For background on Steele and the North-West Mounted Police, I consulted Steele’s own memoir, Forty Years in Canada: Reminiscences of the Great North-West, with Some Account of His Service in South Africa (1915; repr. Toronto: Prospero, 2000) and Robert Stewart’s Sam Steele, Lion of the Frontier, 2nd ed. rev. (Regina: Centax Books/Publishing Solutions, PrintWest Group, 1999). I also relied on R. C. Macleod’s The NWMP and Law Enforcement 1873-1905 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976) and Macleod’s essay on Steele in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography online. I found useful information on the policing of the Alaska-Yukon border in Richard J. Friesen, “The Chilkoot Pass and the Great Gold Rush of 1898,” Manuscript Report Series no. 236 (Parks Canada, 1978).
Chapter 17
Mary Lee Davis included the moose steak anecdote and Father Judge’s conversation with Dr. Jim in Sourdough Gold. The quotation from Solomon Schuldenfrei comes from an unpublished manuscript in the Yukon Archives (Solomon and Rebecca Schuldenfrei fonds, 84/47, MSS 166). General information about Dawson in this chapter comes from Guest, “A History of the City of Dawson, Yukon Territory, 1896-1920.” The story about Nigger Jim comes from Victor Ross’s A History of the Canadian Bank of Commerce. The culinary imagination of the Fairview chefs is described in an unpublished history of the Yukon Order of Pioneers, shown to me by its author, John Gould, a Dawson historian.
The details of Father Judge’s death come from Father Charles Judge, An American Missionary, and contemporary accounts in the Klondike Nugget.
Chapter 18
In addition to the Mulrooney memoir, the Steele Papers, and Russell Bankson’s The Klondike Nugget, sources for this chapter include Red Light Revelations: A Peek at Dawson’s Risqué Ladies, Yukon Territory, 1898-1900 (Spokane, WA: Chickadee Publishing, 2001), by Jay Moynahan; and Jeremiah Lynch’s Three Years in the Klondike. The plight of David Doig, manager of the Bank of British North America, is described in Stuart’s “The Bank of British North America, Dawson, Yukon, 1898-1968.” The story of Faith Fenton is told in Jill Downie’s A Passionate Pen: The Life and Times of Faith Fenton (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996).
Chapter 19
In addition to all the Steele and Mulrooney sources listed above, I drew much information about the end of the Gold Rush from the Klondike Nugget. The anecdote about the impecunious banker comes from Stevenson, The Yukon Adventure. For information about various political figures, including Clifford Sifton and Sir Charles Tupper, I relied on the Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
Chapter 20
Franklin Walker’s Jack London and the Klondike traces the uses to which Jack London put his Yukon experiences. Other useful sources include “‘The Kipling of the Klondike’: Naturalism in London’s Early Fiction” by Earl J. Wilcox, in Jack London Newsletter 6, no. 1 (January-April 1973): 1-12; and Jonathan Auerbach, Male Call: Becoming Jack London (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996). Quotations from E. L. Doctorow come from Jack London, Hemingway and the Constitution: Selected Essays 1977-1992 (New York: Random House, 1993).
I drew material on Robert Service from Service’s own memoir, Ploughman of the Moon: An Adventure into Memory (New York: Dodd Mead, 1945); and Enid Mallory’s Robert Service: Under the Spell of the Yukon, 2nd ed. (Victoria, BC: Heritage House, 2008). Two useful biographical sources were Carl F. Klinck, Robert Service, A Biography (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976) and Pierre Berton’s Prisoners of the North (New York: Carroll and Graf; Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2004).
The best source on Pierre Berton, other than his own works, is Brian McKillop’s Pierre Berton, A Biography (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2008).
Afterlives
The comment about Lord Lugard by Leonard Woolf comes from Victoria Glendinning’s Leonard Woolf, A Life (London: Simon and Schuster UK, 2006). Information about Sam Steele in South Africa can be found in Sandra Gwyn’s Tapestry of War: A Private View of Canadians in the Great War (Toronto: HarperCollins Canada, 1992).
