Irrawaddy river 262, 567
Irving, David 50, 456
Irwin, Brigadier-General Stafford Le Roy 311
IS-2 (Russian tank) 161, 425
‘island-hopping’ policy (United States Pacific campaign) 533, 565
Isle of Wight 464
Ismay, Major-General Hastings ‘Pug’ (later Baron Ismay) 109
Israel 578
Italian air force 121, 288
Italian navy 380
Italy: Allied invasion of mainland 375–6, 378–82, 449; Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) 128, 309, 313, 351, 369, 375–8, 385, 424, 425, 465, 467;
Allied slow advance north 381–2, 383–7, 403–5;
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 5;
armed forces 70, 376;
Armistice 379–80;
bombing of 381, 388–9, 391–2;
declaration of war on Allies 70;
declaration of war on Germany 384;
and Eastern Front 316, 333, 335, 338;
emigration 574;
failure of close Axis alliance 140, 195, 589;
Great War 59;
North African campaigns 119, 120–23, 129, 133, 261, 288–9, 296, 305;
Pact of Steel with Germany (1939) 9;
partisans 379–80, 390;
peace negotiations 377;
post-war 578;
Tripartite Pact (1940) 124, 193, 589–90; see also Italian air force; Italian navy
Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Tsar of Russia 157
Iwaichi, Major Fujiwara 274
Iwo Jima, battle of (1945) 260, 568–9, 573, 577
Izium 176
Jablunka Pass 16, 18
Jacob, Lieutenant-General Sir Ian 281, 573
Jakovlevo 422
Jamaica 107
Janus, HMS 396
Japan: Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 5; bombing of 105, 214, 429, 439, 566, 571–3, 575–8;
failure of close Axis alliance 140, 195, 589;
non-aggression pact with USSR (1941) 186, 382;
pre-war embargoes against 186–7;
Russo-Japanese neutrality pact (1941) 268;
Sino-Japanese War 186, 187, 210–11, 267–9;
Southern Resources Area 188, 189, 252, 256, 275;
surrender 564, 577, 598;
total civilian losses 566, 575, 577, 603;
Tripartite Pact (1940) 124, 193, 589–90;
war crimes 275–80, 566–7
Japanese air force 105, 187, 192, 268, 565, 566, 572
Japanese army: jungle warfare training 202–3; losses 259–60, 566, 572, 603;
reputation of soldiers 207, 264, 570–71;
war crimes 275, 566–7; see also individual field armies and divisions
Japanese Burma Area Army 270
Japanese navy: aircraft carriers 189, 201, 251–2, 255–6, 565, 566; losses 192, 251, 252, 255–6, 259, 565–6, 570, 572;
submarines 192, 256, 276, 277;
war crimes 275–80
Japanese-Americans 200
Java 208–9
Java Sea, battle of (1942) 208, 210
Jean Nicolet, SS 277–8
Jedwabne 245
Jehovah’s Witnesses 234
Jellicoe, John, 1st Earl 94
Jennings, Sergeant-Major Augustus 64, 65
Jennings, Humphrey 101
Jervis, HMS 396
Jervis Bay, HMS 356
Jews: and Anschluss 7; in Belgium 78;
boycott of Jewish businesses and services 147;
in Denmark 85;
deportation from German Reich 223;
development of Hitler’s genocidal policy 139, 148, 219–24, 226–7, 238–45, 249–50, 492;
emigration 221, 223, 574;
and establishment of Israel 578;
extermination of 78, 223–38, 241, 607;
in France 78, 81–2, 113, 221;
ghettos 221;
in Great War 607;
in Holland 78, 221, 390;
in Hungary 236, 244–5, 246;
in Italy 390–91;
Kristallnacht 9, 221;
Madagascar Plan 221–2, 583;
massacres in occupied East 494–5, 495–6;
‘mixed blood’ 239;
Nuremberg Laws 4, 447;
in Poland 27, 28–9, 221, 223–4, 241, 243–4, 245, 536;
in Serbia 224;
in USSR 148, 222–3, 239, 493, 494, 495–6; see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust
Jodl, Major-General Alfred: and Ardennes Offensive 510; blamed by other generals 584, 585;
Great War service 20;
and invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 49, 63, 91;
