The Secret in Building 26
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8. U-boats on the Run
It was a choice NARA RG 38, WWII Action Reports; NARA RG 38, Tenth Fleet, ASW; Erskine, “Ultra and Some U.S. Navy Carrier Operations,” pp. 81ff.; Alexander C. “Goose” McAuslun interview; Y’Blood, Hunter-Killer, p. 53.
U-217 was the first Nazi Ralph Erskine; NARA RG 457, Box 43, SRH 142, Commander Jerry C. Russell, USN, “Ultra and the Campaign Against the U-boats in World War II.”
They had evolved Kahn, Seizing the Enigma, p. 242; NARA RG 38, WWII Operational Records, Tenth Fleet.
The Allies sank forty-one NARA RG 38, Crane Library, Box 95, “GCCS Naval History,” vol. 8, p. 443.
By May 24, Dönitz Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 83.
Of the 42 sunken subs NARA RG 457, Box 112, SRH 368, “World War II OP20G Final Report Series on the Battle of the Atlantic, Evaluation of the Role of Decryption Intelligence in the Operational Phase of the Battle of the Atlantic,” Annex 4.3, Table I, Decryptions on Individual U-Boats; NARA RG 457, Box 43, SRH 142, Commander Jerry C. Russell, USN, “Ultra and the Campaign Against the U-boats in World War II.”
Although Desch’s prototype NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 621, ACC7465 CBKJ18, “German Cipher Key Logs”; Clay Blair Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Box 177, “Op-20-GM-GM1, Synopsis of War Diary, 1943”; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 4, Folder 2000, “OP-20-G, Index of Outgoing Messages.” (The solution was for May 31, 1943.)
At a Führer Conference Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 59.
As Samuel Eliot Morison wrote Ibid., p. 11.
The two-year, nearly unbroken Kahn, Seizing the Enigma, p. 263; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 110, 5750/147, “Administrative History of World War II: Cryptolographic Research Section,” April 15, 1947; NARA RG 457, Box 117, SRH 403, “Selections from the Cryptologic Papers Collection of Rear Admiral L. N. Wenger, USN.” (The Germans were able to penetrate other convoy-related codes during the remainder of 1943, however.)
From that June Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 365.
Allied technical developments Meigs, Slide Rules and Submarines, p. 57 and passim.
In May 1943, the U.S. Navy Farago, Tenth Fleet; Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, pp. 22–25.
Under the command Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, pp. 90, 245.
By staying on the surface Meigs, Slide Rules and Submarines, p. 146.
The single most significant Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 53.
Admiral Low planned Meigs, Slide Rules and Submarines, p. 118.
With the promised help Ibid., p. 11.
“While I am equally NARA RG 457, Box 81, SRH 208, “U.S. Navy Submarine Warfare Message Reports.”
“that will enable you Meigs, Slide Rules and Submarines, p. 147.
OP20G’s own history NSA FOIA, RIP 425, OP-20-G, “American Attack on German Naval Ciphers,” p. 60.
But log sheets NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 621, ACC7465 CBKJ18, “German Cipher Key Logs”; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Boxes 111–13, OP-20-GM-1-c-3 War Diaries, May–June 1943; Clay Blair Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Box 177, “Op-20-GM-GM1, Synopsis of War Diary, 1943.”
Bletchley solved Burke, Information and Secrecy, pp. 294–95; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Boxes 30–31, OP-20-GM Watch Officer Logs; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 4, Folder 2000, “OP-20-G, Index of Outgoing Messages.”
In July, the Germans Clay Blair Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Box 177, “OP-20-GM-GM1, Synopsis of War Diary, 1943”; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Boxes 111–13, OP-20-GM-1-c-3 War Diaries.
In June, the British NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 621, ACC7465 CBKJ18, “German Cipher Key Logs.”
The June 18 order NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, OP20G to NCML, June 18, 1943.
He dashed off Ibid., Meader and Engstrom messages, June 18, 1943.
“We were plagued” Gilman McDonald, letter to Debbie Desch Anderson, August 13, 2002, supplied by Anderson; McDonald interview, July 2002.
“were completely mystified” NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Meader to OP20G, July 26, 1943; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 39, 3238/2, Watch Officer’s Log.
But Desch relied McDonald interview; NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Desch to OP20G, July 28, 1943.
The tiny copper slivers Gilman McDonald, letter to Debbie Desch Anderson, August 13, 2002.
The maintenance crew Phil Bochicchio interview, October 2001.