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adney, Tappan. The Klondike Stampede. 1900. Reprint, Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994. Backhouse, Frances. Women of the Klondike. Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1995. Bankson, Russell A. The Klondike Nugget. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1935.
Bell, E. M. Flora Shaw. London: Constable, 1947.
Berton, Pierre. Klondike: The Life and Death of the Last Great Gold Rush. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1958.
———. Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Rev. ed. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1972.
Black, Martha Louise. Klondike Days. Whitehorse, YK: Acme Press, n.d.
———. My Ninety Years, Edited by Flo Whyhard. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing, 1976. First published as My Seventy Years in 1938 by Thomas Nelson.
Bolotin, Norman. Klondike Lost: A Decade of Photographs by Kinsey & Kinsey. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing, 1980.
Bush, Edward F. “Banking in the Klondike 1898-1968.” Manuscript Report Series no. 118. Parks Canada, 1973.
———. “The Dawson Daily News: Journalism on Canada’s Last Frontier.” Manuscript Report Series no. 48. Parks Canada, 1971.
Coates, Ken S., and William R. Morrison. Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005.
Cruikshank, Julie. Reading Voices / Dan Dha Ts’edenintth’se: Oral and Written Interpretations of the Yukon’s Past. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1991.
Dawson, George M. Report on an Exploration in the Yukon District, N.W.T., and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia, 1887. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, 1898.
Dobrowolsky, Helene. Hammerstones: A History of the Tr’ondëck Hwëch’in. Dawson City: Tr’ondëck Hwëch’in, 2003.
Downie, Jill. A Passionate Pen: The Life and Times of Faith Fenton. Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996.
Duncan, Jennifer. Frontier Spirit: The Brave Women of the Klondike. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2000.
Fetherling, Douglas. The Gold Crusades: A Social History of Gold Rushes, 1849-1929. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1988.
Friesen, Richard J. “The Chilkoot Pass and the Great Gold Rush of 1898.” Manuscript Report Series no. 236. Parks Canada, 1978.
Gould, John A. Frozen Gold: A Treatise on -Early Klondike Mining Technology, Methods and History. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 2001.
Green, Lewis. The Gold Hustlers: Dredging the Klondike 1898-1966. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing, 1977.
Guest, Hal J. “Dawson City, San Francisco of the North or Boomtown in a Bog: A Literature Review.” Manuscript Report Series no. 241. Parks Canada, 1978.
———. “A History of the City of Dawson, Yukon Territory 1896-1920.” Microfiche Report Series no. 7. Parks Canada, 1981.
———. “A Socioeconomic History of the Klondike Goldfields 1896-1966.” Microfiche Report Series no. 181. Parks Canada, 1985.
Hamilton, Walter R. The Yukon Story: A Sourdough’s Record of Goldrush Days and Yukon Progress from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1964.
Haskell, William. Two Years in the Klondike and Alaskan Gold-Fields, 1896-1898: A Thrilling Narrative of Life in the Gold Mines and Camps. 1898. Reprint, Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1998.
Hitchcock, Mary E. Two Women in the Klondike. New York: Putnam, 1899.
Innis, Harold A. Settlement and the Mining Frontier. Vol. 9 of Canadian Frontiers of Settlement. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1936.
Judge, Rev. Charles J. An American Missionary: A Record of the Work of Rev. William H. Judge. 4th ed. Ossining, NY: Catholic Foreign Missionary Society, 1907.
Kitchener L. D. Flag over the North. Seattle: Superior, 1954.
Leonard, John W. The Gold Fields of the Klondike: Fortune Seekers’ Guide to the Yukon Region of Alaska and British America: The Story as Told by Ladue, Berry, Phiscator and Other Gold Finders. London: Unwin, 1897.
Lynch, Jeremiah. Three Years in the Klondike. Edited and with historical introductio
n by Dale L. Morgan. Chicago: Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons, 1967. First published 1904 by Arnold.
Macleod, R. C. The NWMP and Law Enforcement 1873-1905. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976.
Martin, Stoddart. California Writers: Jack London, John Steinbeck, the Tough Guys. London: Macmillan, 1983.
