers. Special Collections, University of California, San Diego (La Jolla), Calif.

  Books, Articles, and Unpublished Manuscripts

  Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. Norton, 1969.

  Albright, Joseph, and Marcia Kunstel. Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy. Times Books, 1997.

  Alvarez, Luis. “Alfred Lee Loomis.” Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 51. National Academy of Sciences, 1980.

  ———. Alvarez: Adventures of a Physicist. Basic Books, 1987.

  ———. “Ernest Orlando Lawrence, 1901–1958,” Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 41. National Academy of Sciences, 1970.

  Ambrose, Stephen. Eisenhower. Vol. 2, The President. Simon and Schuster, 1984.

  Anders, Roger. “The Division of Military Application.” U.S. Department of Energy History Office, 1980.

  ———, ed. Forging the Atomic Shield: Excerpts from the Office Diary of Gordon E. Dean. University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

  Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books, 1999.

  Appleby, Charles. Eisenhower and Arms Control, 1953–1962: A Balance of Risks. University Microfilms, 1987.

  Arneson, Gordon. “The H-Bomb Decision.” Foreign Service Journal, May 1969.

  Arneson, Gordon, and Nancy Long Arneson. Memories of the State Department’s “Mr. Atom.” Privately published, 1997.

  Badash, Lawrence, et al., eds. Reminiscences of Los Alamos, 1943–1945. Reidel, 1985.

  Barrett, Edward. The Tenney Committee: Legislative Investigation of Subversive Activities in California. Cornell University Press, 1951.

  Benson, Robert Louis. Venona Historical Monographs. Nos. 1–6. National Security Agency, 1995–98.

  Benson, Robert Louis, and Michael Warner, eds. VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957. Central Intelligence Agency, 1996.

  Bentley, Eric, ed. Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968. Viking Press, 1971.

  Bergeron, Victor. Frankly Speaking: Trader Vic’s Own Story. Doubleday, 1973.

  Bernstein, Barton. “Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-bomb?” International Security, fall 1989.

  ———. “Oppenheimer and the Radioactive-Poison Plan.” Technology Review, May–June 1985.

  ———. “The Oppenheimer Loyalty-Security Case Reconsidered.” Stanford Law Review, July 1990.

  ———. “The Struggle for the Second Laboratory, 1951–54.” Unpublished manuscript, 1999.

  Bernstein, Jeremy. Hans Bethe: Prophet of Energy. Dutton, 1981.

  Birge, Raymond. “History of the Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley.” Vols. 4–5. Unpublished manuscript, n.d. In collection of Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

  Blumberg, Stanley, and Gwinn Owens. Energy and Conflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller. Putnam, 1976.

  Blumberg, Stanley, and Louis Panos. Edward Teller: Giant of the Golden Age of Physics. Scribners, 1990.

  Boorse, Henry A., et al. The Atomic Scientists: A Biographical History. Wiley, 1989.

  Brechin, Gray. Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin. University of California Press, 1999.

  Broad, William. Teller’s War: The Top-Secret Story Behind the Star Wars Deception. Simon and Schuster, 1992.

  Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles MacDonald, eds. The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb. Delta Books, 1977.

  Buderi, Robert. The Invention That Changed the World. Simon and Schuster, 1996.

  California Legislature. Third Report: Un-American Activities in California, 1947. Sacramento, Calif., 1947.

  ———. Sixth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities. Sacramento, Calif., 1951.

  Caute, David. The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. Simon and Schuster, 1978.

  Chace, James. Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World. Simon and Schuster, 1998.

  Chang, Iris. Thread of the Silkworm. Basic Books, 1995.

  Chevalier, Haakon. The Man Who Would Be God. Putnam, 1959.

  ———. Oppenheimer: The Story of a Friendship. Braziller, 1965.

  Childs, Herbert. An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence, Father of the Cyclotron. Dutton, 1968.

  Compton, Arthur. Atomic Quest. Oxford University Press, 1956.

  Cochran, Thomas, et al. Nuclear Weapons Databook. Vol. 1, U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities. Ballinger, 1984.

  Davis, Nuell Pharr. Lawrence and Oppenheimer. Simon and Schuster, 1968.

  Divine, Robert. Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954–1960. Oxford University Press, 1978.

  Dorwart, Jeffery. Conflict of Duty: The U.S. Navy’s Intelligence Dilemma, 1919–1945. Naval Institute Press, 1983.

