Women in the Ottoman Balkans: Gender, Culture and History
Page 67
342–5, 347–9, 351, 353–4
144–6, 149–50, 243–4, 260, 268,
First World War 137
280–2, 285, 305
folk 5–6, 26, 56, 76–9, 87–8, 191,
army 47–8
241, 307, 309–12, 314, 326–30
female beauty 27
art 320
community 54, 243
artifact 78
Greekness 6, 40
ballad 78, 98
historical 46
beliefs 6, 50
invasion of Asia Minor 48
genres 77, 332
language 50, 203
lyrics 79
and Macedonia 127
poetry 5, 56, 309-12, 322, 324, 326,
and the Pontus 5–6, 45–6, 48, 52,
328, 330
55, 66, 68
songs 50, 309
population 48–9, 137
tale 4, 8, 46, 50–70
westernization 25–7
wisdom 87–8
women 6, 13, 21, 24–7, 43, 45, 265,
folklore 50, 69–71, 163, 180, 234,
286
240, 278, 331
Guardianship 119, 177
folklorist 45, 50, 56, 78, 234
France 4, 22, 26, 34–5, 41–2, 44, 202,
Habsburg 307-8, 327
220–1, 264, 275, 303
hadīth 100
French culture 5
Hanafi 7, 190, 196, 245, 252, 338–40,
342-56, 359
gender
rulings 344
codes 79
school 7, 245, 252, 338–9, 344, 348,
norms 76, 88
352, 355
and otherness 311
harem 12–25, 32, 41, 221, 278,
relations 3, 5–6, 14, 71, 73, 75–6,
281–4, 286, 289, 297, 303, 313,
82, 88, 135–6, 151, 192
330
roles 8, 86, 296, 337, 341–2, 350
literature 17, 19
stereotypes 277
women 13, 14, 16–7, 24, 28, 36, 39,
genre 16, 70–1, 73, 76–81, 97–8, 158,
43, 299, 334
370
Women in the ottoman Balkans
harem continued
elitism 79
see also seraglio, sérail
intercourse 168, 243, 245, 254–7
haseki 23
see also zina
Hellene 25, 27, 40, 46, 127, 139, 203,
Islam
267
court 7, 100, 340–1, 352
Hellenism 21, 40,
Islamization 2, 262
Hellenization 24, 37
law 4, 84, 99, 244–9, 251–5, 335,
hero 17, 51, 53–5, 86–7, 92, 231
338, 345
heroine 5, 11, 15-6, 21, 26, 52-4,
literature 78, 357
60, 69, 87
values 73, 80
tragic 86
Istanbul 12, 21–4, 27, 29, 32, 35, 37,
hetaerai 25
41, 43–4, 162, 164, 178, 202–3,
houri 20, 35
206, 209, 229, 244, 246, 259, 279,
Hugo, Victor 8, 273, 282–3, 299, 302
290–1
hul 160, 171–2, 177, 200, 245,
Italy 27, 57, 332
248–50, 252, 271
İzmir, Smyrna 47
see also divorce
jealousy 14–6, 32, 62, 355
Iberian peninsula 127
Jews 2, 127–42
identity 4, 6–7, 12–3, 16, 20–7, 95–7,
judicial 7, 87, 125, 153–4, 165, 176,
120, 128, 201–2, 205, 252, 267,
191–6, 198, 248, 250, 259–60,
274, 329
267, 270, 352, 359
collective 2, 49, 141–2
disputes 154
ethnic 48, 274
documents 154, 260
national 1, 4, 303, 308–9
system 250, 259
political 134
treatment 7, 153
religious 49
judge 6–7, 19, 31–2, 115, 153–4, 163,
secular 221
167, 169, 172, 186, 205, 244–5,
symbolic 298
250–1, 256–7, 262, 335, 342–8,
imam 102, 107, 112–3, 122, 124, 157,
351–2, 354–6
170, 184, 345, 348, 358
see also kadı, qādī
Imera 47, 54–62, 64, 66, 69–71
jurisprudence 203, 246, 268, 270,
independence 8, 46, 133, 204, 230,
340–1, 348, 359
268
Byzantine 246
Balkan 273, 295–6, 308–9
Romanian 203
female 31, 34, 40
Greek 273, 280, 285
kadı, qādī 101, 153–4, 156–7, 159–
India 55, 57, 325
66, 168–71, 173, 175–6, 178–9,
individuality 14
181–2, 243–6, 249–50, 253, 255,
industrialization 127, 139, 141, 203
338, 347
inheritance 158, 170, 175–6, 180–3,
records 154, 175–6, 190, 195, 346
187, 189, 198, 205, 246, 252
see also sicil, sijill
intellectual 21, 40, 46, 79, 203, 226,
kazf 256
339, 343, 353, 359
see also sex/offence
index
371
kebin 246–7, 256, 259
182, 244–5, 342, 350
see also mut’a
legal 155–7, 159, 161, 163–71, 173,
see also marriage/temporary
176, 180, 244–52, 254, 256,
kolo 80
259, 326, 337–8, 342, 344,
see also dance
347–8, 350
Kosovo 1–2
mixed 140, 179–80, 246, 249, 253,
Kotyora 47, 51, 54, 56–7, 59, 66
324, 326
Kurds 52, 292, 293
patriarchal 175, 342
second 158, 163, 248–9
labor 7, 8, 130, 141, 174, 236.
