The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle Against Terrorism

by Ami Pedahzur

  Germany

  Ghul, Adnan Mahmud Jaber al-

  Gideonim

  Gilad, Amos

  Gillon, Carmi

  Givati. See Sayeret Givati

  Global Coalition against Terrorism

  Gluska, Eyal

  Golani. See Sayeret Golani

  Goldwasser, Ehud

  Grapes of Wrath understandings

  Great Arab Revolt of 1936

  Greece, Athens airport attack of 1973

  Grissom, Adam

  Gruber, Shlomo

  GSS. See General Security Service

  Gur, Motta

  Gurel, Eliyahu

  Guri, Yehudit

  Guriel, Boris

  Habash, George

  Haddad, Wadie

  Hafez, Mustafa

  Haganah

  Haj, Dawoud

  Hajaj, Ahmed

  Haled, Leilah

  Halevy, Ephraim

  Halevy, Ilan

  Halil, Shirin

  Hallaq, Ahmed

  Hamad, Kamal

  Hamad, Osama

  Hamas; assassination of Hamas leaders; and charitable institutions; economic embargo on Hamas government; financing of terrorism; and Hezbollah; origins of; Pi Glitot oil and gas depot attack; and Rabin; and Second Lebanon War; suicide attacks; and Wachsman abduction

  Hamshari, Mahmud

  hamulas

  Hamza, Abu

  Hanif, Asif Mohammed

  Haniya, Ismail

  Haran, Danny and Einat

  Hardan, Iyad Mahmud Naif

  Harel, Isser

  Haridi, Amro al-

  Harizat, Abdel Samed

  Harkabi, Yehoshafat

  Harmelin, Yossef

  Hassan, Crown Prince of Jordan

  Hatib, Sheikh Nimer al-

  Hawatmeh, Nayef

  Hefetz, Assaf

  Herzog, Chaim

  Hezbollah; abduction of senior members; adoption of abductions as tactic; assassination of senior members and their relatives; Buenos Aires bombing of 1994; charitable institutions; conflicting assessments about; and defensive model; described; escalation of tensions in the 1990s, ; and financing of terrorism; and Hamas; and Iran; and jurisdictional rivalry among intelligence organizations; and Operation Grapes of Wrath (1996); origins of; prisoner exchanges; and Second Lebanon War; “sleeper” cells; suicide attacks

  hijackings: bus hijackings; and hostage rescue; impact on Israeli policy; and Jordan; and Sayeret Matkal; security measures; “Skyjack Sunday,”. See also Entebbe Airport hostage situation

  Hirsch, Yitzhak

  histaarev

  Hofi, Yitzhak

  Horev, Amos

  Horev Commission

  Horowitz, Michael

  hostage rescue operations: Bus 300 affair (1984); capabilities of Yamam passed over; and competition among elite units; and criminal justice model; and defensive model; Entebbe Airport (1976); and establishment of Yamam; Gurel rescue (2003); lack of training for; Ma’alot school hostage crisis (1974); Misgav Am kibbutz (1980); “Mothers Bus” affair (1988); and Munich Olympics of 1972; policy recommendations; public pressure on policymakers; and Sabena Airlines hijacking of 1972; Savoy Hotel incident of 1975; terrorists’ advantages in siege situations; training for; Wachsman case (1994). See also abductions, as terrorist act

  human intelligence (HUMINT): and Aman; and first intifada; and Great Arab Revolt of 1936; GSS network in the occupied territories following 1967 war; and Hamas; and jurisdictional rivalry; and second intifada; and Shai; and suicide attacks

  Hussein, King of Jordan

  Hussein, Saddam

  Husseini, Abdel-Kader al-

  Husseini, Haj Amin al-

  IDF. See Israel Defense Forces

  innovation. See military innovation/ adaptation

  institutionalization, as hindrance in counterterrorism

  intelligence organizations; in Argentina; early organizations; effect of pressure at the top; and first Magna Carta; formation of new organizations upon Israeli independence; institutionalization as hindrance for; intelligence capabilities undermined by interagency rivalries; intelligence capabilities undermined by retaliatory assassinations; international cooperation/noncooperation; and peace process; policy recommendations; and problems with terrorism as top priority; rifts caused by Mossad assassinations. See also Aman; General Security Service; human intelligence; interagency competition; interrogation of suspects; Mossad; Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Sayeret Matkal; Shin Bet; signal intelligence; visual intelligence

  interagency competition: attempts to mitigate; and conflicting assessments; and early organizations; first Magna Carta; jurisdictional rivalry among intelligence organizations; and prestigious operations; reasons for; reasons for policymakers’ preference for GSS; and responsibility for thwarting attacks; and scarce resources; and second intifada; second Magna Carta; state comptroller’s assessment of issues; unwillingness to cooperate and share knowledge/information

