The King in the North
Page 48
and Maserfelth 231
Oswald’s head buried in the church 242, 243, 254, 261, 272, 338, 347, 362
Oswiu’s loyalty to the Irish mission 261, 276
spread of the mission 266–69
Aidan’s burial 275, 362
church constructed by Finan 296, 297
authority of the abbot 298
Alhfrith’s relationship with 302
Eata succeeds to the abbacy 317n, 321–22
Cuthbert becomes prior 322, 344
and Broninis 351
Viking raid (793) 360–61
abandonment of (875) 362, 385
Lindsey 3, 85, 94, 118–19, 126, 188–89, 190, 198, 232, 250, 343, 347, 349, 351
Liudhard, Bishop 45
Llangadwaladr churchyard, Anglesey 77
Lloegr 27, 51, 135, 144, 147n, 195
London (Londinium) 39, 205, 369
Low Countries 312
Lucker 206
Lundenwic 39, 73
M
Maelcaith mac Scandaill, king of Cruithne 64
Maes Cogwy 232, 233
Magh Rath, Battle of (637) 193, 194
Magh Tochair of Donegal 293
Makerfield (Coccium), Lancashire 232
Malton, North Yorkshire 88, 106
Mars (war god) 150
Martin, St 304, 336
Martyrology of Donegal 162
Maserfelth, Battle of (642) 256, 371
location of 231–33
Eowa killed 230
destruction of the bulk of the Northumbrian army 260
Oswald’s death 3, 4, 229, 230–31, 233, 234, 242
treatment of Oswald’s body 4, 230, 231, 235, 242, 258, 271
after the battle 241–42
Oswiu removes Oswald’s remains 242–43, 251–52, 258, 365
Oswald’s battle standard 258
Mason, David 53
Maundy service 174
Maximus, Magnus 214
May Day 205, 217n, 311
Mayo 335–36
Medehamstede monastery (Peterborough) 301–2, 308
Mellitus, Bishop 103
Melrose monastery (Mailros), Old 178, 267–68, 270, 299, 301, 302, 314, 385
Meols 73
Mercia 3, 54, 78, 79, 80, 85, 94, 97, 104, 125, 127, 131, 187, 189, 190–91, 193, 198, 199, 230, 233, 243, 261, 284, 316, 341–44, 371, 381
Mercia and Lindsey, see of 339n
Merovingian dynasties 38
Middle Angles 278, 281
Middlewich brine springs 232
Miket, Roger 221
Millfield Basin 208, 221
Milvian Bridge, Battle of (312) 153
Monkwearmouth 385
Moses 153
Mull 21, 59, 71
Mull of Galloway 19
Mungo, St (St Kentigern) 179
Mwynfawr, Mynyddog, Lord of Din Eidyn 26
Mynors, R.A.B. 99
Myrddin (Merlin) 179
N
Nantwich brine springs 232
Napoleon Bonaparte 41, 141, 148n, 288
Nelson, Admiral Lord Horatio 149, 305n, 372
Nennian Chronology (Annales Cambriae; Welsh Annals) xiii, xiv, 29n, 64
Nennius xiv, 24, 29
British Historical Miscellany 29n, 39, 40, 41
Neolithic Age 89
New Bewick 226
New Testament 177, 356n
Newcastle 282
Ninian, St 179
Norhamshire (Norham) 181, 344–45, 362, 384
Norman Conquest 250
North Elmsall, South Yorkshire 127
North Sea 14, 18, 40, 80, 100, 264, 312
North Wales 26
North York Moors 88, 290
Northern History 29
Northumberland 19
Northumbria 94
claimed by Edwin 8
landed wealth 32
tribute to Bernician kings 14
Eanfrith’s disastrous bid for 16
inherent disunity 124
Bede portrays the years after Hæthfelth as its darkest days 127
Irish-influenced stone high crosses 156
rejection of first bishop’s mission 161–62, 163, 168
success of Aidan’s mission 167–68
present-day flag 258
division into dioceses 350
first Viking raids (c 800) 314n
Halfdan the Dane’s attack (875) 362
William I’s genocidal rampage (1069–70) 385
Northwich brine springs 232
Nuada Airgetlám (Irish god) 149, 176
O
Oban 18, 71
O’Brien, Colm 167n, 181, 215, 217, 221, 223n, 356n
Odhráin 59
Odin 252
Œthwald, king of Deira (Oswald’s son) 186, 242, 264, 277, 280, 286, 287, 290–91, 302, 306, 323n
Offa, king of Mercia 190, 234, 366
Offa (Oswald’s brother) 10
Offa’s Dyke 231
