Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
Page 130
improvement in methods of, 9, 613
interventionism and, 655, 736, 800
labor and, 136, 605, 606, 674, 675n
market economy and, 488
Marxians and, 141
mass, 384, 587, 616
means of, 207, 705
nonhuman original factors of, ch. 22, pp. 631–641
period of, 476, 484, 485, 487, 490–96, 526, 544
prices and, 391–392, 612
process of, 288, 292, 478, 488, 499
restriction of, ch. 29, pp. 736–751
taxation and, 800
transition of, 613n
war, 821 see also, Capital; Saving; Technology, Wealth
Productive forces, 9
Productive or unproductive activities, 244–245
Productivity theory of interest, 263–264, 522–531
Profession
economic, 865–866
forecasting, 866–868 see also, Education
Profits and losses
accounting, 213, 701
difference between, 97–98
driving power of, 3, 297
entrepreneurial, 286–297, 375, 393, 514, 531, 739n
good will and, 379
illusory, 421, 546–547
maximization of, 128, 241–244
monopoly and, 358
psychic, 287
sharing, 811
source of, 291, 633, 660–662, 868
theory of, 252, 343, 347, 532, 804–807
wartime, 823
Progress
booms and, 573
rising prices and, 466
Progressing economy, 252, 292–296, 411
Prohibition, American, 728
Prolabor policies, 313–314, 738–741, 746–749 see also, Interventionism
Proletarian, 74, 88
Promonopoly party, 384
Promoters, 255–256, 300–107, 309, 324, 325, 333, 582 see also, Entrepreneurs
Propaganda
anticapitalist, 587
business, 316–319
Property
legal definition of, 650–651, 678
private, 264, 308–309, 650, 678–680, 719
right, 650–656
social and economic meaning of, 679–680 see also, Government; Investments; Land; Ownership; Production, factors of
Prosperity, 429, 793 n
Protectionism, 81–84, 160–161, 313–314, 361–365, 505, 738, 742–749 see also, Foreign exchange; Tariff; Trade
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 186
Provision, period of, 253, 478, 490–496
Prussian Historical School, 4, 603
Pseudo-liberalism, 153
Psychoanalysis, 12
Psychology
instinct of, 15
praxeology and, 12, 123–127, 483–485
Psychopaths, 12, 185–187, 315–316
Psychophysics, 125–126
Public debt, 226–229, 843–845
Public finance, see, Spending, public; Taxation
Public opinion, economics and, 537, 859–860
Public ownership, see, Government
Public utilities, 372–373
Public works, 792
Purchasing power
capital accumulation and, 518n
changes in, 203, 416–425, 428
measurement of, 221
of money, 221, 396, 399, 405–413, 416–419, 464, 606
parity theory of foreign exchange, 452
stabilization of, 220, 416
wage argument, 298–299 see also, Money
Pythagoras, 38, 79
Q
Quality of goods, 222
Quantitative economics, 55–57, 118, 347–349 see also, Measurement
Quantitative prediction, 207
Quantity theory of money, 38, 55, 232, 402
Quasi-market, 701–706
R
Racism, 6, 75, 84–87, 90
Rappard, William E., 684n
Ratiocination, 33, 39, 67, 72, 84, 122, 316
Rationalism, 15, 16, 18, 78n, 79, 89, 102, 103–104, 146, 175, 880 see also, Action, human; Irrationalism
Rationing, 757, 822
Real cost, 393, 632
Realism
antagonism of, 42
a priori and, 38–41
conceptual, 45, 145, 511
economics and, 646
mental grasp of, 25, 38, 39, 65, 86, 642
praxeology and, 39, 92, 642 see also, Action, human
Realpolitik, 189
Reasoning
age of, 69
aprioristic, 38, 318
case of, 89–91
catallactic, 572
discursive, 67
experience and, 18, 25, 39, 65
human, 50, 72, 173, 177–178
methods of, 2
mind and, 34
praxeological, 39
revolt against, 72–91
unnatural, 175 see also, Action, human
Redemption, 457 see also, Money
Redistribution, confiscation and, ch. 32, pp. 800–807
Regression theorem, 405-407, 423, 606
Reichsbank, 549, 568
Relevance
causal, 120
judgments of, 50, 55, 57–58, 88 see also, Valuations