  Internal Security Services. See also Shin Bet

  interrogation of suspects: death of detainees; effect of pressure at the top of intelligence organizations; and first intifada; and jurisdictional rivalry between Aman and GSS; legal issues; methods described; and suicide attacks; and Wachsman abduction

  intifada, first

  intifada, second (al-Aqsa intifada); assassinations in response to; conflicting assessments about; and improved terrorist capabilities; and interagency competition; and Iran; Operation Defensive Shield; and Separation Fence as defense against suicide attacks

  IRA. See Irish Republican Army

  Iran: and Buenos Aires bombing of 1994, and financing of terrorism; and Hezbollah; and origins of suicide tactic; and second intifada

  Iraq

  Irish Republican Army (IRA)

  Islamic Jihad, international. See also Palestinian Islamic Jihad

  Israel: control over Palestinians following independence; emergence of counterterrorism doctrine in the pre-state and early post-state period (1920s to 1950s); formation of intelligence organizations upon independence; Grapes of Wrath understandings; international condemnation for retaliatory raids; Madrid summit of 1991; Oslo Accords; overview of intelligence community; overview of thwarting forces; and problems with terrorism as top priority; Second Lebanon War; Sinai War (1956); UN Partition Resolution; violations of policy on not surrendering to demands of terrorists; war of 1967. See also counterterrorism; Gaza Strip; intelligence organizations; national security organizations; occupied territories; policymakers; public; terrorist acts; West Bank; Yishuv

  Israel Defense Forces (IDF); and Din Veheshbon operation in Lebanon; first counterterrorism force (see Unit 101); and first Lebanon war; institutionalization as hindrance for; and Israeli independence; Operation Defensive Shield; Operation Grapes of Wrath (1996); policy recommendations; and second intifada; and Second Lebanon War; and war of 1967. See also Aman; assassinations, as counterterrorist tactic; elite units; Israeli Air Force; Israeli Navy; retaliatory raids; Sayeret Matkal; Shin Bet

  Israeli Air Force (IAF); Arad abduction (1986)

  Israeli Navy

  Israeli police. See police force

  Italy

  Iyad, Abu

  Jabarin, Sufian

  Japanese Red Army

  Jibril, Ahmed

  Jibril, Jihad

  Jibril prisoner exchange

  Jihad, Abu

  Jihad, Umm

  Jijazi, Mohammed

  Jordan: artillery strikes from; attacks on Jordanian politicians; as base for 1960s attacks; and hijackings; Karameh raid of 1968; and Mashal assassination attempt; mass arrests of PLO activists and expulsion of PLO headquarters

  Kadosh, Yaakov

  Kahan Commission

  Kalmanovich, Shabtai

  Kanafani, Ghassan

  Kano, Khader

  Karine A

  Karmi, Raed

  Kasfi, Jawad

  Ka’ush, Kamal

  Kendall, S
ean

  Kfir (900) Brigade

  Khalil, Mohammad (Sheikh Khalil)

  Khamenei, Ali

  kidnapping. See abductions, as counterterrorist tactic; abductions, as terrorist act

