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Index
‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Shah, 36, 58
‘Abd al-Ghani, Shah, 42, 58, 67–68
‘Abd al-Haq, Maulana, 208, 209
‘Abd al-Rahim, Shah, 231n63
‘Abd al-Rahman Matura shrine, 258n15
‘Abd al-Salam, ‘Izz al-Din ibn, 236n9
‘Abdullah Shah Ghazi, 208
Abedien, Hazrat Sayed Zainul, 263n94
‘Abid Husain, Muhammad, 37, 39
Adam, Ebrahim, 185–86
Adorno, Theodor W., 22
Afrikaans language, 179, 261n66
Ahl-e Sunnat wal-Jamaat (Barelvi organization), 175, 185, 188, 263n95
Ahl-i Hadith, 62, 141–42, 169, 213
Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama‘a (Sunni concept), 10, 142–44, 221n22, 255n11
Ahmad, Mufti Inayat, 240n65
Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 13
Ahmed, Imam Nazir, 263n90
Ahmed, Shahab, 120, 211, 223n52
Ahrar movement, 192–95
Akhtar, Hakim Muhammad, 136–37
Akora Khattak, 208
Al-Azhar, 2, 65
Al-Qalam (periodical), 181, 186
analogy, in Islamic law. See qiyas
Anglicist position (in British debate about Muslim education), 43–44, 45, 49–50. See also Orientalist position
Anglo-Muhammadan law, 34–35, 46
anthropocentrism, 22, 23, 116, 145, 226n85. See also bibliocentrism
anti-apartheid politics: jihad and, 187, 200, 205; The Majlis (periodical), 190, 196–204; mawlud and zikr halqa devotions, 187–90; Muslims’ role in, 180–84; overview, 28–29, 179–80; Tablighi-Barelvi clashes, 185–87; Thanvi and, 190–96. See also Barelvi movement; Desai, Ahmed Sadiq; Islamic activism; Tablighi Jama‘at
anticolonial politics, 25, 29, 49, 191, 195, 203–4
Arabic language, 20, 44, 60, 100, 104–5, 108, 111, 142, 162, 176, 183, 246n11, 253n76, 261n66
Arabic Study Circle, 173, 174, 181
Arendt, Hannah, 254n2
Arya Samaj revivalist movement, 37, 156, 247n31
Asad, Talal, 21–22, 212, 225n75
asceticism, in Sufism. See zuhd
Ash‘ari theology, 7, 148
astronomy, 17, 37, 41, 42, 52
attacks: Azaadville mawlud assault, 186–88; Cairo Coptic church attack 2016, 207; Deoband movement and, 9, 91, 208; in Dera Ghazi Khan, 208; by ISIS, 207–8; Lal Shahbaz Qalandar shrine attack, 208; by Pakistani Taliban, 91, 211; Shah Noorani terrorist attack, 208; shrine attacks in Pakistan, 9, 208; Sinai Peninsula militant attack, 207; in South Africa, 179, 186–88; on Sufis, 210–11; on Sufi saints’ shrines, 9, 207–8, 210–11
Aurangzeb, Emperor of the Mughal Empire, 40–41, 45
authority: maintenance of, 23; Maududi on, 63; M. Isma‘il on sources of, 60–62; rejection of ‘ulama by ‘awamm (lay Muslims), 23; ‘ulama claims of, 16–17, 211
autonomy, 27, 98, 117
‘awamm (lay Muslims): authority and, 6, 23; bid‘at (illicit innovations) and, 56, 76; corruption of beliefs of, 78, 83, 96; as everyday Muslims, 211–12; Gangohi and, 48; lay/elite hierarchy, 101–5; legal issues and, 47; maslak and, 23; Qur’an and, 111; support for Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband by, 39–40; understanding of, 23, 69, 92, 131; Urdu language and, 59
Ayatollah Khomeini, 15
Azad, Abdul Kalam, 191
Azhari, Muhammad Akhtar Raza Khan, 175
Azmi, Fazlur Rahman, 256n49