  Dyson, Freeman. Disturbing the Universe. Harper and Row, 1979.

  Elliot, David. “Project Vista and Nuclear Weapons in Europe.” International Security, summer 1986.

  Else, Jon. “The Day After Trinity: J. Rober
t Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb.” Voyager CD-ROM, 1999.

  Eltenton, Dorothea. Laughter in Leningrad: An English Family in Russia, 1933–1938. Privately published, 1998.

  Engebretson, George. A Man of Vision: The Story of Paul Pinsky. Privately published, 1997.

  Feklisov, Alexander. The Man Behind the Rosenbergs. Enigma Books, 2001.

  Ferrell, Robert, ed. The Eisenhower Diaries. Norton, 1981.

  Fitzpatrick, Anne. Igniting the Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapons Project, 1942–1952. University Microfilms, 1998.

  Foster, Jane. An UnAmerican Lady. Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980.

  Fowler, Dan. “What the Loyalty Oath Did to the University of California.” Look, Jan. 29, 1952.

  Francis, Sybil. Warhead Politics: Livermore and the Competitive System of Nuclear Weapons Design. University Microfilms, 1996.

  Friedan, Betty. Life So Far. Simon and Schuster, 2000.

  Galison, Peter. Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. University of Chicago Press, 1997.

  Galison, Peter, and Barton Bernstein, “In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1942–1954.” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 19, no. 2, (1989).

  Garber, Marjorie, and Rebecca Walkowitz, eds., Secret Agents: The Rosenberg Case, McCarthyism, and Fifties America. Routledge, 1995.

  Gilpin, Robert. American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy. Princeton University Press, 1962.

  Getting, Ivan. All in a Lifetime: Science in the Defense of Democracy. Vantage Press, 1989.

  Gleick, James. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Pantheon, 1992.

  Goldberg, Stanley. “Groves and Oppenheimer: The Story of a Partnership.” Antioch Review, fall 1995.

  ———. “Inventing a Climate of Opinion: Vannevar Bush and the Decision to Build the Bomb.” ISIS, 1992.

  Goncharov, German. “Thermonuclear Milestones,” Physics Today 49, no. 11 (1996).

  Goodchild, Peter. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds. BBC, 1980.

  Goodman, Walter. The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968.

  Gorin, Peter. “Intelligence Services of the USSR and Russia: Selected Historical Aspects.” Unpublished manuscript, 1999.

  Groves, Leslie. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. Harper, 1962.

  Hansen, Chuck. The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945. CD-ROM, Chukelea Publications, 1995.

  ———. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Orion Books, 1988.

  Harris, Ruth, and Richard Hewlett. “The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: The Evolution of Its Mission, 1952–1988.” History Associates 1990.

  Hawkins, David. Project Y: The Los Alamos Story. Vol. 1, Toward Trinity. Tomash, 1983.

  Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press, 1999.

  Heilbron, J. L., and Robert Seidel. Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. University of California Press, 1989.

  Heilbron, J. L., Robert Seidel, and Bruce R. Wheaton. “Lawrence and His Laboratory: Nuclear Science at Berkeley.” Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1981.

  Herken, Gregg. Cardinal Choices: Presidential Science Advising from the Atomic Bomb to SDI. Oxford University Press, 1992.

  ———. Counsels of War. Knopf, 1985.

  ———. The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War. Knopf, 1980.

  Hershberg, James. James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age. Knopf, 1993.

  Hevly, Bruce, and John Findlay, eds. The Atomic West. University of Washington Press, 1998.

  Hewlett, Richard, and Oscar Anderson, Jr. The New World: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 1, 1939–1946. University of California Press, 1990.

  Hewlett, Richard, and Francis Duncan. Atomic Shield: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 2, 1947–1952. University of California Press, 1990.

  Hewlett, Richard, and Jack Holl. Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. University of California Press, 1989.

  Hoddeson, Lillian, et al. Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

  Holloway, David. Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956. Yale University Press, 1994.

  Jacobson, Harold Karan, and Eric Stein. Diplomats, Scientists, and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations. University of Michigan Press, 1966.

  Jeffery, Inez Cope. Inside Russia: The Life and Times of Zoya Zarubina. Eakin Press, 1999.

  Jenkins, Edith. Against a Field Sinister: Memoirs and Stories. City Lights Books, 1991.

  Jones, Vincent. U.S. Army in World War II, Special Studies, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.

