Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders Tombs of the courtiers and Oxyrhynkhos, with chapters by Alan Gardiner, Hilda Petrie and M.A. Murray. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1925.
Rees, Joan. Writings on the Nile: Harriet Martineau, Florence Nightingale, Amelia Edwards. London: Rubicon, 1995.
Smith, Pamela Jane. A Splendid Idiosyncrasy: Prehistory at Cambridge 1915–50. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2009.
——. “Gathering Roses in Winter.” British Archaeology 7: 10–14.
——. “From ‘small dark and alive’ to cripplingly shy’: Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge.” Cambridge, UK: Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge University. No pub date. Online article accessed February 2009 http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html.
Smith, Pamela Jane, Jane Callander, Paul G. Bahn, and Geneviève Pinçon. “Dorothy Garrod in words and pictures.” Antiquity 71(1997): 265–270.
Tozzer, Alfred M. “Zelia Nuttall Obituary.” American Anthropologist 35 (1933): 475–482.
Trigger, Bruce G. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Trümpler, Charlotte, ed. Agatha Christie and Archaeology. London: The British Museum Press, 2001.
White, Nancy Marie, Lynne P. Sullivan and Rochelle A Marrinan, eds. Grit-Tempered: Early Women Archaeologists in the Southeastern United States. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1999.
Wylie, Alison. “Introduction.” Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 1994: 1–4.
RECOMMENDED READING
Agatha Christie: An Autobiography by Agatha Christie
A History of Archaeological Thought by Bruce G. Trigger
Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association Volume 5, Issue 1, 1994 [a valuable collection of scholarly articles examining the history of women in archaeology]
A Splendid Idiosyncrasy: Prehistory at Cambridge 1915–50 by Pamela Jane Smith
A Thousand Miles Up the Nile: A woman’s journey among the treasures of ancient Egypt by Amelia Edwards
Born to Rebel: The Life of Harriet Boyd Hawes by Mary Allsebrook
Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists. Editors Getzel M. Cohen and Martha Sharp Joukowsky
Come, Tell Me How You Live by Agatha Christie Mallowan
Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations by Georgina Howell
More Usefully Employed: Amelia B. Edwards, Writer, Traveller and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt by Brenda Moon
The Desert and the Sown by Gertrude Bell
Women in Archaeology edited by Cheryl Classen
OTHER SOURCES WORTH CHECKING OUT:
The “Breaking Ground” database, a growing inventory of biographies of women pioneers in archaeology with continual updates and new stories to discover: http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/
The Gertrude Bell Archive, a fascinating online search of Bell’s photographs, letters, and diaries: http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/index.php
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ladies of the Field would not have been possible without the assistance, support, and work of scholars and friends. Professor Martha Sharp Joukowsky, co-editor of the book Breaking Ground:Pioneering Women Archaeologists, provided early encouragement for this project; my sincere thanks for the enthusiasm and support.
Professor Margot Irvine at the University of Gelph was exceptionally helpful in my research of Jane Dieulafoy, as was Béatrice André-Salvini, Conservateur general, chef du departement des Antiquités Orientales at the Louvre, Paris. I am also indebted to Fabienne Queyroux, Conservateur en Chef at the Bibliothèque de l’Institut en Académei Français for humoring my terrible French and for helping me navigate the archive’s permissions process. Catherine Stevenson and Dr. Margret Dubin are also warmly acknowledged for providing me with French translations of Jane Dieulafoy’s material.
Jessica Zimmer provided me with some initial research assistance, and LeeAnn Barnes continued to be my personal “arch-angel” by forwarding me so many items of interest over the past year. Jody Michael Gordon, PhD candidate at the University of Cincinnati, Department of Classics, suggested that I consider including Agatha Christie in the book, and that suggestion was happily seized upon. Yuki Furyuya, also a PhD student at the University of Cincinnati, Classics Department and currently working in Greece, kindly sent me a rare article written by Harriet Boyd Hawes from the Smithsonian Institute.
Dr. Pamela Jane Smith is the remarkable scholar who uncovered the “lost” archives belonging to Dorothy Garrod. For her cooperation in allowing me to read and cite her work I am most grateful.
Thanks must also be extended to my mother, Kathy, who joined me in Paris, saved us both with her very good French, and walked enough Metro stairs to last a lifetime. Several people read early chapter drafts: my amazing brothers Kevin and Tim Adams, and dear friends Erisa Coppernoll and Emily Cook. My husband, Matthew Hinde, read the whole manuscript (at least twice) and always brought me a steady supply of laughs and love throughout the project’s duration. Thank you all.