and invasion of USSR 144–5, 160, 170, 317;
and planned invasion of Britain 92;
relations with Hitler 7, 18, 328, 510, 511, 585, 593, 594;
trial 580–81;
Western Front 487;
on the Wolfschanze 480–81
Johnson, Gunner A. W. J. 579
Johore, Straits of 204
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (United States) 309, 328, 403, 602, 606
Jokanga Bay 149
Jones, R. V. 433
Josting, Colonel Erwin 497
Józefów 225
Jubilee, Operation see Dieppe Raid
Juin, General Alphonse 311, 400
July Bomb Plot against Hitler (1944) 391, 480–85, 486, 492, 510, 581–2, 584, 595
Junge, Traudl 559
jungle warfare 202–3, 260, 261–2, 266
Junkers (aircraft) 337, 340; Ju-52s 55, 335;
Ju-87s (Stukas) 21, 66–7, 93, 106, 323, 418, 537
Juno beach 467, 476
Junyo (aircraft carrier) 566
Jutland 41
Jutland, battle of (1916) 94, 210, 361
Kachanaburi death camp 275
Kaduk, Oswald ‘Papa’ 229
Kaga (aircraft carrier) 256
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics 550, 608
Kaiten (manned torpedoes) 566
Kalach-on-Don 335
Kalavryta 127
Kalinin 171, 173, 176, 315
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 562, 582–3
Kaluga 171, 173, 315
Kamaing 267
kamikaze (suicide attacks) 254, 565–6, 568, 570
Kaminski, Bronislav 164
Kannenberg, Arthur ‘Willy’ 136, 137
Karelian Isthmus 29, 30, 34, 171
Karinhall 93, 106, 513
Kashira 175
Kassala 121
Kasserine Pass, battle of (1943) 310–12, 591, 607
Kattegat Strait 38, 41
Katy– massacre 25, 536
Katyusha mobile rockets 174, 181, 331, 414
Kaunas 226, 534
Kazakhstan 184
Kean, Ordinary Seaman Richard 277
Keegan, (Sir) John 285, 500, 598
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm: appointed chief of OKW 6–7, 18; blamed by other generals 584, 585;
and Blomberg–Fritsch affair 6;
character 7, 142–3, 328, 510;
created field marshal 75;
on fears of western-front attack 22;
and Great War 20, 74;
invasion of USSR 137, 142–3, 149, 170, 176;
and July Bomb Plot 482;
and Manstein 411;
Operation Zitadelle (battle of Kursk) 413, 416, 427;
relations with Hitler 49, 51, 143, 169, 176, 510, 583, 585, 590, 593, 594;
trial 510–11, 583
Kemijärvi 31
Kempeitai (Japanese military police) 206
Kempka, Erich 480
Kennedy, Major-General John 68, 77, 261, 437
Kennedy, John F. 574
Kennedy, (Sir) Ludovic 360, 361, 362
Kenya 121
Kerch peninsula 316, 521, 593
Kerch Straits 593
Kershaw, Ian 138–9, 141, 219
Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert: and Allied invasion of Germany 404, 514; background and career 378, 379
;
battle of Britain 94;
created field marshal 75;
Italian campaign 378, 379–80, 381, 384–5, 388, 389, 394, 396, 403, 404, 405;
North African campaigns 311–12;
and peace negotiations 546;
on reasons for defeat 597;
trial 380, 497, 593
Keynes, John Maynard, Baron 112
Khaldei, Yevgeny 560–61
Khalkin Gol, battle of (1939) 182, 323
Kharkov 175, 315, 336, 409, 412, 425, 427, 521, 522, 591
Khrushchev, Nikita 556
Khudyakov, Air Marshal Sergei 454
Kiantajärvi, Lake 32
Kidney Ridge 287, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 302
Kiel Canal 469
Kiev 153, 159, 165–6, 168, 170, 226, 528, 590–91, 592
Kimmel, Admiral Husband 189–90, 191, 192, 193
King, Admiral Ernest J. 195
King George V, HMS 363
King’s Liverpool Regiment 264, 266–7
King’s Own Scottish Borderers 500
King’s Royal Rifle Corps 294
King’s Shropshire Light Infantry 396
Kinkaid, Admiral Thomas 565
Kirby, Major-General S. W. 267
Kirkhil ponies 182
Kiska island 256
Kitchens, James H. III 247