  Jordan, George R. From Major Jordan’s Diaries. Harcourt, Brace, 1952.

  Kamen, Martin. Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age. University of California Press, 1986.

  Kaplan, Fred. The Wizards of Armageddon. Touchstone, 1983.

  Kempton, Murray. “The Ambivalence of J. Robert Oppenheimer.” Esquire, Dec. 1983.

  Kevles, Daniel. “Cold War and Hot Physics: Science, Security, and the American State, 1945–1956.” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 20, no. 2 (1990).

  ———. The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America. Vintage, 1979.

  Khariton, Yuli, and Yuri Smirnov. “The Khariton Version.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1993.

  Khrushchev, Sergei. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.

  Killian, James. Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology. MIT Press, 1977.

  Klehr, Harvey, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh I. Firsov. The Secret World of American Communism. Yale University Press, 1995.

  Kramish, Arnold. “The Thermonuclear Paradigm: Remaining Puzzles.” Unpublished manuscript, 1999.

  Kunetka, James. Oppenheimer: The Years of Risk. Prentice-Hall, 1969.

  Kuznick, Peter. Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America. University of Chicago Press, 1987.

  Lamphere, Robert, and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent’s Story. Berkley Books, 1987.

  Lang, Daniel. “Seven Men on a Problem.” New Yorker, Aug. 17, 1946.

  Lanouette, William. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. Scribners, 1992.

  Lansdale, John. “John Lansdale, Jr.—Military Service.” Unpublished manuscript, n.d.

  Lilienthal, David. The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. Vol. 2, The Atomic Energy Years, 1945–1950. Harper and Row, 1964.

  ———. The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. Vol. 4, The Road to Change, 1955–1959. Harper and Row, 1969.

  ———. The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. Vol. 5, The Harvest Years, 1959–1963. Harper and Row, 1971.

  Mackenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. MIT Press, 1993.

  Mackenzie, Donald, and Graham Spinardi. “The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: I: From Polaris to Poseidon.” Social Studies of Science 18 (1988).

  Macrae, Norman. John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More. Pantheon, 1992.

  Magraw, Katherine. “Teller and the ‘Clean Bomb’ Episode.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1988.

  Mark, Carson. “A Short Account of Los Alamos Theoretical Work on Thermonuclear Weapons, 1946–1950.” Los Alamos National Laboratory,
1974.

  Mark, Hans, and Lowell Wood. Energy in Physics, War and Peace: A Festschrift Celebrating Edward Teller’s 80th Birthday. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

  McCullough, David. Truman. Simon and Schuster, 1992.

  Michelmore, Peter. The Swift Years: The Robert Oppenheimer Story. Dodd, Mead, 1969.

  Millis, Walter, ed. The Forrestal Diaries. Putnam, 1952.

  Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Secrecy. Yale University Press, 1998.

  Murray, Thomas E. Nuclear Policy for War and Peace. World Publishing, 1960.

  Needell, Allan. Science, Cold War, and the American State: Lloyd V. Berkner and the Balance of Professional Ideals. Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000.

  Nelson, Steve, James Barrett, and Rob Ruck. Steve Nelson: American Radical. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969.

  Nichols, K. D. The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America’s Nuclear Policies Were Made. Morrow, 1987.

  O’Neill, Dan. The Firecracker Boys. St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

  Pais, Abraham. A Tale of Two Continents: A Physicist’s Life in a Turbulent World. Princeton University Press, 1997.

  Peat, F. David. Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm. Addison-Wesley, 1997.

  Pfau, Richard. No Sacrifice Too Great: The Life of Lewis L. Strauss. University of Virginia Press, 1984.

  Powers, Thomas. Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb. Knopf, 1993.

  Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon and Schuster, 1995.

  ———. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster, 1986.

  Rich, Willard. Brain Waves and Death. Scribner, 1940.

  Romerstein, Herbert, and Eric Breindel. The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America’s Traitors. Regnery, 2000.

  Rosenberg, David Alan. “U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945 to 1950.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1982.

  Royal, Denise. The Story of J. Robert Oppenheimer. St. Martin’s, 1969.

  Schecter, Jerrold L., and Leona P. Schecter. Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History. Brassey’s, 2002.

  Schiedermayer, Phil. “Recollections, Reminiscences, Reflections.” Lawrence Livermore Radiation Laboratory, 1996.

  Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Little, Brown, 1998.

  ———. No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities. Oxford University Press, 1986.