Old Bewick 203, 205
Old Yeavering 15
Ordnance Survey 155, 207
Osberht, King 384
Osfrith (Edwin’s son) 78, 124, 192
Osguid (Oswald’s brother) 10
Oslac (Oswald’s brother) 10
Oslaph (Oswald’s brother) 10
Osred 381, 384
Osric son of Ælfred 70, 72, 124, 130, 137, 146
genealogy 64, 65
king of Deira 124, 128, 133, 140, 199
repudiates the Roman faith 128, 264
loses action against Cadwallon 133–34, 138, 264
death 65, 138
Osthryth, Queen 257, 258, 346, 348
O’Sullivan, Deirdre 169–70, 359
Oswald, cult of 163, 172, 232, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250–51, 254, 256–57, 348, 350, 352, 366, 367–71
Oswald, St, king of Northumbria 4, 11, 16, 299
birth (604) 5, 10
education 5, 9, 68, 70, 171, 197, 315
baptism on Iona 9, 142, 161
exile 9, 63, 68, 75, 142, 146
‘Whiteblade’ (Lamnguin; ‘Bright arm’) 3, 55, 63, 67, 74–75, 149, 150, 176, 369
warrior training 65, 67, 68
potential advisers in bid for Northumbria 143–45
possible travel by boat via Solway 146–47, 148, 149
possibly at Rheged court 148–50
his army marches to Cadwallon’s position 150–52
Colm Cille’s ghostly appearance to him 23, 152–55, 164, 165
raising of the cross 154, 155–56, 164, 254
significance of defeat of Cadwallon 158–59, 247
ordination 167
founds monastery on Lindisfarne 4, 160, 254, 299, 300, 301
and conversion of his people to Christianity 129, 161
relationship with Aidan 171–72, 177, 184
Easter feast 172–77
his right arm 176, 177, 253, 355, 366
gifts and lands to Aidan’s community 177–78, 181
rules Northumbria for eight years (AD 634-642) 3, 185
marriages 137, 186
alliance with king of the Gewisse 186, 187, 188, 193
death in battle (642) 3, 4, 229, 230–31, 233, 234, 270
the first English king to die a Christian martyr 3, 229, 367
treatment of his body 4, 230, 231, 235, 242
deprived of burial rites 235–36, 237, 241
his remains 4, 12, 189, 242–44, 246, 247, 251–54, 258, 261, 270, 271, 338, 346–47, 348, 355, 362, 364, 365–68
miracles 4, 233, 244–45, 246, 249–50, 252, 255–56, 347
succeeded by brother Oswiu 10, 260
power vacuum after his death 260–61
legacy 288, 385
canonized 326
relics in Durham 353, 362
his most spectacular reliquary 366–67
church dedications 370–71
Oswald’s feast day (5 August) 155, 368
Oswestry (previously Oswald’s Tree) 4, 231–33, 246, 250, 252–53, 2
55
Oswine 170, 306
sub-king in Deira 259n, 264, 302
a favourite of Bede, Aidan and his own people 264
a humble king 265–66
war with Oswiu 271, 272–74
betrayed by a gesith 273
death 273, 274, 277, 300, 302, 381, 383
Oswiu, King (Oswald’s brother) 48, 140, 144, 181, 193, 194, 220, 231, 299
educated in Iona monastery 5, 8–9, 307, 315
fathers a child with an Irish princess 69–70, 147
marriages 137, 147–48, 150, 188, 262–64, 268, 280, 310
statehood concept 198
gift of lands to found monasteries 218–19
retrieval of Oswald’s remains 242–44, 246, 251–52, 258, 261, 270, 365
succeeds Oswald as king of all Northumbria 10, 258–59
begins his reign in a position of weakness 260
loyalty to Irish mission on Lindisfarne 261, 276
monastic foundations 269, 291–94, 345, 381
war with Oswine 271, 272–74
imperium 282, 307, 315, 319, 323, 325
forced to surrender treasure to Penda 31, 283–85
pre-battle oath 286, 288, 290, 293, 383
victory at Winwæd 286–88, 290, 325, 345
deploys sub-kings 301, 302, 307
Synod of Whitby 315–21, 325
separates the offices of abbot and bishop 322
death 325, 339
buried at Whitby 348
assessment of 325–26
Oswudu (Oswald’s brother; possibly same as Osguid, mis-transcribed) 10