And last, sincere thanks to my wonderful editor, Nancy Flight, whose generous insights and comments I always look forward to and value so highly. I’m also grateful to my publisher, Rob Sanders, for his ongoing vision and support. Everyone at Greystone Books is a treat to work with—special thanks also to Lara Kordic, Lara Smith, Carra Simpson, and Emiko Morita.
INDEX
"The page numbers in this index refer to the print edition of this book."
Italicized page numbers indicate figures. Page numbers for notes are followed by “n” and the note number.
Abu Simbel (Egypt), 30–34, 197 n21
Adam, Juliette, 60
Allsebrook, Mary (née Hawes), 117–18, 119, 133
Allyn, Harriet, 175
American Anthropologist, 83
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 70
American School of Classical Studies (Athens), 118–19
Antiquities of Mexico (Lord Kingsborough), 67–68
antiquity preservation laws, 90, 105, 110–11
Appointment with Death (A. Christie), 138
Archaeological Institute of America, 123, 125, 130
archaeology: entry of women into the discipline, 1–5, 7–12, 186–88; prominence of women, 174–77; romance and reality of, 12–15; travelogues vs. science, 161–62, 192; as treasure hunting, 1–2, 129–30; universal appeal of, 183, 188–92
artifacts, 13, 48, 123, 155, 169, 189 ; Christie’s methodological contributions, 152–53; Garrod’s methodological contributions, 172–73; photography of, 154–55; potsherds, 194; transportation and export of, 33–34, 53–54, 55; treasures vs. everyday objects, 35, 129–30; of Upper Paleolithic, 169–70. See also antiquity preservation laws
Aswan Cataract, 29–30
At the Works: A Study of a Manufacturing Town (F. Bell), 95
Barine, Arvède, 60
Batres, Leopoldo, 82, 83–84
Batres, Salvador, 82
Bell, Florence (née Ollife), 93, 94–95
Bell, Gertrude Lowthian, 88, 89–91; and Anti-Suffrage League, 90, 114; as archaeological traveler, 4, 102–3, 105–7, 110, 131; at Binbir Kilise, 106–7; botanical knowledge, 92–93; clothing preferences, 99, 100, 104 ; death of, 115; and Dorothy Garrod, compared, 178; early years, family, and education, 92–97; field conditions, 98–99, 99, 100–101, 104, 106 ; financial dependence, 101–2; Iraqi independence and National Museum, 89, 105, 107–11, 115; and King Faisal, 102, 109; Law of Antiquities, 105, 110–11; linguistic abilities, 98; as mapmaker, 105; mountaineering exploits, 100; in Persia (1892), 97–98, 111; at Petra (1900), 102–3; as photographer, 105; quest for identity, 113–15, 187; romantic disappointments, 111–13; in Syria (1905), 106
Bell, Isaac Lowthian, 92
Bell, Maria (née Shield), 94
Bell, Maurice, 93, 94
Bell, Sir Hugh, 92, 93, 94, 101–2, 111
Boas, Franz, 71–74, 80, 82
Boban, Eugène, 69
Boehme, Clarissa Margaret, 140, 142–43, 146
Born to Rebel: The Life of Harriet Boyd Hawes (M. Allsebrook), 117
Boyd, Alex, 119, 120
Boyd, Allen, 119
Boyd Hawes, Harriet, 4, 116 ; at American School of Classical Studies, 118–19, 122–23; death of, 135; early years and education, 119–20; and Edith Hall, 10, 132, 204 n19; at Gournia, 125–32, 129, 131, 132 ; at Kavousi, 125–27; lecture tours, 130; marriage and family, vs. career, 132–35, 187; nursing career, 120–21, 135; at Santorini, 117–18; as teacher, 121
Bradbury, Kate, 22, 37–38
Braysher, Mr. and Mrs., 21
Breuil, Henri, 167–69, 170, 171–72
Cadogan, Henry, 111
Cairo (Egypt): Christie’s debut, 142–43; Edwards in, 18, 23–24; map, 28
Cambridge University, 163, 165, 178–80
Carmel, Mount, 172–73, 174, 175
Casa Alvarado, 66, 74–76, 85
Caton-Thompson, Gertrude, 163, 179 cave sites: coastal Lebanon and Syria, 180; Gibraltar, 170–1; Mount Carmel, 172–74; paintings of, 167–68; Ras el-Kelb, 176–77; Tabun, 163
Chagar Bazar (Syria), 151–55, 157
Christie, Agatha (née Miller), 136, 137–39, 156 ; as archaeological observer and writer, 4, 147; archaeology in her novels, 138–39, 157–58; at