  Kimche, David

  Klingberg, Marcus

  Kolberg, Ziv

  Kubaysi, Basil al-

  Kuhlmann, Brigitte

  Kuntar, Samir

  Lakam

  Lebanon; and Arad abduction (1986); artillery strikes from; assassination of Bashir Gemayel; conflicting assessments about; as destination for Palestinian organizations expelled from Jordan; Din Veheshbon operation (1993); Fatah military forces in (1970s); first Lebanon war; Grapes of Wrath understandings; and Hamas; and Hamza assassination; and Iran; and jurisdictional rivalry among intelligence organizations; Operation Grapes of Wrath (1996); Phalange massacre at Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps; rise of Hezbollah; Second Lebanon War; “security zone” in southern Lebanon as buffer; and Syria; and terrorist attacks of the 1970s. See also Hezbollah

  letter bombs

  Levi, Kochava

  Levine, Amiram

  Levy, Moshe

  Lipkin-Shahak, Amnon

  Livne, Zvi

  Lod Airport massacre (1972)

  Lotan, Lior

  Lubrani, Uri

  Maale Akrabim road attack (1954)

  Ma’alot school hostage crisis (1974)

  Machane Yehuda Market suicide attack (1997)

  Madrid summit of 1991, 94

  Magna Carta, first

  Magna Carta, second

  Maimon, David

  Maimoni, Jean-Jacques

  Majzoub, Mahmoud al-

  Majzoub, Nidal al-

  Makadmeh, Ibrahim

  Maklef, Mordechai

  Maronite Christians

  Mashal, Khaled

  media: and Bus 300 affair; and Entebbe Airport hostage situation; and policy recommendations; and Shai’s intelligence activities; television as “theater of terror,”

  Meir, Golda

  Menem, Carlos

  Metulla District

  Meyari, Ali el-

  MI6

  Mike’s Place suicide attack (2003)

  military. See also elite units; Israel Defense Forces

  Ministry of Defense

  Ministry of Foreign Affairs

  Misgav Am kibbutz hostage situation (1980)

  missile attacks. See artillery strikes on Israel; artillery strikes on southern Lebanon

  mistaaravim

  Mofaz, Shaul

  Mohtashamipour, Ali-Akbar

  Mordechai, Narkiss

  Mordechai, Yitzhak

  Moreno, Emanuel

  Mossad; and Entebbe Airport hostage

  situation; and first Lebanon war; intelligence capabilities undermined by retaliatory assassinations; intended function of; investigation of Argentina embassy attack of 1992, investigation of Argentina suicide attack of 1994, and jurisdictional rivalry over Lebanon; and Maronite Christians; and Operation Wrath of God; origins of; and Oslo Accords; and rivalry over thwarting terrorists attacks; worldwide intelligence gathering. See also assassinations, as counterterrorist tactic

  “Mothers Bus” affair (1988)

  Mubarak, Hosni

  Mughniyah, Fuad

  Mughniyah, Imad

  al-Muhajiron group

  Munich Olympics attack of 1972, questionable connections between assassination targets and Munich

  Murr, Elias

  Musawi, Abbas

  Muslim Brotherhood

  Nagl, John

  Nahal. See Sayeret Nahal

  Najjar, Mohammed Yusef

  Nasrallah, Hassan

  Nasser, Kamal

  Nasser, Wael Talib Mohammed

  national security organizations; counterterrorist focus of policymakers as window of opportunity for; organizations of the 1920s to 1950s(see also Haganah; Shai); problems with terrorism as top priority. See also elite units; intelligence organizations; interagency competition; Israel Defense Forces

  Nativ

  Netanyahu, Binyamin

  Netanyahu, Iddo

  Netanyahu, Yoni

  Netherlands, and financing of terrorism

  Netiv Meir School

  Night of the Pitchforks

  Nili

  Noah’s Ark operation

  Nohra, Mofid

  Nohra, Ramzi

  Obeid, Abdel Karim

  Obeid, Keis

  occupied territories: buffer zone between West Bank and Israeli territory (Separation Fence); control of Palestinian population following 1967 war; GSS network in the occupied territories following 1967 war; and Oslo Accords; Palestinian enmity toward Israel due to settlements west of the Separation Fence; special forces in; and suicide attacks. See also Gaza Strip; intifada, first; intifada, second; West Bank

  Okamoto, Kozo

  Okudaira, Takeshi

  Operation Defensive Shield

  Operation Grapes of Wrath

  Operation Sharp and Smooth

  Operation Spring of Youth

  Operation Wrath of God

  Oranim Plan

  Oslo Accords

  Oudeh, Shams

  Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); Arafat’s assumption of control over; assassination of members; expulsion from Jordan; and first intifada; and first Israeli semidefensive model; and Madrid summit of 1991, origins of; and Oslo Accords; as umbrella organization. See also terrorist acts