Babur, Emperor of the Mughal Empire, 81
Bahadur Shah Zafar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire, 3, 34
bai‘at (pledge, from Sufi disciple to Sufi master), 123, 127–28, 129, 150, 252n30
Bakhsh, Data Ganj, 208
Bakhsh, Maulvi Rahim, 50
Bamiyan Buddhas destruction, 210
Al-Barahin al-qati‘a ‘ala dhalam al-anwar al-sati‘a (Definitive proofs on the darkness of al-Anwar al-Sati‘a) (Saharanpuri), 67–69, 240n68
barakat (blessings), 12, 39, 71, 74, 76
Barani, Zia al-Din, 40
Barelvi movement: Deobandi-Barelvi polemics, 27, 148, 161, 165, 173–78, 264n102, 267n47, 272n8; Deobandi-Barelvi rivalry, 11, 100, 143, 161, 182, 187; Habibia Mosque, 172; Inayat Ahmad and, 240n65; The Majlis (periodical) and, 198; maslak of, 141, 148; munazara and, 99; in Natal, 181; overview, 7–8; Qadiri order and, 263n94; Shah Barkatullah of Marahra and, 94; Tablighi-Barelvi clashes and, 159, 180, 185–87, 263n90; UTM and, 171. See also Ahl-e Sunnat wal-Jamaat (Barelvi organization); Khan, Ahmad Raza
Barelvi, Sayyid Ahmad, 24, 37, 58, 102, 228n24, 236nn15–16, 237n19, 238n44
Bengal, 1–2, 43, 144
Bengal Regulation XIX of 1810, 48
Berkey, Jonathan P., 157
Bhashani, Abdul Hamid Khan, 203
bibliocentrism, 22–23, 116, 125, 144–45, 160, 226n85. See also anthropocentrism
bid‘at (illicit innovations); defined, 56, 57; Deobandi-Barelvi polemics over, 161, 173, 176; in Deobandi texts, 109; devotional practices and, 138; discourse of, 26; Gangohi on, 57, 64, 72, 83, 103; Ibn Sa‘ud on, 90; Imdad Allah on, 72; A.R. Khan on, 8; mawlud and, 65–68, 72, 73–80; M.P. Haqqani on, 174; M. Isma‘il on, 60; normative order and, 55–64, 92, 95, 215; qiyam as, 66, 68; Shatibi on, 57, 60; Thanvi and, 73–80, 106
Bihishti zewar (Heavenly ornaments) (Thanvi), 87, 105, 107, 109, 129, 136
Bilhauri, Khurram ‘Ali, 63
Binnori, Yusuf, 167–68, 266n27
Black Students Society, 184
Blecher, Joel, 114
blessings. See barakat
British empire in India: Anglo-Muhammadan law, 34, 46; anticolonial politics, 49; decline of Muslim political hegemony and, 17; East India Company, 31, 43, 45; effects of, 34; governance and religion in, 31, 43; Indian secularism and, 32, 33; Islamic criminal law and, 46–47; Islamic learning under, 43–45, 50; judicial administration, 34; Kazis Act of 1880, 47; limits of power, 33; patronage networks, 43, 44, 45, 50, 234n103; secularization of colonial India, 48–54; Victorian discourse on religion, 31–32, 34. See also Anglicist position, Orientalist position
Brown, Jonathan A.C., 213
Buehler, Arthur F., 12, 89
Burke, Edmund, 215
Cachalia, Maulvi Ismail, 203–4
Cairo Coptic church attack 2016, 207
Calcutta Madrasa, 43, 50, 234n103
Call of Islam, 183, 187, 189–90
Cape Mazaar Society, 163
Cape Muslims (Cape “Malays”), 162–63, 262n71
Cassiem, Achmad, 182–83, 189, 200
Cavanaugh, William T., 210
center/periphery, 23–24, 216
Chamberlain, Michael, 38
Chatta Masjid, 37, 39
&n
bsp; chilla (forty-day Sufi meditative retreat), 209, 272n14
Chishti, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 255n11
Chishti, Muhammad, 81
Chishti, Mu‘in al-Din, 165, 211