Religion
capitalism and, 671–672, 719, 849
conflicts among, 183–184
individual and, 14, 18, 95
liberalism and, 155–157
Marxism and, 82
Smith, Adam, and, 147n
society and, 145 see also, Morality; Philosophy
Rent, 521, 631–640, 759–761
Research
praxeological, 18–22, 863
scientific, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 51
Reserve fund, exhaustion of, 851–854
Residual rent, 632
Rest, state of, 245–251
Restriction
competitive, 278–279, 373–374
cost of, 737
economic system of, 749–751
nature of, 736–737, 837
of production, ch. 29, pp. 736–751
privilege of, 741–749
prize of, 737–741 see also, Interventionism; Politics
Retrogressing economy, 192, 252, 296–297
Returns, law of, 127–130, 338–347, 663
Revolution
ideological, 8, 72–91
illegal act of, 284n
Industrial, 8, 613–619
semantic, 268, 281, 420 see also, Economics, revolt against
Ricardo, David
gold exchange standard and, 418, 780
law of association, 158–163, 168, 174
philosophy of, 75, 79, 147, 174, 493n, 602
rent, 631, 632, 633, 636
the R. effect, 750n, 767–770
Right
law of, 199
moral and natural, 173–174, 716, 719, 835
property, 650–656
to revolt, 284n
to strike, 773
Righteousness, 26, 173–174, 716, 719–727, 835
Risk-taking, 106, 108, 112, 115, 805–807 see also, Entrepreneurs; Profits and losses; Speculating
Robbins, Lionel Charles, 103n, 529n
Robinson Crusoe economy, 206
Romanoff dynasty, 115
Romanticism, 503
Rome
Church of, 67In
fall of, 761–763
price control and, 761–763
Rostovtzeff (Rostovtsev), Mikhail
Ivanovich, 762n
Rotating economy, see, Evenly rotating economy
Rougier, Louis, 73n
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 165
Routine, 46–47 see also, Action, human
Rule, 189 see also, Government
Rumania, 493
Ruml, Beardsley, 570n
Rumania, 8, 747
Ruskin, John, 645
Russia
calculation in, 698–699
eco
nomy of, 260
laborers of, 675n
socialistic pattern of, 713
technology of, 5
S
Sadism, 172, 586
Salvioli, Guiseppe, 62 7n
Samuelson, Paul Anthony, 787n, Santayana, George, 868n
Satisfaction, see, Want-satisfaction
Saving
advantage of, 487–489, 512–514, 840
capitalist, 527, 531, 768, 769
forced, 545–547, 553–555, 573, 842n
investment and, 517–520, 805
value judgment and, 530
Scale
of needs, 96–97
of value, 94–96, 102–103
Scarcity, 93, 236–237, 525
Schäffle, Albert, 697
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, 717
Scholasticism, medieval, 717
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 28
Schultz, Henry, 349
Schumpeter, Joseph, 354, 52 7n
Schütz, Alfred, 24n, 100n
Sciences
aprioristic, 48
definition of, 10, 20, 65
historical, 47, 59
life and, 877–878
measurement (mathematical), 55, 218, 347
natural, 31, 59, 173–176, 207, 634, 664n
psychic, 11
social
criticism of, 8
empirical, 49 see also, Action, human; Economics; Praxeology; Research
Second International, 152
Security, 612, 835, 841, 843–844, 847–849
Seignobos, Charles, 50n
Selective process of the market, 308–311
Selfishness, 243, 674
Selling
buying and, 324
price discrimination and, 385–388
Semantics, 268, 281, 420 see also, Metaphors
Serfdom, 197
Serviceableness
duration of, 476
instinct of, 26–28
Services, personal, 140–141, 234
Seven Years' War, 614n
Sexual customs, 663
Shipment costs, 450
Short run, 82–83, 294, 649, 650, 744, 787, 844
Sickness, 165, 833
Silver standard, 456, 469
Singularism, methodological, 44–45
Sismondi, Jean Charles, 268
Slaves and slavery, 197, 624–630, 817, 835
Smith, Adam
on employers, combinations, 591n
on paper money, 418, 780
on religion, 147n
Smith, Vera Constance, 441n
Social cooperation, see, Cooperation, social
Social engineering, 113 see also, Planning