Otto the Great of Saxony 367
P
Palladius, Bishop 56
Palmerston, Lord 322
Paris 9, 42
Patrick, Saint 56
Paul, St 320, 356
Paulinus, Bishop 77, 105n, 127, 168, 179, 196, 218, 299, 308, 313, 340, 378
a member of Augustine’s entourage 78
Faustian pact with Edwin 82–83, 109, 161, 289
in Rome 88, 117, 197
baptises Eanflæd 107, 264
conversion of Edwin 78, 106, 110–14
programme of catechism and baptism 114, 116
his stone church at York 114, 119, 130, 267, 295, 337, 349
failure to found a second metropolitan see at York 301
preaches in Lindsey 118–19, 188
personal ambition 128–29
Catholic, urbane version of Christianity 170
visit to Yeavering 215–16
Peada 199, 278, 281, 282, 286, 301–2, 308n
Pecsætan 98
Peebles 178
Pelagius 36n
Penda, king of Mercia 190, 199, 231, 259, 277, 300, 383
alliance with Cadwallon 125, 192, 227, 234
Eadfrith submits to him 128
as a heathen 129, 149, 192, 235, 278, 280
victory at Hæthfelth 131, 192, 234
as king of Mercia 131, 197, 233
his rise as a concern to Oswald 187
fights at Cirencester 191, 233
murder of Osfrith 192
war against kings of East Anglia 192, 234
conflict with Eowa 192, 234, 247
targets Northumbria and Oswald 192–93
at Maserfelth 230, 234, 235, 242
supreme warlord of English Britain 231
and Oswiu’s retrieval of Oswald’s remains 243, 252, 258
successful raids on Northumbria 261, 266, 271, 275
attacks his neighbours with impunity 266
insatiable desire for battle 270
failed assault on Bamburgh 271
Oswiu forced to surrender treasure to him 31, 283–85
defeated at Winwæd 286–87, 301, 307
Pennines 27, 46, 98, 99, 147, 158, 178, 235, 268, 273, 285, 301, 306, 340
Percy, Sir Henry (Harry) (‘Hotspur’) 15
Percy family of Alnwick 204
Peter, St 256, 305, 320
Peterborough 302, 366
Philip II, king of Spain 41
Pictland 61, 133, 136, 143, 284, 342
Picts 3, 10, 22, 26, 29, 40, 41, 58, 60, 66–67, 136–37, 140, 146, 211, 212, 261, 283, 284, 312, 373
Pippin of Frankia 62
Pitt, William, the Younger 41
Poole 188
Port na curraich, Iona 57
Powlesland, Dominic 91
Powys 3, 77, 78, 191, 233, 242, 243, 261, 279
Priestholm (Glannauc or Ynys Seiriol) 102, 135
Q
Quentovic (probably at Montreuil) 39, 80, 304
R
Rackham, Oliver 2
Rædwald, king of East Anglia 113, 155, 192, 227
Edwin’s protector 8, 79, 81, 97
half-hearted conversion 79, 81, 104
reputation as a great overlord 80–81
decides not to betray Edwin 83, 84
becomes overlord of the southern English 86, 97
as a tribal chief par excellence 197–98
death 79, 102
interment at Sutton Hoo 102–3, 236
Rægenhere 85, 86
Rægumeld see Rhieinmelth
Rahtz, Philip 314n
Raine, Canon 365
Red Book of Hergest 145
Reform crisis (1820s) 386
Reginald of Durham 77, 186, 368
Vita Sancti Oswaldi 251–53
Repton 191
Rheged 3, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 100–101, 147–50, 198, 261, 268, 340n
Rhieinmelth (Rægumeld) 147–48, 262, 263, 268, 280
Rhun son of Urien 77
Richard I (‘the Lionheart’) 377
Richard III, King 8
Richmond, Yorkshire 94
Rijksmuseum Catharijneconvent Utrecht, Netherlands 367
Ripon Abbey 295, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 324, 339–40, 342, 381, 385
River Idle, Battle on the (616) xiv, 8, 54, 85–87, 98
Roberts, Brian 95, 212
Rochester, Kent 50
Roman army 150, 211
Roman Empire 2, 197, 210, 211, 212, 312
Roman Ridge 285
Roman Rig 126–27
Roman road system 17, 18, 19, 93, 126, 139, 150, 157–58, 205, 211, 235
Romanitas 177, 197, 210, 213
Romanus (chaplain) 309, 318