temporary 246–8, 256
Lausanne Convention 47
see also kebin
law 3, 4, 6, 8, 22, 45, 55, 62–5, 67,
see also mut’a
74–7, 82, 85–6
see also nikâh
canon 155, 170, 182, 247, 252
martyrdom 85–6
customary 154, 155, 162, 170, 172,
masjid see mescid
182, 244, 246, 250, 252–3, 257
Medea 26
Islamic 4, 84, 99, 101, 153, 154,
Mediterranean 26, 86, 308, 311, 314,
244–9, 251–5, 259, 326, 335,
321, 325, 328
337–41, 343, 345–6, 348
Mehmed Paşa, Sokolović/Sokollu 118
schools of 7, 179, 245, 252, 255,
mehr, mahr 156–61, 169–72, 175,
334–51
179, 245–6, 249, 347–50, 356
see also Shari‘a
see also nuptial gift
Laz 52
melancholy 79, 319
Lefebvre, Henri 128, 134, 139
mescid, masjid 101–4, 106–10, 112,
liturgy 80
114, 116, 118, 177
see also mosque
Macedonia 127, 137, 247, 258, 287,
Middle East 21, 45–6, 50, 52–3, 55,
289–90, 293, 295, 297
66, 208–9
Bulgars 289
millet 2, 45, 193
revolutionaries 287, 290, 293–4
modernization 127
insurrection 280, 287
Moldavia 202–7, 209–11, 214, 217–8,
virgins 291
221
Madrid 27
monarchy 49, 204, 307–8, 327
magic 12, 26, 30, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61–2,
Mongols 24
monogamy 13, 30–1, 158, 179
mahr see mehr
morality 18, 53, 57, 66, 82, 209, 216,
Majnun and Layla 74
258
manhood 55, 277
mosque 4, 105, 107–108, 110,
marriage 11, 31, 45, 55, 57, 64–5,
113–14, 347
73–4, 129, 133, 153, 179–82,
see also mescid, masjid
258–9, 279, 317–9, 322, 350–1
Moses 57
against one’s will 86, 162
mother 22–3, 29, 65, 86, 129, 138,
arranged 85, 140, 328
243, 251, 294
institution of 154, 155, 161, 171,
authority 23, 86, 317, 328
372
Women in the ottoman Balkans
mother continued
literature 78, 79, 314
functions 86
recitation 76
tongue 49
tradition 100
mufti 7, 254, 335, 337–41, 346–8
transmission 77
music 20, 29, 80
orient 14–6, 21, 28, 206, 209, 217–8,
mut’a 246, 261
289, 290, 295
see also kebin
background 22
see also marriage/temporary
clothes 13, 209–10, 212–3, 220–1
despotism 273, 281–2
nafaka, nafaqa 160, 179, 245, 249,
discourse 21
335
dress 201, 211, 214–5
see also allowance
heritage 33
narrative 13, 21, 23, 45–6, 51–4, 56,
love 15, 20
64–7, 73, 75–8, 81, 84–8, 127,
motifs 8, 324
180, 220, 277, 283–4, 290, 296,
painters 209
324
romance 14, 26
nation 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 29, 137, 209, 274,
otherness 25
277, 279, 287, 295–6, 308–9
tales 16
awareness 202, 308
setting 23, 27, 293, 315
conflict 4, 7, 273–4, 279, 287, 295
sexuality 273
consciousness 1, 16, 128, 307, 308
society 214
culture 5, 7
women 13–4, 17–8, 21–2
dance 211
Orthodox
group 128
bishop 168
ideal 49
canon law 182
ideology 48
church 7, 154, 155, 162, 165, 178,
independence 204, 296