Kittel, Lieutenant-General Heinrich 494–5
Kleist, Field Marshal Paul von: on Clausewitz 167, 596;
Eastern Front 175, 316–17, 319, 338, 531;
Great War service 20;
invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 56, 57, 60–61, 63;
and North African campaigns 285;
promotion of 75;
relations with Hitler 63, 167, 317, 511, 524–5, 531, 583;
trial 524, 531, 583;
and war crimes 497
Kluge, Field Marshal Günther ‘Hans’: created field marshal 75;
Eastern Front 166, 316, 411, 595;
Great War service 20;
invasion of France 70;
and July Plotters 482, 501;
Operation Zitadelle (battle of Kursk) 413, 416, 421, 424, 601;
suicide 501;
Western Front 486, 487, 491, 539, 595
Knochlein, Captain Fritz 64
Knox, Alfred Dilwyn (‘Dilly’) 349
Knox, Frank 193
Kobe 214
Koch, H. A. 346–7
Koenig, Brigadier-General Marie-Pierre 290
Kohima, battle of (1944) 267, 269, 270–74
Kolbe, Father Maksymilian 237
Kolberg 549
Köln (cruiser) 40
Komet (cruiser) 149
Komsomol (Russian Young Communist League) 326
Kondor (bomber) 354–5, 360
Konev, General Ivan 154, 414, 418, 424–5, 426, 529, 531, 542, 543, 550, 601, 602
Königgrätz 553
Königsberg 549
Kopets, Lieutenant-General Ivan 156
Korean ‘comfort’ women 275
Korsun, battle of (1944) 529
Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya 159–60
Kota Bharu 202
Kotin, Josef 161
Kovno 226
Kraków 17, 227, 244
Kraków Army 23
Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star newspaper) 320
Krebs, General Hans 560, 596
Krebs (trawler) 350
Kretschmer, Captain Otto 354, 357
Kriegsmarine (German navy): and Allied Normandy landings 468–9;
evacuation of Baltic ports (1945) 549;
French bases 358, 370;
invasion of Poland 21;
losses 37, 44, 358, 363–4, 468, 549;
Norway campaign 41, 44, 92, 358;
and planned invasion of Britain 92, 100; see also Atlantic, battle of the; U-boats
Kripo (German criminal police) 242
Kristallnacht 9, 221
Kristiansand 39
Krivosheev, General G. F. 556
Kronstadt 152
Krueger, General Walter 565
Krylov, General Nikolai I. 322
Kuban bridgehead 523
Kubinka, Museum of Tank Construction 525
Kubi?, Jan 242–3
Küchler, Field Marshal Georg von 75, 528
Kuhl, Private Charles H. 377
Kuhmo, battle of (1940) 34
Kuntsevo 157
Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists) 187, 268
Kurile islands 190
Kurland 541, 542
Kursk 411, 548; battle of (1943) 409, 411–16, 417–28, 458, 520–21, 525, 526, 594, 600, 601, 605
Kurusu, Saburo 190
Küstrin 548
Kutno, battle of (1939) 24
Kutrzeba, General Tadeusz 24
Kutuzov, Michael 174
Kutuzov, Operation 421
Kuybyshev 182
KV-1, 2 and 85 (Russian tanks) 161, 425, 526
Kvaternik, Marshal Slavko 160
Kwai, River 275
Kwajalein 260
Kyushu 569, 573
La Ferla, General Francesco 296
La Ferté 56
La Roche-Guyon 471, 472
La Rochelle 358
La Spezia 380, 403
Łaaodź Army (Polish) 23
Laborde, Admiral Jean 307
Labour Party 45, 69
Ladbergen 436
Ladoga, Lake 173
Lancaster, Avro (bomber) 438, 455
Lancastria, RMS 73
Lang, Captain E. A. R. 66
Langbehn, Julius 220
Langsdorff, Captain Hans 37
Laon 59
Larvik 39
Lashio 212
Latvia 29, 494–5, 514, 541, 549, 561
Laval, Pierre 74, 76, 79, 80, 81
Lavarack, Major-General J. D. 128
Laverty, Lieutenant-Colonel John ‘Danny’ 271
Lawrence, T. E. ‘of Arabia’ 260
Le Havre 469
Le Kef 311
Le Mans 487
Leach, Captain John 362
leafleting 22, 35, 69, 89, 150, 339
League of Anti-Semites 220
League of Nations 33
Lebensraum (living space) 19, 27, 90, 135, 138, 139, 144, 163–5, 188, 238, 579, 580, 590
Leclerc, General (Vicomte Jacques-Philippe de Hautecloque) 488, 489–90