Social gains, 365, 599, 607–613, 739–741, 750–751, 854
Social justice, 671, 719, 849–850
Social phenomenon, 157, 275, 287
Social relations, 168–169
Social sciences
criticisms of, 8
empirical, 49
Social security, 613, 835, 843–844
Socialism
agrarian, 801
British, 812, 855
capitalism and, 672–678, 712
champions of, 675n
critics of, 282
depressions under, 563
doctrine of, 689–691
economic calculation under, ch. 26, pp. 694–711
failure to refute theories of, 6
German pattern of, 319, 471, 687, 713–714, 752–753, 759
guild, 812–813
historical origin of, 685–689
labor and, 137
market and, 335, 672, 687, 701, 712
Marxism and, 260, 265, 267, 67In, 689–691
policy of, 74, 89, 183, 206, 240, 257, 259–260, 672–678; Part 5, pp. 685–711; 808
praxeological character of, 691–693
problem of, 90, 694–699
Russian pattern of, 713
taxation and, 733–734
theory of value and, 6, 206–207
war and, 821–828
writings about, 503 see also, Collectivism; Interventionism; Planning
Society
action within, ch. 7, pp. 119–142; Part 2, pp. 143–200
exchange within, ch. 10, pp. 195–200
Great, 168–169
holistic and metaphysical view of, 1, 145–153, 397
human, ch. 8, pp. 143–176
individual within, 143, 164–165, 178–179
liberal, 149, 283, 321
place of economics in, Part 7, pp. 858–881
socialist, ch. 25, pp. 685–693
“Utopian,” 2, 71, 72, 831
Sociology
instinct, 15
meaning of, 30n
of knowledge, 5, 84, 207, 584
Soil
conservation, 652–653
myth of, 640–641 see also, Land
Solvay, Ernest, 186
Sombart, Werner, 198n, 744n, 837
Sooner or later, 99, 102, 480, 490, 494
Sophocles, 617
Sorel, Georges, 171, 645, 808
Soul, 26, 175
Sovereignty
consumer, 270–272, 297, 308, 724
national, 682
Sozialpolitik, 320, 363–364, 829
Spann, Othmar, 679
Specialization, 69, 311, 620, 870
Speculating, 58, 112–113, 251, 253–254, 300, 324, 333, 454, 582 see also, Entrepreneurs; Investments; Profits and losses; Risk-taking
Speenhamland system, 600n
Spencer, Herbert, 198n
Spending, public, 221, 226–229, 236, 242n, 734, 737, 770–771, 843–845, 846, 851; see also, Taxation
Spengler, Oswald, 645
Spinoza, Benedictus, 5
Stabilization, 220–229, 416 see also, Currency; Money
Stalin, Josef, 645
Stalinists, 152
Standard of living, 265, 314, 601, 665, 739, 740, 750, 860
State of rest
final, 246
plain, 245–246
State and society, 148, 149
Static method, 248–249
Statics, 248, 353
Statism, see, Nationalism
Stationary economy, 251–252, 256–257, 292
Statistics
average of, 60
economic, 30n, 218
of prices, 326–328, 347–349
Statolatry, 148, 226, 827, 828
Stirner, Max, 151
Stock exchange, 514–517, 790
Strigl, Richard, 262n, 642n
Strike, right to, 773
Subconscious, concept of, 12
Subjectivism, 3, 21, 57, 64, 94
Subsidies, 365, 600n, 654–656, 737, 738
Subsistence
supply of, 484
wages and, 600–606
Sulzbach, Walter, 83 5n
Superiority, racial, 90
Supply
control of, 357
demand and, 62, 222, 241, 324, 320, 355, 375, 385–388, 398–402, 756
labor, 136, 591, 606–613
monopoly of, 354, 280 see also, Money, relation; Money, supply
Surplus, consumer, 385
Surtax, 853
Sweden, prosperity in, 793n
Switzerland
currency devaluation in, 462
monopoly for cereals and, 388
National Bank of, 462, 463
“Sycophants,” 5, 9, 268
Synchronism, 102
Syndicalism and corporativism, 305; ch. 33, pp. 808–816
Synthetics, 826
T
Tariffs
for protectionism, 361–365, 738
infant industries argument, 505–507
leather, 742
outcome of, 742–749
prolabor legislation and, 313–314, 746–749
to divert production, 737 see also, Mercantilism; Nationalism; Protectionism
Tautology, 38
Taxation
<
br /> ability-to-pay principle and, 731–732
amortization and, 640
burden of, 853
classes of, 734–735
confiscatory, 802–807