Desch requested Gilman McDonald interview, August 2002.
After nearly fourteen Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 122.
They had been alerted NARA RG 457, Box 43, SRH 142, Commander Jerry C. Russell, USN, “Ultra and the Campaign Against the U-boats in World War II,” and “The Sinking of U-117.”
Wildcat pilot Arne Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945, p. 383.
Both subs let Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 123.
But the only U-tanker Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945, p. 384.
As planned, the Allies Ibid., p. 356.
Shark decrypts played NARA RG 457, Box 112, SRH 368, “Evaluation of the Role of Decryption Intelligence in the Operational Phase of the Battle of the Atlantic,” p. 109, table 2.
Dönitz ordered Meigs, Slide Rules and Submarines, pp. 149–50.
Despite their successes Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945, p. 415.
Enigma decrypts would Ibid.
“a new U-boat war NARA RG 457, COMINCH file, October 1944, ‘Translation of Intercept from Doenitz to U-boat Fleet,’ p. 209.
By August, the machines NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 621, ACC7465 CBKJ18, “German Cipher Key Logs.”
British codebreakers decrypted NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 192, NR908, August 13, 1943, ‘On August 10 the following message came from KO Switzerland.’
But the list United States Government Manual, 1943–1945.
Standing guard on Raymond Torchon interview.
Perhaps least certain NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 117, 5720/205, “Op-20-GY-A, American Cryptanalysis of German Naval Systems,” July 7, 1944; also Jeffrey Wenger interview.
Wenger was still in NARA RG 457, Box 117, SRH 403, “Selections from the Cryptologic Papers of Rear Admiral J. N. Wenger, USN.”
By December, the average NSA FOIA, RIP 425, OP-20-G, “American Attack on German Naval Ciphers.”
9. The WAVES Come Aboard
“It rained Catherine Racz interview, December 2000.
One of them was Evelyn Vogel interview, January 2001.
The WAVES organization Holm, Women in the Military, p. 26; U.S. Senate, A Bill to Expedite the War Effort . . . : Hearings on S.2527.
But once Congress McAfee, Recollections, p. 43; Alsmeyer, Way of the Waves, p. 3; Hancock, Lady in the Navy; U.S. Public Laws, 1942, Title V, “Women’s Reserve,” p. 730.
Donating his work Butler, Navy Waves, p. 10.
The WAVES leaders Treadwell, Women’s Army Corps, p. 513.
One of the WAC leaders Holm, Women in the Military, pp. 28, 46–55; Treadwell, Women’s Army Corps, p. 156.
“Oh my goodness Joan Bert Davis interview, June 2002.
“It felt like Dalton, Home Sweet Home Front, p. 46; Jimmie Lee Long, letter to Debbie Desch Anderson, July 29, 1995.
“We had been cooped Jimmie Lee Long, letter to Debbie Desch Anderson, July 29, 1995.
Those who married Butler, Navy Waves, p. 71.
“We were marched Catherine Racz interview, December 2000.
“I’m afraid Robert Shade, letter to Debbie Desch Anderson, July 24, 1995, supplied by Anderson.
“We never talked Dalton, Home Sweet Home Front, p. 47.
“I would stand Ibid., p. 48.
“The loveliest thing Ibid.
Those who failed Phil Bochicchio interview, January 2001.
One tir
ed WAVES NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraphic Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Dayton to Washington, August 14, 1943, ‘WAVE too nervous’; Dayton to Washington, August 31, 1943, ‘WAVE Breaks Security’; Dayton to Washington, September 14, 1943, ‘WAVE cracks doing short runs.’
A more delicate NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraphic Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Dayton to Washington, September 28, 1943.
“Wherever we were Evelyn Vogel interview, January 2001.
Firor recalled Dorothy Firor interview, January 2001.
“People must have thought Evelyn Urich Einfeldt interview, January 2001.
“even the people in Dorothy Braswell interview.
Betty Bemis Robarts Betty Bemis Robarts interview.
“He liked the ladies Alvida Lockwood interview, July 2002.
“He wasn’t what Evelyn Vogel interview, July 2002.
“He wasn’t the kind Alvida Lockwood interview, July 2002.
“There were a lot Evelyn Urich Einfeldt interview, July 2002.
“We didn’t join Ibid., January 2001.
“I must have cried Betty Bemis Robarts interview.
“There was no record Catherine Racz interview, January 2001.
“if pertinent files Rear Admiral G. P. March, letter to Mrs. Ray L. Hulick, March 24, 1978, supplied by Veronica Hulick.