Chishti order: bai‘at (pledge), 127–28; Barelvi-oriented Sufis in, 263n94; chilla (forty-day Sufi meditative retreat), 209, 272n14; Deobandi-Barelvi polemics and, 148, Deobandis and, 4, 209; fatwas (legal opinions) on, 208–9; habs-i dam (holding the breath), 103; Imdad Allah and, 69, 228n24; Maududi and, 15; Mu‘in al-Din Chishti shrine, 81, 82–84, 94, 165, 211; Nizami and Sabiri branches of, 231n61; patronage and, 271n128; sama‘ and, 95; Sufi masters of, 42; zikr halqa, 209; ziyarat (visiting saints’ graves) and, 80
Christianity, 6, 31, 32, 42, 98, 99, 102, 163, 199–200
circumambulation. See tawaf
colonial modernity, 32–34, 40, 215
companionship, in Sufism. See suhbat
Companions of the Prophet, 16, 66, 74, 79–80, 109, 124–25, 142, 155, 156, 158, 178, 188, 198, 215, 260n43
consensus, in Islamic law. See ijma‘
Cooper, Frederick, 34
Cornell, Vincent J., 132
corporeality, 22
counterpolemics, 14, 99, 176
Cover, Robert, 32
customs. See rusum
damnation, 6, 42, 123
Dar al-Ifta’, 47, 170, 172
Dar al-‘Ulum Azaadville, 175–76, 256n49, 261n57
Dar al-‘Ulum Bury, 219n2
Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband; 1872 survey and, 51; overview, 25–26, 31–35; ‘Abd al-Haq and, 208; E. Adam and, 267n37; bibliocentrism and, 22; colonial modernity and, 33–34, 215; conceptualizing “religious” knowledge, 40–45; Dar al-Ifta’ and, 47; defined, 10; Deobandi (term) and, 9–10; founding of, 32, 35–38; innovations of, 38–40; Islamic law and, 45–48; making religious experts, 40–45; as a “modern” madrasa, 38–40; name of, 1, 37; Nanautvi’s vision and, 36; Tayyib and, 139; “useful” secular knowledge, 48–54; “useless” religious knowledge, 48–54
Dar al-‘Ulum Haqqaniyya: chancellor of, 208; on chilla (forty-day Sufi meditative retreat), 209; fatwas (legal opinions) of, 208; founding of, 208; views of Sufism, 208–9; violence against Sufis and, 209; Taliban and, 208
Dar al-‘Ulum Karachi, 210
Dar al-‘Ulum Newcastle, 169, 186, 260n44
Dar al-‘Ulum Zakariyya, 170–71, 176; fatwa collection, 170
Dars-i Nizamiyya (Nizami curriculum), 40–42, 145, 266n27
decline narratives, 35–38, 58, 209, 214
Deobandi (term), 9–10
Deobandi-Barelvi polemics, 26, 99–100, 173–78
Deobandi brand, 28, 171–73
Deoband to Bareilly (Okarvi), 175
Desai, Ahmed Sadiq: Deobandi thought and, 213–14; loss of support, 204; The Majlis (periodical), 181, 190, 196–203; Majlisul Ulama and, 176, 180, 270n97; M. Khan and, 25, 270n103; Sufi politics and, 205; Thanvi’s politics in South Africa and, 29, 180, 196–97, 212
Desai, Ebrahim, 170, 256n49
dhamal, terrorist attacks during, 208
dhikr (Sufi meditative practices). See zikr
Dhulipala, Venkat, 196
dialectical theology (kalam), 37, 41
Dien, Shaikh M.S., 263n94
Dimashqi, Qutb al-Din, 134–35, 253n76
divine sovereignty, 59, 62–63, 64, 80
Doumato, Eleanor Abdella, 12
East India Company, 31, 43, 45. See also British empire in India
ecstasy, in Sufism. See wajd
Education Despatch of 1854, 50
Ehsan, Ehsanullah, 208
Eickelman, Dale F, 223n52
elites. See khawass
endowments: charitable endowments (awqaf), 38, 39; Religious Endowments Act (Act XX) of 1863, 48–49
