Sikkim
Page 41
‘To be a Princess’, McCall’s, p. 168
21.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
22.
Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War, pp. 217–18
23.
Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War, p. 238
24.
Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War, p. 245
25.
Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War, p. 246
26.
N. Maxwell, India’s China War (Jonathan Cape, London, 1970), p. 84
27.
D. Malone and R. Mukherjee, ‘India and China: Conflict and Cooperation’ in Survival, Vol. 52, No. 1, Feb–Mar 2010
28.
Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War, p. 264
29.
G. Patterson, Peking Versus Delhi (Faber and Faber, London, 1963), p. 243
30.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
31.
‘Sikkim, Tiny Himalayan Kingdom in the Clouds’, National Geographic, Vol. 123, No. 3, March 1963
32.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 104
33.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
34.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
35.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 84
36.
Cooke, Time Change, pp. 109–10
37.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 84
38.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
39.
J. K. Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journals (H. Hamilton, London, 1969), p. 559. The following morning, Galbraith ‘inspected a company of soldiers on the rifle range and looked over numerous other troop dispositions’, reporting that ‘all of the soldiers – Sikhs, Dogras, Jats, Ghurkhas – looked very tough and professional, clean and well-fed, and one supposes they would make things difficult for the Chinese’.
40.
‘Sikkim: Where There’s Hope’, Time magazine, 29 March 1963
41.
Cooke, Time Change, pp. 114–15
42.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 118
43.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 121
44.
S. Shukla, Sikkim: The Story of Integration (S. Chand, New Delhi, 1976), p. 65
45.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 114
46.
Conboy and Morrison, The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet, p. 195
47.
M. K. Dhar, Open Secrets: India’s Intelligence Unveiled (Manas Publications, New Delhi, 2010), p. 95
48.
Conboy and Morrison, The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet, p. 191
49.
J. Garver, Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century (University of Washington Press, 2001), p.62; Conboy and Morrison, The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet, p. 199
50.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 136
51.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 136
52.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 122
53.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 127
54.
Cooke, Time Change, p.127
55.
Sikkim coronation booklet – ‘Preparations for the Festival of the Coronation’ section
56.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 128
57.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 75
58.
‘Hope-la in Gangtok’, Time magazine, 16 April 1965
59.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 76
60.
Speech recorded in official Sikkim coronation booklet
61.
Shukla, Sikkim, p. 67
62.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 191
63.
Quoted in Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 194
64.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 195
65.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 199
66.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 173
67.
J. Hiltz, ‘Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s’, Jackie Hiltz, Bulletin of Tibetology, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2003
68.
L. Rose, ‘India and Sikkim: Redefining the Relationship’ in Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 1, Spring 1969
69.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
70.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
71.
Martha Hamilton, private letters
72.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 138
73.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 139
74.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 202
75.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 203
CHAPTER FOUR: A FRAGILE STATE
1.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 142
2.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 166
3.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 168
4.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 167
5.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 159
6.
V. Mehta, ‘A Reporter at Large: Indian Journal, VI – The Himalayas: Towards the Dead Land’ in The New Yorker, 26 July 1969, p. 45
7.
K. Frank, Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (Harper Collins, London, 2002), p. 281
8.
Mehta, ‘A Reporter at Large’ in The New Yorker, 26 July 1969, p. 45
9.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 174
10.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 169
11.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 199
12.
Frank, Indira, p. 297
13.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 174
14.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 174–5
15.
Private note from Sonam Wangdi, ex-Chief Secretary of Sikkim: ‘Untold/Unknown facts: In defence of the Study Forum’
16.
J. Hiltz, ‘Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s’, p. 81
17.
Frank, Indira, p. 305
18.
R. Guha, India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy (Macmillan, London, 2007), p. 423
19.
Guha, India after Gandhi, p. 443
20.
R. Gupta, ‘Sikkim: The Merger with India’, Asian Survey, Vol. 15, No. 9 (Sept 1975), p. 789
21.
J. Hiltz, ‘Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s’, p. 80
22.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 176
23.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 197
24.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 196
25.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 90
26.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 178 (citing ‘External Affairs ministry officials’)
27.
Extract from Sikkim, 6 August 1968, quoted in Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 175
28.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 183–4
29.
All quotations from the Library of Congress ‘American Memory’ project: ‘The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training’. Interviews available at: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/diplomacy/index.html, retrieved 26 January 2015
30.
Frontline Diplomacy (Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC)
31.
‘A Queen Revisited’, Time, May 1969
32.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 178
33.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 189
34.
Economic & Political Weekly, 6 June 1970, pp. 901–2
35.
The Foreign and
Commonwealth Office files covering this period from 1971 to 1975 regarding Sikkim are available in the UK National Archives and are a remarkably rich source of material on the events of this period
CHAPTER FIVE: THE BIGGER PICTURE
1.
Frank, Indira, p. 325
2.
Frank, Indira, p. 327
3.
As John Garver points out in his book Protracted Contest, Indira probably had little to worry about. Garver makes the point that China has always derived ‘a political advantage from the existence of India-Pakistan enmity. As long as those two countries remain at loggerheads, foreign audiences automatically compare them with each other. China is left apart, in a separate category, either on a higher moral plane or in the category of a greater power. India’s internecine feud with Pakistan pulls it down to Pakistan’s level, to China’s benefit.’
4.
Quoted in C. Andrew, The Mitrokhin Archive II (Penguin, London, 2006), p. 321 (original source O. Kalugin, Spymaster (Perseus Books Group, London, 2009), p. 141)
5.
H. Kissinger, White House Years (Weidenfeld and Nicholson and Michael Joseph, 1979), p. 848
6.
Conboy and Morrison, The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet, p. 245
7.