Chagar Bazar and Tell Brak, 151–55, 157; contributions to archaeology, 152–53, 154–55, 158–59, 187; and daughter Rosalind, 144–45, 145, 147; depressive episode, 146–47; early years, education, and debut, 139–43; first engagement, 143–44; in Iraq and Syria, 138–39; marriage, ideas about, 141; marriage with and divorce from Archie
Christie, 144–47; marriage with Max Mallowan, 11, 139, 148–51, 150 ; as mystery writer, 144–46; nursing career, 143; at Ur and other Iraqi sites, 148–49
Christie, Archibald, 144–47
Christie, Rosalind, 144–45, 145, 147
chronology and dating: defined, 193; Garrod’s contributions, 163, 173, 180; Petrie’s
contributions, 35; radiocarbon methods, 194
codex, defined, 193
Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 76–77, 85
Come, Tell Me How You Live (A. Christie), 138–39
Coulevain, Pierre de, 60
Couvent de l’Assomption d’Auteuil, 44
Cox, Sir Percy, 108
Coyoacán (Mexico), 74
Crete, Boyd Hawes’s excavations, 123–32
Crete the Forerunner of Greece (C.H. Hawes & H.B. Hawes), 135 cross-dressing, by J. Dieulafoy, 40, 41–42, 46, 55–57
Daudet, Julia, 60
Death on the Nile (A. Christie), 138, 157–58
Desert and the Sown, The (G. Bell), 106, 114
Devil’s Tower (Gibraltar), 161, 170–71
Dieulafoy, Jane (née Magre), 3, 41–42; children of, 199 n34; clothing preferences, 40, 41–42, 46, 47, 55–57, 62 ; death of, 61; early years and education, 43–44; in Franco-Prussian War, 45; marriage and professional relationship with Marcel, 11, 43, 44–46, 57–58, 61–63, 141, 186; in Persia, 46–55; in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco, 60–61; Susa excavation, 49– 55, 55 ; as writer, 42, 58, 59–60
Dieulafoy, Marcel: early years and education, 44; in Franco- Prussian War, 41, 45; marriage and professional relationship with Jane, 3, 43, 44–46, 57–58, 61–63, 186; in Persia, 46, 48–49; in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco, 60–61; Susa excavation, 49–55 dig, defined, 193
divorce: Christie’s experience, 4, 146–47, 187; Jane Dieulafoy on, 57–58; Nuttall’s experience, 69–70
Doughty-Wylie, Dick, 111–13, 202–3 n28
Drake, Sir Francis, 77
Edwards, Alicia, 19, 21
Edwards, Amelia, 3, 16, 17–18; at Abu Simbel, 30–34; at Aswan Cataract, 29–30; and Mr. Bacon, 21; death of, 38; depressive tendencies, 22; discovery of archaeology, 33, 186; early years and education, 19–21; in Egypt, aboard Philae, 24–27; and Flinders Petrie, 35–36; as leading Egyptologist, 33–38; lecture tours with Kate Bradbury, 37–38, 122; on looting and vandalism, 33–34; and Lucy Renshaw, 22, 23–24; and Marianne North, 22; as romantic archaeologist, 39; as writer, 20–21, 24–27
Edwards, Thomas, 19, 21
Edwards Chair of Egyptology (University College London), 38
Egypt: Boyd Hawes in, 129; Christie’s debut, 142–43;
Edwards’s experiences, 3, 17–18, 24–27, 33–38; Murray in, 174
Egypt Exploration Fund (later Egypt Exploration Society), 34–37
Egyptology, 3, 17–18, 33–38, 186 evolution, vs. religion, 168
Ewbank, Elinor, 175
Eye Temple (Tell Brak), 157
Fahad Bey, 89
Faisal, King of Iraq, 102, 109
Fonoteca Nacional, 200 n15
Franco-Prussian War (1870), 41, 45
Frieze of Archers (Susa), 54
Gamio, Manuel, 73, 74
Garrod, Alfred, 166
Garrod, Basil, 166
Garrod, Dorothy, 4–5, 160, 173, 181 ; and Bell, compared, 178; Breuil as archaeological mentor, 167–69, 170, 171–72; at Cambridge University, 163, 165, 178–80; character of, 164, 166, 179; contributions to archaeology, 162–64, 182–83, 187–88; at Devil’s Tower, 161, 170–71; early years, family, and education, 165–66; “ladies’ club,” 174–76, 174 ; in Lebanon and Syria, 180; at Mount Carmel, 172–73, 174, 175; in the Near East, 171–72; Ras el-Kelb and Les Trois Grâces, 176–77; religion vs. scientific prehistory, 168; scientific language of, 161–62; Society of Antiquaries Gold Medal, 182; Upper Paleolithic as specialty, 169–71