Mayer, Melanie J. Klondike Women: True Tales of the 1897-98 Gold Rush. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1989.
Mayer, Melanie J., and Robert N. DeArmond. Staking Her Claim: The Life of Belinda Mulrooney, Klondike and Alaska Entrepreneur. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.
Miner, Bruce. Alaska: Its History and Resources, Gold Fields, Routes and Scenery. 2nd ed. rev. New York: Putnam, 1899.
Mishler, Craig, and William E. Simeone. Hān, People of the River. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2004.
Moessner, Victoria Joan, and Joanne E. Gates, eds. The Alaska-Klondike Diary of Elizabeth Robins, 1900. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1999.
Moore, Carolyn. Our Land, Too: Women of Canada and the Northwest, 1860-1914. Whitehorse: Department of Education, Government of the Yukon, 1992.
Morgan, Edward E. P. God’s Loaded Dice, Alaska 1897-1930. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1948.
Morgan, Lael. Good Time Girls of the Alaska-Yukon Gold Rush. Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1998.
Morris, James. Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.
Morrison, William R. True North, The Yukon and Northwest Territories. Illustrated History of Canada series. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Neufeld, David, and Frank Norris. Chilkoot Trail: Heritage Route to the Klondike. Whitehorse, YK: Lost Moose, 1996.
Ogilvie, William. Early Days on the Yukon and the Story of Its Gold Finds. Ottawa: Thor-burn and Abbott, 1913.
———. “Lecture on the Yukon Gold Fields (Canada).” Delivered Victoria, BC, November 5, 1897. Victoria Daily Colonist, November 6, 1897.
Palmer, Frederick. In the Klondike. New York: Scribner’s, 1899.
———. With My Own Eyes, New York: A. L. Burt, 1932.
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Price, Julius M. From Euston to Klondike: The Narrative of a Journey through British Columbia and the North-West Territory in the Summer of 1898. London: Sampson Low, 1898.
Shaw, Flora. “Klondike.” Journal of the Royal Colonial Institute (January 31, 1899): 186- 235.
Sinclair, James M. Mission: Klondike. Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1978.
Steele, Samuel B. Forty Years in Canada: Reminiscences of the Great Northwest, with Some Account of His Service in South Africa. 1915. Reprint, Toronto: Prospero, 2000.
Steffens, J. Lincoln. “Life in the Klondike Gold Fields.” McClure’s Magazine, September 1897.
Stevenson, Percy C. The Yukon Adventure. New York: Yorktown Press, 1932.
Stewart, Robert. Sam Steele, Lion of the Frontier. 2nd ed. rev. Regina: Centax Books/ Publishing Solutions, PrintWest Group, 1999.
Stuart, Richard. “The Bank of British North America, Dawson, Yukon, 1898-1968.” Manuscript Report Series no. 324. Parks Canada, 1979.
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Tyrrell, Edith. I Was There: A Book of Reminiscences. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1938. Walden, Arthur T. A Dog Puncher on the Yukon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928. Wiedemann, Thomas. Cheechako into Sourdough. Portland, OR: Binfords, 1942. Winslow, Kathryn. Big Pan-Out: The Klondike Story. London: Travel Book Club, 1953.
INDEX
A page reference in italics indicates the presence of an illustration. An italic m following a page reference indicates a location on a map.
A
Aberdeen, Lord and Lady
aboriginal peoples: herbal remedies; Judge’s view of; London’s descriptions of; as porters on Chilkoot Trail; racism and prejudice against; scurvy remedy used by; Shaw’s view of; women as wives of prospectors. See also specific nations
aboriginal peoples in the North
Adney, Tappan; on conditions in Dawson; on stampeders heading north
Akulurak (Alaska)
Alaska: gold strikes in; Jesuit order in; Judge in; Sisters of St. Ann in; as US territory. See also specific locations
Alaska Commercial Company (ACC): Dawson warehouse and trade; gold storage at; trading stations in the North; and winter food shortage
Alice (Alaska Commercial Company steamer)
Allen, Eugene C.