Lecussan, Joseph 81
Ledo 265, 269
Lee (American tank) 198
Lee, General Raymond 101, 102
Leeb, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von 75, 153, 227, 410
Leese, Lieutenant-General (Sir) Oliver 287, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 384, 404
Legnano, battle of (1176) 146
Lehmann, Arnim 552
Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (Waffen-SS) 64, 419, 424
Leidig, Theodor 223–4
Leigh, Vivien 104
Leigh-Mallory, Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford 433–4, 449
Leipzig 454
Lemp, Julius 350
Lend-Lease scheme 87, 130, 411, 551
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 174
Leningrad: bombing of 171, 172, 173; Hitler’s plans to capture 152, 153, 166, 315, 318;
siege of 172–3, 176, 315, 323, 528
Leningrad Front 528
Leninism 163
Lens 60
Leopold III, King of the Belgians 56, 65, 85
Lethbridge Commission 568
Levi, Primo 219, 229, 232, 235, 237–8
Lewinski, General Eduard 409
Lewis, Lieutenant-Commander R. C. 36
Lexington, USS 189, 251–2, 565
Ley, Robert 63, 222, 583
Leyte 565
Leyte Gulf, battle of (1944) 565
Ležáky 243
Liberal Party 45
Liberty ships 277–8, 469
Libya 81, 123, 124, 125, 127, 149, 285, 290
Licata 376
Liddell Hart, Sir Basil 39, 57, 75, 143, 167, 227, 424, 463, 478, 530, 596
Lidice 243
Lightfoot, Operation 287, 295
Lille 52, 54, 64
Lindbergh, Charles A. 199
Lindemann, Captain Ernst 361
Lingayen Gulf 208, 567
Liri Valley 384, 386, 387–8, 389
List, Field Marshal Wilhelm 56, 75, 316, 317, 592, 593, 594
Lithuania 17, 26, 29, 226, 541, 561
Little Saturn, Operation 338
Littorio Division 294
Litvinov, Maxim 366
Liverpool 88, 91, 102, 103, 576
‘living space’ policy see Lebensraum
Llewellyn, Richard, How Green was my Valley 379
Lloyd-Davies, Lieutenant-Commander Cromwell 468
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 91
Lockard, Private Joseph 185
Łódź 17, 223
Löhr, General Alexander 126
Loire, River 70, 468, 479
Lokoty Self-Governing District 164
Lombard League 146
Lombard-Hobson, First Lieutenant Sam 66
London: Blitz 100–104, 105, 106, 108, 458, 459–60, 538, 576; V-1 and V-2 attacks on 515, 516, 517–18;
victory celebrations 604
London Gazette 106–7, 406
London Treaty (1935) 353, 360
Londonderry 370
Long Range Desert Group (British) 120, 286–7
Longcloth, Operation 262–4, 265, 269
Lopez, Pedro 275
Lorient 358, 440
Los Alamos 574, 598, 608
Lothian, Philip Kerr, 11th Marquis of 4, 89
Louis XIV, King of France 86
Louisiana (tanker) 293
Louvain 430
Lovat, Simon Fraser, 15th Lord 471
Löwenfeld, Dorothea von 360
Lowry, Rear-Admiral Frank 394
Loyal Regiment 579
Lübeck 434
Lublin 23, 26, 104, 224, 225, 534
Lubomirski, Lieutenant Prince Eugene 536
Lucas, Major-General John 393, 394, 395–6
Lucy (Soviet spy ring) 155, 417
Ludendorff, General Erich 16
Ludendorff Bridge 513, 596
Lufthansa 177
Luftwaffe (German air force): Allied bombing of installations 440, 442, 445, 446–7, 453, 476;
and Allied Combined Bomber Offensive 600;
and Allied Normandy landings 468, 476;
announcement of existence of 4;
battle of Britain 92–5, 97–101, 105–7, 156;
battle of Kursk 416, 418, 423;
battle of Stalingrad 321, 323, 326;
bombing of Britain 100–101, 102–3, 516;
co-operation with Panzer divisions 51–2;
and Dunkirk evacuation 64, 65, 66–7;
on Eastern Front 532–3, 542;
intelligence division 98, 587;
invasion of Belgium, France and Holland 51–2, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61–2, 74, 430, 587;
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