Garrod, Sir Alfred, 165
Garrod, Sir Archibald, 165, 166, 179
Garrod, Thomas, 166
gender relations and equality: achievements of Victorian female archaeologists, 190–91; Queen Victoria on, 196 n2; in Victorian Era, 1–3, 5–7; women’s accomplishments attributed to men, 131
Glouzel (hoax site), 171
Gournia (Crete), 125–32, 129, 131, 132
Goyau, Lucie Félix-Faure, 60
Great Britain, 107–10, 169. See also Victorian Era
Greco-Turkish War (1897), 121
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, 38
Hackett, Martha, 175
Hafiz (Sufi poet), 90–91
Hall, Edith, 10, 132, 204 n19
Handbook to Lower and Upper Egypt (Murray), 27, 29
Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 70
Hawes, Alexander, 133
Hawes, Charles Henry, 132–34, 135
Hawes, Harriet Boyd. See Boyd Hawes, Harriet
Hawes, Mary. See Allsebrook, Mary (née Hawes)
Hearst, Phoebe, 70–71, 73–74
Henri-Martin, Germaine, 176–77
Hogwarth, Janet, 97
International Congress of Anthropology (1893), 72
International School of American Archaeology and Anthropology, 76
Iraq: Bell’s contributions to, 107–11, 115; Christie’s experiences, 138, 148–49
Iraq National Museum, 89, 105, 109–11
Iraq War (2003), 202 n24
Irvine, Margot, 57
Island of Sacrificios (Isla de Sacrificios), 78–84
Kavousi (Crete), 125–27
Kenyon, Kathleen, 10
Kitson, Mary, 175
Lascelles, Frank and Mary, 98
Law of Antiquities, 110–11
Lawrence, D.H., 65–66, 75
Lawrence, T.E., 89
Lion Frieze of Susa, 42, 52–53, 55, 63
looting and vandalism, 1, 33–34, 51, 128. See also antiquity preservation laws
Louvre Museum, 42, 55, 58, 63
Magre, Jane Henriette. See Dieulafoy, Jane (née Magre)
Mallowan, Max, 150 ; on Bell, 111; at Chagar Bazar and Tell Brak, 151–52, 155, 157; and Christie, 4, 139, 148–51
marriage. See gender relations and equality; Victorian Era; specific biographies
Mexico: Aztec heritage, 74–75; botanical heritage, 75; D.H. Lawrence’s view of, 65–66; Island of Sacrificios, 78–84; Nuttall in Teotihuacán, 69; Nuttall’s passion for, 67–68, 84–87
Miller, Agatha Mary Clarissa. See Christie, Agatha (née Miller)
Miller, Frederick Alvah, 139–40, 141
Miller, Madge, 140, 142
Miller, Monty, 140
Minoan culture, 124, 127–28. See also Gournia (Crete)
Morgan, Jacques de, 59
Murder in Mesopotamia (A. Christie), 154
Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The (A. Christie), 148
Murder on the Orient Express (A. Christie), 138
Murray, Margaret, 10, 174–75
National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico), 76
Neanderthal remains, 170–72
Nefertari, Queen, 30
New Year of Tropical American Indigenes, The (Z. Nuttall), 86
North, Marianne, 22
Nuttall, Magdalena (née Parrott), 67–68
Nuttall, Nadine (originally
Nadine Pinart), 69–70
Nuttall, Robert Kennedy, 67, 68
Nuttall, Zelia, 3–4, 64, 81 ; in American Association for the Advancement of Science, 70; as botanical historian, 75; at Casa Alvarado, 66, 74–76, 85; character of, 66–67; Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 76–77, 85 ; contributions to Mexican archaeology, 69–70, 84–85, 87, 131, 186; and D.H. Lawrence, 65–66, 75; Drake manuscripts, 77; early years and education, 67–69; and Franz Boas, 71–74; Island of Sacrificios, excavation and controversy, 78–84; love for Mexico, 86–87; marriage and divorce, 69–70; and
Nadine, 69–70; at Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 70; and Phoebe Hearst, 70–71, 73–74
Oxford University: Bell at, 90, 96–97, 103, 178; Garrod at, 166, 169, 173
Palace of Darius (Susa), 54
Paleolithic archaeology, 169–71, 173. See also cave sites
Pappadhias (Cretan guide), 124
Parysatis (J. Dieulafoy), 59
Paz, Octavio, 200 n15
Perakis, George, 127
Persia: Bell in, 97–98, 111; Dieulafoys in, 46–55, 59. See also Susa
Petra (Jordan), 102–3
Petrie, Flinders, 35–36, 38, 129
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