Rome 88, 117, 139, 296, 297, 298, 303, 312, 320, 350, 351
Ronan 309
Ros Castle hillfort 207
Roughtin Linn 207–8
Royal Marines 146
Royal Navy 41
Royth 147
Ruthwell stone cross 377
S
Sæberht, King 103, 113
St Aelhearn’s churchyard, Llanaelhaearn 102
St Gregory’s Minster, Kirkdale 290n
St Oswald’s Gate, Bamburgh Castle 12
St Paul-in-the-Bail church, Lincoln 118–19, 188
St Paul’s Cathedral, London 50
St Peter, church of, Bamburgh Castle 13
Samuel: Saul 62
Sancton cremation cemetery 89
Sandwich, Kent 38, 304
Sarre, Kent 44, 73, 304
Saul/Paul 62, 70, 113
Saxons 211, 312
Scattery Island (Inis Cathaigh), County Clare 162
Schaffhausen, Switzerland 367, 370
Scillies 73
Scotch Corner 273
Scotland: Columban foundations 59–60
Scots 3, 14, 15, 20, 21, 28, 29, 55, 87, 193, 211, 212, 312, 363
Scot’s Dyke 273
Scythlescæster 370
Ségéne, abbot of Iona 68–69, 70, 109, 144–45, 152, 153, 155, 166–67, 289, 309
Selsey monastery 256, 257, 368
Senchus Fer n’Alban 71, 74
Seynt Iamestret 129n
Shakespeare, William 8
Henry IV 15
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 304
Sigeberht of East Anglia 103, 282
Sigegar 133
Skye 22<
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Smith, John, QC 59
Soemil 133
Solway Firth 18, 19, 100–101, 146, 14
Sound of Iona 22, 23, 59
South Saxons 188, 256, 257
Sprotbrough, South Yorkshire 126, 127
Sprouston 221, 222, 224, 269, 345
Stainforth 306
Stamford Bridge 88, 106, 306
Battle of (1066) 370
Stamford, Lincolnshire 306
Stancliffe, Clare 232n, 234n
Stanegate 19, 136, 150, 151, 152
Stanforda 306
Stanwick, North Yorkshire 132
Stanwix, Carlisle 148
Steel (Ruleystal) 157, 159n
Stevenson, Robert Louis: Kidnapped 22
Stirling 283
Stonegrave 293
Stonyhurst Gospel 363–64, 376
Strathcarron (Srath Caruin) 194
Battle of (642) 143n
Strathclyde 3, 26, 28, 61, 69, 136, 195
kings of 20, 28, 143, 194
Strathclyde Britons 20, 102n, 146, 194, 261, 284
Streanæshealh 292, 311, 313, 349
Surrey, Earl of 209, 363
Surrey House 209
Sussex 94, 191n, 250, 352, 370
Sutton Hoo 103
Sutton Hoo ship burial 30, 68, 79, 80, 97–98, 116, 236–37
Swale River 25, 114, 129
Swaledale 26, 273
Sweden 80
Sweordora 218
Symeon of Durham 12, 361–62, 370
T
Tadcaster 87
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de 322
Talorcan (Talorgen), king of the Picts 10, 280, 284
Talorgen, King 10
Tees River 6, 93, 312, 384
Thacker, Alan 369
Thanet, Isle of 40, 41, 42–43, 44, 188
thegns 48, 56, 112, 161, 218, 224, 250, 265, 266, 297
Theobald (Oswald’s uncle) 28, 65
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury 11, 325, 338–39, 343, 350, 351, 376
Theodoric (Oswald’s great-uncle) 25, 169
Theodosius 153
Thirlings 221–24, 250
Thomas of Whittington 157
Thor (þunor; god of storms) 272
Thorpe Audlin 285
Tigernach annal 64
Tintagel, Cornwall 74
Tír Conaill (now County Donegal) 55
Tiree 59
Tolkien, J.R.R. 14
The Lord of the Rings 4
Tondberht 341
Tondhere 273
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria 370
Tours, France 174, 304, 336–37
Trent, Battle of the River (679) 351, 352
Trent River 85, 86, 87, 94, 191, 291
Tribal Hidage 94, 119–20, 126, 187, 188, 189, 191, 191n, 198, 218, 308
Trimma 349, 350
Trumhere 274
truncage 219
Tuda, Bishop 317n, 323, 324
Turret 25b, Heavenfield 156, 164–65, 254, 369
Tweed River 178, 179, 181, 208, 221, 263, 269, 299, 343n, 344, 345, 362, 384
Tweed Valley 17, 179, 293
Twizell estate 207
Tyne River 12, 19, 25, 93, 95, 136, 157, 179, 210, 264, 267, 282, 361