Ernst, Carl W., 44, 246n20
Esack, Farid, 183, 203, 204, 266n27
evils. See munkarat
Ewing, Katherine, 211
Fadil, Nadia, 211–12
Faisala-yi haft mas’ala (A decision on seven controversies) (Imdad Allah), 69, 71, 100–101
faiz (spiritual energy), 21, 97, 125–27, 137, 145
farz-i ‘ayn (obligation upon Muslims, individually), 137, 210
farz-i kifaya (obligation upon Muslims, collectively), 137, 210
Fatawa-yi Alamgiri, 45
Fatawa-yi Haqqaniyya, 208
fatwas (legal opinions): of Ahmad Raza Khan, 8; in British India, 47–48; Fatawa-yi Haqqaniyya, 208; Gangohi’s, 42, 48, 66, 103; Imdad Allah and, 70; issued by madrasas, 47; published collections of, 47–48; requested by lay Muslims, 48; requested by South Africans, 261n66; of Thanvi, 73, 244n150; as tool of mass moral reform, 48; violence against Sufis and, 209; zikr (Sufi meditative practices) and, 209
faza’il (virtues), 3, 13, 20, 27, 48, 65, 66, 71, 76, 121, 260n43. See also suhbat (companionship, in Sufism)
Faza’il-i a‘mal (Virtuous deeds) (M.Z. Kandhlavi), 176, 260n43
Fernando, Mayanthi, 211–12
Fleck, Ludwik, 23
Foucault, Michel, 118
Fuerst, Ilyse Morgenstein, 31
Furey, Constance, 148
Gaborieau, Marc, 8, 169
Gandhi, Mohandas, 49, 118, 165, 191–92
Gangohi, ‘Abd al-Quddus, 83–84, 231n61
Gangohi, Mahmud Hasan, 25, 153–54, 158, 161, 204, 267n37
Gangohi, Rashid Ahmad: overview, 26; Al-Barahin al-qati‘a ‘ala dhalam al-anwar al-sati‘a (Defnitive proofs on the darkness of al-Anwar al-Sati‘a) (Saharanpuri) and, 240n68; on the centennial renewer (mujaddid), 18–19; as co-founder of Deoband movement, 13, 24, 41; critique of bid‘a and shirk, 57, 64, 72; critiques of mawlud and ‘urs, 66, 67, 72, 83–85; death of, 149; decline narrative of, 35, 209; Dimashqi translation, 134; disciples of in South Africa, 161; fatwas (legal opinions) of, 42, 48, 66, 103; Ilyas and, 10–11, 149; Imdad Allah and, 69, 70–73; on intercession, 87–88; on knowledge, 41–42; Mamluk ‘Ali and, 36, 37–38; M. Isma‘il and, 58, 64; Nanautvi and, 36; patronage networks and, 44; on philosophy, 52; on Qur’an, 244n148; on rational sciences (ma‘qulat), 41–42; Saharanpuri and, 25, 67; as spiritual patron (sarparast), 41–42; Sufi bai‘at (pledge) and, 128; Sufism and, 209, 214; Thanvi and, 26–27, 64, 72; on transmitted knowledge (manqulat), 41–42
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad, 12, 14, 20, 95, 108, 121, 131, 146, 159, 222n36, 243n141, 246n14, 253n63
Ghousia Manzil, 175, 263nn94–95
Gilani, Sayyid Manazir Ahsan, 36
Gilani, Sayyid Safdar Shah, 272n8
globalization: overview, 4, 28, 160–62; Deobandi-Barelvi polemics, 173–78; Deobandi brand, 171–73; Deobandi scholars in South Africa, 166–68; Deobandi tradition and, 23; Islam(s) in South Africa, 162–63; madrasas and, 8; Muslim migrations in the Indian Ocean, 164–66; South African tabligh and, 168–71
Goswami, Manu, 93
“grave worship,” 177–78, 197–98
Green, Nile, 14, 20, 49, 81, 216, 226n85
habs-i dam (holding the breath), 103
