The Thirty Years War
Page 59
A detailed study of Franco-Spanish diplomacy by Auguste Leman appeared just too late for me to be able to consult it when writing my book. Richelieu et Olivares, leurs négociations secrètes de 1636 à 1642 (Lille, 1938) is a careful, fully documented and generous account of convoluted seventeenth century diplomacy.
INDEX
The links below refer to the page references of the printed edition of this book. While the numbers do not correspond to the page numbers or locations on an electronic reading device, they are retained as they can convey useful information regarding the position and amount of space devoted to an indexed entry. Because the size of a page varies in reflowable documents such as this e-book, it may be necessary to scroll down to find the referenced entry after following a link.
Aachen, 199
Adorf, 341
Alais, Peace of, 244
Albert, Archduke, ruler of the Spanish Netherlands, 30, 58, 91, 111, 140
Albuquerque, Duke of, 442
Aldringer, Johann von, imperialist general, 203, 286, 306, 308–9, 341–46, 360, 375–76
Alsace, 26, 59, 75, 89, 112, 146, 219, 371, 496
conditions in, 143, 151–52, 399
cession of, 378, 465, 470–73, 500–2, 504–5
claimed by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, 390–92, 409
Altdorf, 165
Amalia Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel, 409, 417–18, 421, 428, 446, 456, 462, 474, 503
Amalia von Solms, Princess of Orange, 194, 450, 472
Amberg, 94
Amelungsborn, 200
Amsterdam, 194, 481
Andreae, Johann Valentin, 48
Anhalt, 37, 38, 234, 272, 401, 489
Anhalt-Bernburg, see Christian I and Christian II, princes of
Anjou, 393
Annaburg, 250
Anne of Austria, Queen of France, 11, 27, 439, 449, 451
Ansbach, 163
Ansbach, Margrave of, 296
Antwerp, 260, 481
Armentieres, 483
Armin, Hans Georg von Saxon, field-marshal, 216, 273–74, 276–78, 285, 310, 313–14, 368, 375, 376, 408, 447, 505
at Breitenfeld, 290
invades Bohemia, 295, 359–60
desires peace, 322, 325, 329, 331–32, 379
negotiates with Wallenstein, 345–46
Arminius (Hermann), 49
Army:
general remarks, 86–88, 374–76, 419–21
Bernardine, 411–12, 430, 432, 468, 479–80, 486
French, 389–90, 437–38
Spanish, 29, 362–67, 441–44
Swedish, 265–66, 355–58, 385–87, 429, 432–35, 474, 485–86, 489–90
Wallenstein’s, 199–201, 229–30, 306–7, 337–38, 341, 345–47, 349–50
Arnstadt, 314
Aschaffenburg, 295, 370
Asti, 191
Auberton, 440
Augsburg, 35, 50, 190, 233, 237–38, 305, 307, 359, 370, 387, 475, 482, 492, 495
Augsburg, Religious settlement of, 44, 60, 176, 231
Austria, 102, 103, 119–20, 173, 174–75, 482, 501–2. See also Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, Emperors and Archdukes of Austria
Austria, Lower, 91
Austria, Upper, 91, 103, 132, 160, 206–9, 401
Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, Marquis d’, chapter XI, 3, 5
Aversburg, imperial diplomatist, 427
Aytona, Marquis de, 385
Bacharach, 323, 401
Baden, 42, 44, 46, 146, 147, 233, 251, 272
Baden-Baden, 37, 462
Baden-Durlach, 37, 462. See also George Frederick, Margrave of
Baltic Sea, 31, 34, 135, 213–14, 219, 223, 228, 229, 242, 244–45, 267, 271, 275–76, 457, 494, 502
Bamberg, 320
Baner, Johan, Swedish marshal, 355, 356, 359, 368, 370, 376, 377, 380, 381, 398, 401, 407, 408, 428–32, 433
his troops mutiny, 386
at Wittstock, 402–3
attacks Regensburg, 422
invades Bohemia, 430
second marriage of, 431
death, 432
Barcelona, 416
Barde, Monsieur de la, 470
Barwalde, Treaty of, 260, 268–70, 300
Basel, 21, 404, 473
Bautzen, 69, 116, 121
Bavaria, 26, 44, 47, 49, 248, 305, 308–9, 320–21, 338–39, 342, 352, 476–77, 488, 492, 501. See also Maximilian, Duke and later Elector of