alluvial gold
Andrew (barman at Grand Forks Hotel)
Anglian (steamer)
Anglican Church
Anvik (Alaska)
Armstrong, Neville
Ash, Harry
assay plant
B
Bank of British North America; and 1899 fire
banks
Barrette, Joe
Bartlett, Mike and Sam
Beardslee, Lester A
Belcher, Bobby
“Belgian Queen,”
Bell, Moberley
Bella (steamer)
Belle of the Yukon (handmade boat)
bench claims
Bennett Lake; handmade boats sailed from; Haskell and Meeker at; London at; NWMP post at; Presbyterian mission at; railway to; Shaw at; stampeders camped at; Steele at; telegraph line from
Bennett Lake-Dawson steamship company
Berry, Clarence
Berry, Ethel
Berton, Pierre
Big Salmon River
Birch Creek
boats, handmade
Bodega Saloon
Bompas, William
Bonanza (formerly Rabbit) Creek; name of; spring flooding of; strikes and claims on
Bond, Louis
Bond, Marshall
Boyle, Joe
Brimstone, Charlie
Brooks, Joe
Brown, Beriah
Brown, John
Bruce, Miner
Bryan, William Jennings
Buckle, Mr. (Times business editor)
Buffalo Express
Byrne, Billy
C
California Gold Rush (1849)
Callaway, Hellen
Canadian Bank Act
Canadian Bank of Commerce; assay plant
Canadian government: administration of Dawson; banking legislation; Canadian Bank of Commerce as agent of; claims allocated to; corrupt officials in Yukon; customs houses; mining regulations; patronage appointments in Yukon; policy on the North. See also gold royalty rates and payments
Canadian law
Canadian Pacific Railway
Cape Nome
Carbonneau, Charles Eugene
Cariboo District (British Columbia)
Caribou Crossing
Carmack, George; Discovery Claim
Cassiar Mountains
Cheechako Hill
cheechakos. See prospectors and stampeders
children
Chilkat people
Chilkoot Trail and Pass; aboriginal porters on; Haskell and Meeker on; Hegg’s photographs of; London on; Mulrooney on; NWMP post at; Shaw on; surveys of; winter conditions on
Church of the Immaculate Conception (Dawson)
Circle City (Alaska); as a ghost town; Haskell and Meeker at; Yukon Order of Pioneers founded in
City of Topeka (steamer)
claim jumping
claims: allocated to Canadian government; discovery claims; numbers and economics of; registration of; sale of; survey of
Close Brothers
Columbian (steamer)
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893)
Conservative Party
Constantine, Charles: in Dawson; in Forty Mile
Cooper, Joseph
Cooper and Levy Company
Corbeil, Father
Craig, Benjamin
Cribb, Harry
Criterion (log hotel)
Cummings, George King and Belle Brown
currency: gold standard for; gold used as; issued by banks
customs duty
D
Dalton Trail
dance halls
Darwin, Charles
Dawson: all-water route to; Berton in; business and professional class; as capital of Yukon; character of; churches and clergy in; construction and rapid growth of; corrupt government officials in; crime in; development and civilization of; fires in; food shortages in; gardens in; government salaries in; health, sanitation, and infrastructure; incorporation of; jail and prisoners in; livestock in; map locations of; naming of; NWMP headquarters at; photographs of; population of; survey and layout of; tourists in; Victoria Day celebration
Dawson, George Mercer
Dawson Fire Department
Dead Horse Trail/Gulch
Depauvv, Hermine
Desmarais, Father Alphonse Marie Joseph
discovery claim
Doctorow, E.L.
dogs; of Mulrooney; for NWMP mail service
Doig, David
Dome Ridge
Dominion Creek
Dominion Hotel
Domville, James
Dr. Jim (physician)
Duffie, Esther
Dumas, Brother Marie Auguste Jude
Dyea (Alaska)
E
Eldorado (saloon/hotel)
Eldorado-Bonanza Quartz and Placer Mining Company
Eldorado Creek
electricity (in Dawson)
Evans, Dave
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