Hadith: commentaries, 7; defined, 4; Deobandi texts shifting toward, 213; ethics and, 121; Hadith jurisprudence, 8; Mishkat al-masabih, 41; M. Isma‘il citing of, 60; M. Isma‘il on authority of, 61–62; M. Ya‘qub and, 38; on mujaddid (renewer), 18; references, 213; Shafi‘ and, 57; Thanvi on, 244n150
Hadot, Pierre, 118
Haj, Samira, 225n75
Hajj. See pilgrimage
Hali, Altaf Hussain, 35
Hallaq, Wael, 47, 250n93
Hamidi, Abdun Nabi, 177, 264n104
Hamilton, Charles, 46, 50, 233n83
Hanafi legal tradition, 7, 42, 45–46, 66, 73–75, 112, 114, 133, 144–45, 148, 169–73, 213
al-Haq, Mufti Raza, 171
al-Haq, Sami‘, 208, 209, 272n20
Haqqani, Muhammad Palan, 174
Haron, Imam Abdullah, 180
Hasan, Mahmud, 146–47, 191, 203
al-Hasan, Ihtisham, 151, 260n43
Hastings, Warren, 43, 46
Hazarvi, Mufti Akbar, 264n102
Hidaya (Marghinani), 45–46, 50
al-Hilali, Taqi al-Din, 15
Hindus: debates over nature of God, 99; devotional practices of, 102–3; Judicial Plan of 1772 and, 43; noninterference policy, 32; political alignment with, 180, 190, 199, 202; at Sufi shrines, 82, 94; Thanvi and, 190, 192–93
Hujjat Allah al-baligha (The conclusive argument from God) (Wali Allah), 114
al-Hujwiri (aka Data Ganj Bakhsh), ‘Ali, 13, 208, 211, 222n35
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 210
Husn al-maqsad fi ‘amal al-mawlid (The good intention of celebrating the mawlid) (Suyuti), 66
Hussin, Iza, 32
Ibn ‘Abidin, 42, 86, 170, 213
Ibn ‘Arabi, 12, 14, 16, 255n22
Ibn Khaldun, 41
Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 89–90
Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad, 14, 16, 135
Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din (al-Ghazali), 14, 95, 131, 146, 222n36, 225n32, 243n141
ijaza (permission to transmit a text in Islamic education), 22, 38
ijma‘ (consensus, in Islamic law), 57, 75, 100, 111
ijtihad (independent reasoning), 18, 112, 141–42, 193, 195, 224n60, 250n93
illicit innovations (bid‘at). See bid‘at (illicit innovations)
‘ilm (knowledge), 19, 21, 27, 53, 59, 102, 120, 121, 130, 141, 150, 152; knowledge consumption, 214; knowledge production, 214; knowledge transmission, 23; religious/secular binary and, 26; secular knowledge, 48–54
‘ilm-i ghayb (knowledge of the unseen), 7, 64, 72
Ilyas, Muhammad, 10–11, 25, 115, 139–40, 149–56, 158, 168, 176, 197. See also Tablighi Jama‘at
Imam Ahmed Raza Academy, 175, 188
Imdad Allah al-Makki, Hajji: overview, 26; disciples of, 67, 70; Faisala-yi haft mas’ala (A decision on seven controversies), 69, 71, 100–101; Gangohi and, 26, 36, 70–73, 84, 253n76; Hadith and, 75; Indian Uprising of 1857 and, 36–37; influence of, 24, 26, 231n61; jihad and, 229n25; mawlud and, 69–74, 77, 84, 178; Nanautvi and, 36, 69–70, 71; Rampuri and, 67; Sabiri Chishtis on, 209; Saharanpuri and, 69; Thanvi and, 24, 26, 70–71, 73–74, 107; ‘urs and, 82; views of mawlud and bid‘a, 71–72; Wali Allahian connections, 228n24; Ya‘qub and, 37–38; on zikr haddadi, 272n13
imkan-i kizb (possibility of God telling a lie), 7, 64, 99, 100, 161, 241n76
imkan-i nazir (possibility of God creating another Prophet equal to Muhammad), 7, 62, 64, 161, 241n76
independent reasoning. See ijtihad