B. Raman, Kaoboys of R&AW (Lancer Publishers, Illinois, USA, 2007), p. 9 inter alia
8.
Garver, Protracted Contest, p. 214
9.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 200
10.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 201
11.
Washington Post, 18 Nov. 1971, article by Dorothy Le Sueur
12.
D. Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (Penguin, London, 2001), p. 156
13.
TNA, FCO 37/982: Political Situation in Sikkim, 7 April 1972; see also Conboy and Morrison, The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet, p. 265: ‘According to one CIA officer who forged contacts with the Sikkimese royals, the prince was a closet alcoholic. Interview with Kenneth Millian, 13 November 1999.’
14.
Frank, Indira, p. 343
15.
Guha, India After Gandhi, p. 463
16.
Guha, India After Gandhi, p. 463
17.
TNA, FCO 37/982: Political Situation in Sikkim, 2 November 1972
18.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 226
19.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 206
20.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 207
CHAPTER SIX: A RAW DEAL
1.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 210
2.
Foreign relations of the United States, Volume XVIII, 1969–76 (China 1973–6), p. 165 ff. (record of conversation in Beijing, 18 Feb. 1973)
3.
Foreign relations of the United States, Volume XVIII, 1969–76 (China 1973–6), p. 165 ff. (record of conversation in Beijing, 18 Feb. 1973)
4.
‘Arms to Pakistan – Media and Parliamentary Reaction’, (D. Moynihan), 14 March 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973NEWDE02955_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
5.
‘Bhutto on Resumption U. S. Arms Sales to Pakistan’, (S. Sober), 16 March 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973ISLAMA02205_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
6.
Private interview with K. S. Bajpai, 2012
7.
Recalled in a private interview with Karma Topden, 2014
8.
P. N. Dhar, Indira Ghandi, the ‘Emergency’ and Indian Democracy (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000), p. 276
9.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 221
10.
Private correspondence with K. S. Bajpai, 2013
11.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 225
12.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 233
13.
Dhar, Indira Ghandi: the ‘Emergency’ and Indian Democracy, p. 278
14.
‘Alarum in Cloudland’, Time, 23 April 1973
15.
Cooke, Time Change, pp. 224–31
16.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 231
17.
B. S. Das, The Sikkim Saga (Vikas Publishing, New Delhi, 1983), p. 2
18.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 2
19.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 3
20.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 3
21.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 1
22.
‘Sikkim Crisis: Princess and PRC denounce India’, (D. Osborn), 12 April 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973HONGK03595_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
23.
TNA, FCO 37/1181: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 14, 13 April 1973
24.
Pat Moynihan was an unusual appointment. A liberal intellectual who had formed an unexpected alliance with Nixon, he had been appointed to Nixon’s cabinet in 1969, before being chosen as the Ambassador in Delhi in March. His cables from Delhi make great, if voluminous, reading. He quickly became frustrated by what he saw as an inadequate Foreign Service ‘system’ and the dominance of political considerations. At one point he became so depressed by the lack of interest in his detailed analyses that he wrote: ‘To anyone who is still listening: let me report that bit by bit I am learning about our system: all winter long, cables were going out from New Delhi asking if we might get just a few more soybeans for the voluntary agencies under title II of PLK-Back came stern warnings against dogoodism. Last week however Senator Humphrey sent me a brief telegram, obviously drafted by some Antioch intern, asking what we were doing for the “starving Indians.” Crash Bang came word from the department: approving extra food for same.’
25.
‘Conversation with Senator Pell on Sikkim’, (D. Moynihan), 12 April 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973NEWDE04291_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
26.
‘Sikkim: Play of Events’, (N. Thacher), 10 April 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973 CALCUT00644_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
27.
‘Disturbances in Sikkim: Nepalese Views, Plus an Isolated Chinese One’, (C. Coon), 12 April 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973KATHMA01485_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
28.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 4
29.
Das also concluded in The Sikkim Saga that ‘strong reactions in China, Pakistan and Nepal and a critical view abroad generally made Delhi change its strategy from confrontation to a negotiated settlement’.
30.
There is no better evidence of the extent to which the Cold War infused Indo-US relations in this period than an event a couple of months later, in May 1973: US Ambassador Moynihan found himself dealing with accusations that one of his staff, Peter Burleigh – barely less than a year in the country – had been ‘engaged in subversion within India, specifically the fomenting of civil disorders’. For Moynihan, it was another predictable turn of events and provoked him to threaten to resign as ambassador: ‘I have told them that this is a dreary communist device which I cannot allow to influence me in any manner and that if they press it to the point where Burleigh goes home, I might well go with him. They have half withdrawn the half charge but the matter remains much on the Prime Minister’s Mind.’ (Moynihan, D. ‘Indian charges of subversion against Vice Consul Burleigh’, 11 May 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973NEWDE05527_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015)
31.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 26
32.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 27
33.
TNA, FCO 37/1181: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 29, 25 April 1973
34.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 213
35.
‘Sikkim: Queen of the Mountain’, Loren Jenkin in Newsweek, 2 July 1973
CHAPTER SEVEN: WE ALSO WANT OUR PLACE IN THE SUN
1.
Volume E-8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976, cable from New Delhi US Embassy, 5 May Foreign R
elations, 1969–76, http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e8/97010.htm
2.
TNA, FCO 37/1181: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 39, 2 August 1973
3.
Volume E-8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976, cable from New Delhi US Embassy, 27 August Foreign Relations, 1969–76
4.
Information on this meeting reported in Schneider, D. ‘Sikkim: The Chogyal Visits Delhi’, 22 Sept 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973NEWDE11130_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
5.
‘Sikkim: The Chogyal Visits Delhi’, (D. Schneider), 22 Sept 1973, Wikileaks cable: 1973NEWDE11130_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
6.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 38