Bayreuth, 399
Bayreuth, Margrave of, 296
Beck, Colonel, 347
Belfort, 394
Benediktbeuern, 321
Benfeld, 371, 381, 471
Bentivoglio, Cardinal Guido, 82
Berg, 51–53, 472
Bergen op Zoom, 152, 193
Berlin, 43, 47, 49, 216, 271, 282, 424, 493
Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 296, 304, 314, 319, 328, 342–43, 345, 346–48, 370, 371, 376, 379–80, 388, 399, 410–13, 428, 503
at Lutzen, 316–18
quarrels with Horn, 339, 355–57
the Nordlingen campaign, 361–67
treats with France, 390–92
acts in alliance with France, 394–96
at Rheinfelden, 404–6
at Breisach, 407–8
defies Richelieu, 409–10
Besancon, 490
Bethlen Gabor, 94–95, 98, 102–3, 107, 121–24, 127, 153, 163, 174, 183, 186, 188, 202, 203–6
Beuggen, 405
Black Forest, 26, 338, 360, 405, 420, 468
Bohemia, chapter II, chapter III passim chapter IV, 1, 5: chapter V, 5 passim, 295, 296, 310, 334, 335, 343, 345, 346, 349, 430, 466, 483. See also Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III and Frederick, Kings of
Bordenwerder, 179
Borgia, Cardinal, 326
Borgislav, Duke of Pomerania, 154, 267, 273, 384
Brabant, 30, 53, 194, 240, 404, 479
Brandeis, 219, 408
Brandenburg, 21, 36, 43, 46, 47, 127, 203, 209–12, 219, 231, 234, 249, 251, 268, 275, 277–78, 306, 501. See also George William, John Sigismund and Frederick William, Electors of
Braunau, 77–78, 90
Brazil, 27
Breda, 193–96, 240, 404
Bregenz, 42
Breisach, 143, 340–42, 381, 406–9, 411–12, 416, 462–63, 471, 479–80
Breitenfeld:
first battle of, 287–93, 294, 316, 369
second battle of, 434–35, 447
Bremen, 195, 236, 462, 494
Breslau, 69, 116, 126–27
Breze, Marquis de, 300–1
Bromsebro, Peace of, 456
Bruck an der Leitha, 213–14
Brulart, French envoy, 256
Brun, Antione, 460–61
Brunn, 69, 116, 466–67
Brunswick, 38, 44, 251, 252
Brunswick-Luneburg, Duke of, 296, 384, 395, 396, 417, 418, 421, 428
Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duke of, 145, 154, 179, 217, 233, 236, 252
Brussels, 30, 81, 91, 113, 299, 332, 381
Buckingham, Duke of, 183, 209
Bucquoy, Comte de, imperialist general, 122–25, 131
Budweis, 81, 83, 92
Bullion, Duke of, 56, 98–99, 101, 102, 109, 152
Butler, Colonel Walter, 348–49
Calderon, Maria, 437
Calvin, Jean, 22–23
Calvinism and Calvinists, 23–24, 45–47, 51, 56, 64, 72, 138, 187, 216, 235, 263, 273, 301, 372, 384, 417, 462, 475
Calw, 398, 399, 400
Capelle, La, 394
Capuchins, 25, 173, 185, 187, 189
Carafa, Carlo, Cardinal, 162, 170, 172, 174
Carinthia, 26, 91, 174
Carniola, 26, 91, 174
Casale, 227–28, 244, 256
Castile, 29
Catalonia, 415–16, 478
Cecilia Renata, Archduchess, 384
Cham, 142
Champlitte, 394
Charles I, King of England, 145, 178, 182, 185, 191, 378, 412, 450
Charles, Duke of L
orraine, 298–99, 354–55, 394, 464, 488, 490
Charles, Duke of Mantua-Nevers, 227, 239, 247, 256
Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 13, 57, 83, 86, 88–89, 93, 107, 191, 244
Charles Gustavus, Count Palatine, Swedish commander-in-chief, 481, 486–88
Charles Lewis, Elector Palatine, 329, 384, 396, 408, 411, 417, 422, 428 431, 456, 463, 471, 473–74, 490
Charnace, Hercule de, 301, 327, 333
Chemnitz, 408, 493
Chemnitz, Borgislav von, 426
Chigi, Fabio, Papal nuncio, 452–53, 461, 475, 487
Chile, 27
Christian I, Prince of Anhalt, 56–57, 61, 75, 82–86, 89, 94, 95, 98, 101, 105, 107–8, 109, 113, 117, 118, 121–26, 127
Christian II, Prince of Anhalt, 20, 125, 384
Christian of Brunswick, Administrator of Halberstadt, 145–53, 178–81, 193, 201–2
Christian IV, King of Denmark, 21, 31–32, 107, 135–36, 153, 177, 179, 183, 186, 191, 196–99, 212, 241, 247, 301, 323, 328, 384, 428