246, 248, 259, 291
nationalism
clergy 216, 246
sexuality 290
communities 45, 46, 47, 49, 153–5,
Hellenic 127
167, 244, 246, 248, 252–3, 258
romantic 307
ecclesiastical courts 245
Turkish 127
faith 216, 244
nikâh 156–157, 162–4, 168, 170, 248,
identity 221
350
institutions 165, 181
see also marriage
priest 167, 217, 291
nostalgia 45
saint 23
nuptial 91, 155, 157, 167–8
Osman Paşa, Gazi 335
contract 156–7, 169, 172, 175
gift 347, 350
pagan 26, 179, 216
see also mehr, mahr
parakath’ 51–2
pasha 12, 21, 24, 29, 52, 102, 109,
Odysseus 26, 139
194, 220
Omar 255, 256
Patriarchate of Constantinople 203,
oral 3, 76, 79, 169
244
index
373
patriarchy 5, 87, 134, 174, 175, 176,
259, 325–9, 336
182, 248, 316–7, 328
minorities 52
morality 82
music 80, 81
norms 73, 80
rituals 102, 127, 163
order 79, 214
scholars 83
system 86, 317
symbols 87
patrilocal 64, 85
renaissance 28, 308, 309, 311, 320–1,
patriotism 137, 321, 329
329
Peloponnessus 21, 23
riddles 50
Phanariot 21, 202–3, 205–8, 213–4,
rituals 6, 19, 55, 102, 127, 163, 165,
216–8, 221
311, 315, 327
Philhellenism 273, 280–3, 285–7, 290
romance 4, 16, 23, 25–6, 75, 81, 82,
poetry 278, 281, 283, 312, 329
140, 209, 284
court 78
medieval 25
devotional 78
romanticism 74, 280, 311, 327
epic 78
Romania 6, 24, 201–21, 234, 235,
folk 5, 56, 309–11, 322, 324, 326,
236, 238
328
elites 204, 214, 219, 220
mystical 78, 79
history 204–5, 217
secular 78
principalities 7, 201–2, 206, 211,
polygamy 13, 30–1, 279
213, 217, 218
Pontos 45–67
women 4, 7, 221
pornography 273, 274, 291, 297
Rome 26, 290
pregnancy 243, 253, 257
Romeo and Juliet 74
premarital relations 82, 85, 243
Rumeli 7, 153, 156, 158, 159, 164–5,
Prévost d’Exiles, Antoine François,
180, 182, 338
Abbé 4, 11–35
Russia 7, 47, 48, 56, 57, 66, 202–3,
proletariat 139
204, 210–12, 221
prostitution 243, 253, 254, 257–8
revolution 48
proverbs 50, 51
Russo-Ottoman war 279
punishment 32, 34, 54, 66, 159, 163,
Russo-Turkish treaties 218
166, 253–5, 258, 264, 325
Salonika 48, 50, 127–42
Queen Mother see Valide Sultan
saz 80, 318
Qur’an 112–3
Sarajevo 2, 101–8, 110, 113–4, 116,
118, 312, 323–4, 328–9, 335–9,
rape 56, 161, 243, 253–8, 279, 286,
348
289–91, 294, 296
schools
reaya 164, 168, 244, 245–6, 250, 259
education 4, 6, 48–52, 100–3, 105,
reconquista 2
107–8, 112–6, 118, 138, 203,
reforms 203, 213
217
refugee 48–9, 295
legal 7, 179, 245, 252, 255, 334–51
religion 3, 4, 16, 22, 24, 27, 49, 79,
seraglio, sérail 13–5, 27, 281, 282
140, 159, 202, 244, 248–9, 251–2,
see also harem
374
Women in the ottoman Balkans
Serbia 2, 6, 162, 231, 234, 294, 312,
subjectivity 77
323
submission 12, 30, 34, 317
sevdalinka 79–82, 312–4, 316,