  Palestinian Authority: and division of authority among intelligence organizations; economic embargo on Hamas government; and Israeli assassination policy; and second intifada; and suicide attacks

  Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ); assassination of PIJ leaders; and financing of terrorism; and Rabin; suicide attacks

  Palestinian Liberation Front

  Palestinian National Front in the occupied territories

  Palestinian terrorist groups. See terrorist groups, Palestinian

  Palestinians: and Black September (1970); change in conflict from territorial dispute to ideological/theological dispute; control of Palestinian population in the occupied territories following 1967 war; election boycotts; Great Arab Revolt of 1936; grievances ignored; need for health and welfare services; Palestinian enmity toward Israel due to settlements east of the Separation Fence; Phalange massacre at Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps; refugees and the early years of Israeli statehood; and UN Partition Resolution

  Palmach

  paratroopers; Karameh raid of 1968; and Qibya village raid; and second intifada; and Unit . See also Sayeret Matkal

  Passover Massacre (2002)

  Peled, Ruby

  Peled, Yossi

  Peleg, Hagai

  Peres, Shimon

  Peretz, Meir

  PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

  Phalange (Lebanese Kataeb Party)

  Pi Glitot oil and gas depot attack

  Pico, Giandomenico

  PIJ. See Palestinian Islamic Jihad

  PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization

  police force; establishment of Yamam as hostage rescue unit; excluded from decision making; and first intifada; and policy recommendations; and second intifada. See also Yamam

  policy recommendations

  policymakers: capabilities of Yamam passed over by; close ties with armed forces; and conflicting assessments by intelligence organizations; and military innovation/ adaptation; perceptions of elite units; preference for GSS; problems with terrorism as top priority; and public perceptions of defensive model; public pressure in hostage situations; and scarce resources; war model as result of election pressure; war model as result of public pressure on

  Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); airport attacks; assassination of PFLP leaders; hijackings; Israeli assassination of leaders; and Operation Wrath of God

  Popular Resistance Committees

  Poraz, Nir

/>   Posen, Barry

  prevention stage of defensive model. See also defensive model

  prisoner exchanges

  psychological impact of terrorism; and policy recommendations

  public: perception of defensive model; and policy recommendations; pressure on policymakers in hostage situations; public perception of Shamir during first intifada; and Second Lebanon War; and television as “theater of terror,” war model as result of election pressure on politicians; war model as result of public pressure on policymakers

  Qablan, Jamal

  al-Qaeda

  Qana village shelling (1996)

  Qawasmeh, Abdullah Abd al-Kader Husni al-

  Qawuqji, Fawzi al-

  Qibya village raid

  Quba, Khalil al- (Abu Yusuf)

  Rabbani, Mohsen

  Rabin, Yitzhak: and Arad abduction; assassination of; and division of authority among intelligence organizations; and “Mothers Bus” affair; and reconciliatory model; return to war model; and Savoy Hotel incident of 1975; and suicide attacks; and Wachsman abduction

  Rafa, Mahmoud Kassem

  Rafsanjani, Hashemi

  Rahim, Ziad

  Ram, Victor

  Ramat Hakovesh kibbutz

  Ran

  Rantisi, Abd al-‘Aziz ‘ali ‘Abd al-Hafiz a-

  Rechamim, Mordechai

  reconciliatory model; defined/described; ignored; and policy recommendations; and Rabin

  reconstruction stage of defensive model

  Red Army Faction (Germany)

  Red Brigades (Italy)

  Regev, Eldad

  research methodology

  Resistance of the Believers

  retaliatory raids; and first Lebanon war; ineffectiveness in decreasing Palestinian violence; Karameh raid of 1968; Qibya village raid; questionable connections between targets and terrorist acts. See also abductions, as counterterrorist tactic; assassinations, as counterterrorist tactic

  ricin

  Rimawi, Ramez

  Rimon Unit

  Rome airport attack of 1973

  Ron, Alik

  Rosan, Nawaf al-

  Rosen, Stephen

  Ross, Dennis