his intervention in Germany, 196–205, 214–17, 119
interview with Gustavus Adolphus, 242–44
war with Sweden, 1644, 454–56
Christian William, Administrator of Magdeburg, 212, 234, 267–68, 278–79
Christina, Duchess of Savoy, 89, 415, 427
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 245, 301, 312–13, 327–29, 371, 403, 428, 455–56, 460, 472, 506
Cinq Mars, Duke of, 438–39
Circle:
Franconian, 236, 296, 314
Upper Rhenish and Lower Rhenish, 314
Lower Saxon, 114, 135, 178, 186, 198–99, 296, 358, 368–69
Upper Saxon, 106, 114, 358, 368–69
Swabian, 236, 314
Cleves, 51–54
Cleves-Julich, 51, 178, 255, 258, 462, 472, 475
Coblenz, 120
Coburg, 400
Collalto, Imperial general, 201, 245
Colmar, 492
Cologne, 51, 231, 400
Cologne, Elector of, Ferdinand of Bavaria, 67–68, 96, 109, 154, 253, 299, 415, 436
Comenius, John Amos, 506
Comines, 483
Compiegne, 394
Compiegne:
Treaty of (1624), 191
Treaty of (1635), 381
Conde, Prince of, 437, 440
Constance, Council of, 69–70
Constance, Lake of, 53, 359, 436
Contarini, Alvisi, mediator at Munster, 461
Copenhagen, 21, 197, 455
Corbie, 394
Cordoba, Gonzales de, Spanish general, 142, 147–51, 152–53
Corpus Evangelicorum, 310, 312, 314, 328
Corvey, 179
Creussen, 399
Crossen, 211, 215
Cuba, 240
Cyprus, 498
Dalmatia, 206
Danube, 43, 51, 102, 208, 226, 252, 305, 360, 396, 422, 430, 466, 467, 468, 482
Danzig, 35, 248
Davos, 102
Defenestration, the 79–80
Demmin, 275
Denmark. See Christian IV, King of
Descartes, 373
Dessau, 203
Dessau Bridge, Battle of, 203, 212
Devereux, Walter, 349–50
Diessen, 321
Diest, 389
Dieterichstein, Cardinal, 173
Dijon, 393
Directors of Bohemia, 80–81, 128
Ditmarschen, 244, 250
Dollstedt, 490
Domitz, 387
Donauworth, 51, 53, 57, 67, 237, 305, 360, 362, 467, 475
Dortmund, 233
Dresden, 15, 47, 48, 292, 310, 328, 329, 339, 343, 494, 499, 503
Duben, 286
Duderstadt, 204
Dunkirk, 227
Durlach, 320
Duval, 341, 375
Ecclesiastical Reservation, 45, 463
Eger, 90, 339, 348–49, 489
Eggenberg, Ulrich von, 60, 61, 113, 161, 166, 257, 339, 470
Eichstatt, 399
Eilenburg, 288
Eilfkirchen, 401
Elbe, 35, 43, 135, 178, 202, 203, 205, 217, 223, 226, 234, 241, 249, 267, 268, 276, 280, 285, 310, 373, 386, 387, 418, 420, 465, 500
Elbing, 247
Eleonore of Mantua, Empress, wife of Ferdinand II, 218, 397
Elizabeth, Princess of England, Electress Palatine, Queen of Bohemia, 48, 54–55, 58, 94, 97–98, 110, 116, 117–18, 119, 121, 125–26, 128, 129, 136, 144–45, 146, 177, 180, 182, 186, 218, 422
Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 384
Ems, 180
Enghien, Duc d’, later Prince de Conde, 437–38, 439–44, 448, 467, 483
England, 18, 31, 32, 72, 135, 141, 185, 190–91, 201, 384, 488. See also James I, Charles I, Kings of
Ensisheim, 143
Erfurt, 295, 403, 430, 432, 494
Erlach, Hans Ludwig von, 410–13, 429, 480
Erskine, Alexander, 474, 486
Ettal, 321
Fadinger, Stephan, 208
Falkenberg, Dietrich von, 276–79
Ferdinand, Archduke of Styria, later Emperor Ferdinand II, 58–62, 68, 319, 352–53, 367–68, 372, 373, 411, 503–4
elected King of Bohemia, 73–77
revolt against, in Bohemia, chapters II and III
his policy in Bohemia, chapter IV, 1, V; chapter V, 5
his policy in Germany, chapter IV, 2, 4, 6; chapter V, 5; chapter VI, 4; 252–53
at the Deputationstag at Regensburg, 1623, chapter IV, 4
at the Electoral meeting at Regensburg, 1630, chapter VI, 7
and Wallenstein, chapter V, 1, 4; chapter VI, 1; 297–98, 306–7, 334–35, 343–50
and the Peace of Prague, 377–78
his death, 396–98
Ferdinand, Archduke, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of the Romans, later Emperor Ferdinand III, 218–19, 221, 225, 228, 246, 254–55, 269–70, 373–74, 385, 394, 395–96, 406, 407, 408, 415