Even before production NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 183, Bombe Correspondence, J. N. Wenger, memorandum for OP-20, Establishment of Op-20-G activities at Dayton, Ohio, October 1942.
The site in Miami Township “The Era of Chautauqua Over,” The Middletown Journal, November 7, 1987.
In his memo NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 183, Bombe Correspondence, J. N. Wenger, memorandum for OP-20, Establishment of Op-20-G activities at Dayton, Ohio, October 1942.
“whose main objection NARA RG38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 183, Bombe Correspondence, memorandum for OP-20, Establishment of Op-20-G activities at Dayton, Ohio, by J. N. Wenger, October 1942.
In November 1942 Naval Security Group Command, Washington, D.C., historical brochure, n.d.
At the end of its Butler, Navy Waves, p. 44.
10. A Well-Oiled Machine
“The noise factor” Mary Lorraine Johnson interview.
On some of those “Hoppity” NSA FOIA, RIP 425, OP-20-G, “American Attack on German Naval Ciphers.”
Recreational activities Butler, Navy Waves, p. 59.
“For some time it NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 1, 1040/4, General Personnel, ‘Examples of WAVE letters, permissions and complaints by Washington D.C. residents.’
American and British field Ibid.
Once its network NSA FOIA, RIP 425; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 83, 5400/13, OP-20-G, ‘Organization 1941–1944.’
The Communications Group NSA FOIA, RIP 425, OP-20-G, “American Attack on German Naval Ciphers.”
Following the spring 1942 NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 113, 5750/176, OP20GY A1, War Diaries; NARA RG 457, Box 808, NR2336, “British Communications Intelligence,” p. 2; NARA RG 457, HCC, Box 1424, NR4685, ZemaA4, 43785A, A. P. Mahon, “The History of Hut 8 1939–1945”; Descriptive Dictionary of Cryptologic Terms, Including Foreign Terms.
Throughout the war NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Boxes 102–4, 111–13, War Diaries.
Once the menus NSA FOIA, RIP 425, p. 134.
Veronica Hulick “Unlocking Enigma’s Secrets,” Smithsonian News Service, May 1990.
The British explored NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, 5750/177, Box 113, GYA War Diaries Summary, “Analysis of Wheels, Wheel Orders, Ringstellungs, Grundstellunge, and Initial Settings Used from February 1941 to January 1942,” October 10, 1942.
“If you were good-looking Veronica Hulick interview.
“It was one Peg Fiehtner interview, July 2002.
11. An Enemy Within?
But he was hardworking Montgomery work records supplied by NCR and Social Security Administration contributions/work records.
As he rooted around NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraphic Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton Meader to Stone, November 1943, also in NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 180, 3222/160.
Montgomery completed Information provided by local school district, local directories, and Montgomery’s Social Security records; interviews with Montgomery’s son.
She had been seriously Mary Ellen Blanton death certificate and newspaper obituaries, August 1926; Martha Trent death certificate and obituaries, May 1931.
He wrote to USDJ/FBI FOIA, investigation reports by USDJ and FBI, November–December 1943.
Despite his uncle’s Social Security records and interview with Montgomery’s son.
His registration card U.S. Selective Service–supplied materials on family members.
Perhaps his frustration NSA FOIA RAM File, Enciphered Telegraphic Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Meader to Stone, November 1943; USDJ/FBI FOIA reports, ca. November 30, 1943.
“always kept to Interview with Montgomery’s son.
“He hated those Ibid.
Lillian decided NCR work records; Dayton area directories.
The Navy investigators NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Meader to Stone, November 9, 1943, and USDJ/FBI FOIA reports, November 1943.
“I remember they Don Lowden interview, 2002.
By the time “Getting Along as a Member of the NCR Family,” NCR in-house publication, Dayton, Ohio, 1944.
The WAVES working Evelyn Urich Einfelt interview, January 2001.
“Certainly, at the time Evelyn Urich Einfeldt interview.
Meader later informed NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Meader to Stone, November 9, 1943; USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI memorandum, November 18, 1943.
Further heightening the tension PRO HW 14/91, Alexander to Travis, November 4, 1943.
Hoover had wanted NARA RG 457, Box 78, SRH 200, and Box 92, SRH 270; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 115, 5750/193, “Summary of Coast Guard Intercepts and Distribution” and “History of OP-20-GU.”
“of such nature Bruce Meader interview, n.d.