suffering 295–6
318–20, 322, 324, 328–9
sultan 2, 24, 110, 164, 168, 244, 284,
see also Bosnia and Herzegovina/
347
women’s song
harem 17,19, 23
sexuality 4, 5, 8, 16, 18, 19, 88, 156,
Palaces 24
162, 166, 235, 245, 255–7, 274,
Ibrahim I 23
290–3, 330, 337, 342, 343, 350
Mehmed I 23–4
sex 14, 52, 54, 67, 235, 296
Mehmed II (The Conqueror) 21, 23,
sexual
279
assault 180, 251, 253, 254, 258–9
Murad I 14–5
intercourse 168, 245, 254, 255–7
Murad IV
23
offense 256, 258
Orhan 22
violence 4, 251, 273–4, 277, 293,
superstitions 50
295–6
symbolism 8, 79, 87, 201, 290
harassment 140
sexualization 7, 273, 274, 279,
talak, talaq 159, 161, 168, 170, 177,
287, 290, 295
245, 248–9
sicil, sijill 102, 153, 154, 156–9, 161,
see also divorce
165, 167, 169, 171, 175–6, 181,
Tanzimat 213
250, 346
tefrik 159–62, 176
Shari‘a 153–4, 154, 156–60, 162,
see also divorce
164, 166–7, 169–70, 176, 179–80,
Thessaloniki see Salonika
243, 253, 336–7, 339, 341, 346
Thessaly 26, 247
courts 6, 161–2, 164–6, 176, 178–9,
Thrace 2, 27, 48, 60
336, 340, 346–7
trade unions 128, 134–5, 137–8, 326
Slavs 294–5, 307, 309, 314, 329
Transylvania 2, 206, 218, 234–6
Muslim 327
Trapezuntines 47
Customs 73
Trebizond 46–7, 58–60
Slavonia 2, 308
Tristan and Isolde 74
Smyrna see İzmir
socialism 7, 127–8, 130, 133, 135,
ulema, ‘ulamā 83
137–8, 140–1
United States of America 47, 284
Socialist Federation 128–9, 136
Party 128, 135
vakıf, vakuf, waqf 99–101, 104–13,
songs 50, 78, 80, 237, 309, 315,
115–6, 118–9
323–4, 326, 329
administrator 118–9
sorcery 26
founders 99, 101, 104–6, 109,
Soviet Union 47–8
111–2, 115, 118–9
Spain 2, 27, 55, 311
legislation 100
spells 26, 317
management 115–6, 118
Stavrin 47–8, 50, 59, 62, 63
vakıfnâme, vakufnama 101, 106,
stepmother 52, 59
110–2, 114–7, 119
index
375
see also endowments
Yugoslavia 1, 296
Valide Sultan, Queen Mother 23, 24,
37
zina 161, 254–5, 257–8
vampires 6, 231–238
see also adultery
belief in 6, 231, 233–8
see also intercourse
female 231, 233–4, 236
veil 13, 16, 18–19, 25, 33, 74, 82–3,
85, 91–2, 94, 136, 211, 221, 280
violence 1, 15, 20, 23, 66, 85, 87, 277,
290–4, 318
against women 251, 253, 273,
generative 87
physical 253
sexual 4, 273–4, 277, 293, 295–6
Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet 29
Wallachia and Moldavia 2, 174, 177,
202–6, 209, 217–8, 221
nobility 178, 206, 207, 210–3,
219
waqf see vakıf
West 7, 13, 17, 25–6, 28, 30, 34, 46,
201–3, 209, 211, 215, 234, 286,
289, 311
Christianity 28
churches 31
codes 11, 20, 27–8
Europe 1, 4, 7, 135, 201, 203, 208,
210, 218, 310
music 80
western 8, 11, 13, 14, 20–2, 28–9,
56, 214, 217–8, 220–1, 281,
287, 309, 313, 316, 328