and Wallenstein, 297–98, 306, 334–35, 340, 344, 345, 350
and the Nordlingen campaign, chapter VIII, 5
and the Peace of Prague, 377–78
elected King of the Romans, 395–96
his policy in Germany, 417–18, 427–28, 436, 501–2
at the Diet of Regensburg, 1640, 421–22
and the Peace of Westphalia, 443, 445–48, 468–73, 475–76, 483–84, 489–90, 506
Ferdinand, Infant of Spain, Cardinal, Governor of the Netherlands, the Cardinal-Infant, 333–35, 340, 350, 354, 380, 384–85, 388, 396, 404, 406–7, 408, 414, 436
and the Nordlingen campaign, 359–71
invades France, 393–94
his death, 416
Feria, Duke of, 341
Feuquieres, Manasses de Pas, Marquis de, 327, 330–31, 344, 355, 358, 360–61, 368, 379, 389, 390
Finale, 27
Flanders, 30, 53, 479, 480, 481
Fleurus, Battle of, 152
Fontaine, General of the Spanish Infantry, 442, 443
France. See Loius XIII, Louis XIV, Richelieu, Mazarin
Franche-Comte, 389, 394
Franconia, 143, 219, 231, 357, 368, 370, 383, 390, 392. See also Franconian Circle
Frankenthal, 135, 142, 153, 187, 490
Frankfort on the Main, 35, 39, 47, 50, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 273, 295, 301, 303, 328, 351, 355, 361, 368, 370, 374, 384, 399, 400, 494
Frankfort on the Main, Deputationstag at, 436, 445–46
Frankfort on the Oder, 35, 268, 274–75, 277, 295
Franz Albrecht, Duke of Saxe-Laurenburg, 344–46, 375
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia, 53–58, 62, 65, 67, 190, 215, 225, 271, 323, 329, 372, 424, 503–4
and the Bohemian revolt, 75, 82–84, 89–90, 93–95, 97–100; chapter III passim
his troops on the Rhine and in the Upper Palatine, chapter IV, 2, 3
loses his Electorate, chapter IV, 4; 219, 225
his policy in exile, 177–78, 186
and Gustavus Adolp
hus, 167, 273, 296, 303
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 194–95, 201, 227, 240, 326, 332–33, 380, 385, 389, 404, 450–51, 472
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, 302, 312–13, 423–27, 428, 445, 456, 463, 468, 470–72, 481, 501
Freiburg, Battle of, 448
Freiburg im Breisgau, 448
Freising, 37
Freising, Bishop of, 129
Friedland, 138, 165, 171, 275–76, 307
Friesland, East, 182, 396, 417–18, 493
Fuerstenberg, Count, imperial general, 289
Fuerstenfeld, 321
Fulda, 400
Furth, 311, 399
Galileo, 21, 373
Gallas, Matthias, Count, imperialist field-marshal, 345–47, 351, 363, 388, 394, 408, 419–20, 455
Gardelegen, 211, 493
Gascony, 393
Gassion, Jean, Comte de, French marshal, 298–99, 354–55, 439, 441, 442–43
Gaston, Duke of Orleans, 298–99, 354–55
Gennep, 389, 416
Genoa, 32, 191
George, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, 296, 304, 384
George of Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, 70, 170, 172
George Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, 146–49, 176
George William, Elector of Brandenburg, 113–14, 153–55, 157, 158, 159, 177, 188, 191, 211–12, 219, 225, 242, 275, 310, 320, 325, 372, 384, 395, 403, 423–24, 503
and Wallenstein, 215–16, 224, 241, 244, 246, 271–72
and the Edict of Restitution, 233–35, 255–58
at Annaburg, 250
at Leipzig, 272–74
and Gustavus Adolphus, 277–78, 282, 285, 301–2, 312
and Oxenstierna, 326–27, 370, 379
Germersheim, 147
Gitschin, 166, 171
Glatz, 210
Gmunden, 209
Goch, 389
Goetz, Count von, imperialist general, 375, 407, 408, 466
Goldberg, 210, 387
Gollersdorf, 306
Goppingen, 368, 370
Gordon, Colonel John, 248–50
Gottingen, 493
Graz, 58, 102, 104
Greifswald, 275
Greven, 180
Grimmelshausen, 250
Grisons, 34, 102, 191, 389, 474
Groensfeld, 482
Grotius, Hugo, 261
Guebeiant, Jean Baptiste, Count of, French marshal, 410–11, 430, 432, 447