They instructed USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI report, November 1943.
Meader wrote NSA FOIA, RAM File, Enciphered Telegraph Link (incoming/outgoing), Washington-Dayton, Meader to Stone, November 9, 1943.
As for the electronic USDJ/FBI FOIA, Belmont report to Washington, November 1 and 13, 1943.
“very scared USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI reports, November 1943.
Crawford very publicly “Reappointment Blocked by Cox, Crawford Says,” Dayton Journal Herald, April 25, 1944.
At age forty-four, Clark Young, “Lone Star Justice”; Wikipedia website, www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom+C.+Clark.
Clark, Crawford, and USDJ/FBI FOIA, Crawford/McInerney to Dept. of Justice, November 18, 1943.
Belmont must also USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI Headquarters to Belmont, November 11, 1943.
“take the matter USDJ/FBI FOIA, ONI to FBI, November 13, 1943.
if the Navy Ibid.
In the midst of USDJ/FBI FOIA, Crawford to Clark, November 18, 1943.
They persuaded him USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI reports to Washington, November 13–26, 1943.
Meanwhile, with the grand jury USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI memorandum, November 19, 1943.
He remained incommunicado USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI to Justice Department, November 18, 1943.
Montgomery’s oral request Ibid.
“I trust this USDJ/FBI FOIA Crawford to Clark/McInerney, November 18, 1943.
“had already received Ibid.
“Montgomery’s arrest “Pleads Guilty to Federal Charge,” Franklin Chronicle, December 2, 1943.
An FBI check USDJ/FBI FOIA, FBI to Belmont (Department of Justice), November 19 and 26, 1943.
To help strike USDJ/FBI FOIA, McInerney (Department of Justice) to Crawford, November 26, 1943.
Crawford and the FBI USDJ/FBI FOIA,
FBI reports, November 18–26, 1943.
Sitting secretively USDJ/FBI FOIA, Crawford to Clark and McInerney, November 27, 1943.
Instead, prison officials USDJ/FBI FOIA, Crawford to McInerney, December 6, 1943; Tamm of FBI re Bennett conversations, December 12, 1943.
Bennett, in turn USDJ/FBI FOIA, report of Crawford call to Bennett, December 20, 1943; McInerney report, January 4, 1944.
Tamm informed Bennett USDJ/FBI FOIA, Tamm memorandum re Bennett discussion, December 12, 1943; Tamm memorandum re visit by Schurlman, Chief ONI, November 11, 1943.
In a December 18 letter USDJ/FBI FOIA, Crawford to Clark, December 18, 1943.
On December 29, Montgomery U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Washington, D.C., Montgomery file.
“[McInerney] stated USDOJ/FBI FOIA Tamm memorandum re McInerney conversations, January 4, 1944.
Hoover didn’t declare USDJ/FBI FOIA, Hoover to Cincinnati FBI office, February 17, 1944; FBI memorandum, ‘Walters,’ February 2, 1944.
Montgomery, it seems USDJ/FBI FOIA, Donald Anderson to McInerney, March 8 and 9, 1944.
Another compromise USDJ/FBI FOIA, Stone’s office to Dept. of Justice, March 26 and May 24, 1944.
Certainly, Montgomery was Selective Service records for Montgomery; Dayton newspaper articles; and U.S. Army records.
Montgomery was released U.S. Bureau of Prisons records, Arlington, Va.
It wasn’t until 1953 Social Security records and Dayton directories.
In 1967, they County Court records, Montgomery County, Ohio, August 2, 1967.
He died in Death certificate and probate records.
12. Triumph!
On February 6 NARA RG 38, Box 183, 5510, Tenth Fleet, AS VI Action Reports; NARA RG 38, Box 107, “Orange Transmissions”; Carrell Pinnell interview; Morison, Atlantic Battle Won, p. 293.
“was so close Carrell Pinnell interview.
Despite their late NSA FOIA, RIP 425, OP-20-G, “American Attack on German Naval Ciphers.”
The new average NARA RG 457, Box 117, SRH 403, “Selections from the Cryptologic Papers Collection of Rear Admiral J. N. Wenger, USN”; NARA RG 38, Crane, CNSG Library, Box 117, 5570/205, “Brief Resume of Op-20-G and British Activities vis-a-vis Compilation and Solution of U-boat Keys, Britain and U.S. 1943–44”; and data in NARA, RG 457, HCC, Box 621, ACC7465 CBKJ18, “German Cipher Key Logs.”