term for, 232, 338
Primm, Mary, 125
prisoners of war, 22, 88
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Lincoln, 1863), 74
property owners, blacks as, 167
Pulaski, Tennessee
forming of KKK in, 221–24, 229–30
Freedmen’s Bureau in, 223, 229–30
race issues
and Confederate constitution, 59
elections of 1860 and, 40
elections of 1872 and, 341
Greeley and, 296
Hayes and, 329–30, 338, 340
Johnson’s views about, 232
labor and, 144–45
Liberal Republicans and, 340–41
and Santo Dominican treaty, 270
Sumner and, 5, 270
See also blacks; Jews; specific issue
Radical Republicans
and American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, 79
and Civil War battles, 23, 44
corruption and, 332
criticisms of Lincoln by, 23
and divisiveness among Republicans, 120
Grant and, 270
Hayes and, 332
impeachment of Johnson and, 183, 185, 192, 199, 206, 209, 211–12, 213, 217
Johnson and, 118, 119, 120–21, 122, 130, 136, 159, 168, 172, 182
See also specific person, election, or issue
Radical Republicans for Negro Rights, 154
Rainey, Joseph H., 304–5
Rawlins, John, 155–56, 157, 253
Raymond, Henry J., 155, 159
Ream, Lavinia “Vinnie,” 215, 216, 218, 219
Reconstruction
black vote as essential, 88
civil rights and, 134–35, 136, 139–41
as failure, 354
Fourteenth Amendment and, 171
Grant and, 185, 315, 354
Hayes and, 330, 354
Johnson’s views about, 88, 114, 118, 131, 134, 135–36, 172, 213, 232
Liberal Republicans and, 297
Lincoln and, 169
Radical Republicans and, 170–71
role of Congress in, 118, 134, 136, 171
Supreme Court and, 170
in Tennessee, 223
See also specific person or legislation
Reconstruction Acts, 170–72, 174, 185, 206, 213, 218, 232, 233, 254, 275, 276
Reconstruction Committee, House
impeachment of Johnson and, 186, 191–92
Stevens as chairman of, 186, 191–92
Redeemers, 359–60
Reid, John C., 347
Reid, Whitelaw, 290–91, 296, 299
religion, 103–4, 127, 199, 202, 233, 366
Republican National Convention (Chicago, 1860), 40, 202
Republican National Convention (Chicago, 1868), 212, 217, 237, 256
Republican National Convention (Chicago, 1879), 355
Republican Party
formation of, 9, 38
and Johnson’s southern gubernatorial appointments, 120
and readmission of southern states, 158–59
schisms within, 10
Seward as leader of, 42–43
See also specific person, issue, or election
Revels, Hiram Rhodes, 270, 300, 305, 306–7
Rice, Thomas Dartmouth, 361–62
Richardson, William, 316
Richmond, Virginia, in Civil War, 61, 76, 166, 246–47
Risley, Olive, 250–51
Rock, John Sweat, 78–79
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 367
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 367
Rosekrans, Caroline. See Wade, Caroline (Rosekrans) (wife)
Ross, Edmund Gibson, 193, 201, 212, 213–14, 214, 215–16, 218–19, 232
Rules Committee, House, 370
Russell, Richard, 370
Russia, 24, 122, 165, 177
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 56, 240
Santo Domingo treaty, 268–69, 270, 271, 272, 331
Saxton, Rufus, 107, 114, 115
scalawags, 147, 221, 280
scandals. See specific person or incident
Schofield, John, 218, 253
schools
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 112–14, 305, 319
funding for, 277, 354
of Hill for black children, 283
integration of, 323
in Kansas, 305
as KKK targets, 278
segregation in, 113, 319, 360, 361, 367–68, 370
See also education
Schriver, Edmund, 191
Schurz, Carl, 39, 110–12, 118, 172, 290–91, 315, 331, 341, 342
Schwerner, Michael, 371
Scott, Winfield, 43, 57–58, 70–71, 240
Scottsboro Boys, 366
Sea Islands, 114–15, 129
secession, 47, 58, 82, 83, 97, 164, 307–8. See also specific state
segregation
in Louisiana, 73, 256, 308
school, 113, 319, 360, 361, 367–68, 370
Supreme Court decisions and, 358, 367–68
and vision of post–Civil War life, 25
white supremacy and, 360–61
Semi-Colon Club, 195
Senate, U.S.
and Brooks-Sumner incident, 11–16
elections of 1876 and, 348–49
impeachment of Johnson and, 193–94
Johnson’s proposals about elections to, 232
Lincoln’s relations with, 44
Louisiana voting inquiry by, 348–49
president of, 350
and Seward’s appointment to Lincoln’s cabinet, 45
and Thirteenth Amendment, 24
and Thomas as replacement for Stanton as secretary of war, 188
Wade’s election as president pro tempore of, 199, 205
See also specific person, committee or legislation
Seward, Augustus (son), 31, 35, 51
Seward, Fanny (daughter), 27, 51, 158
Seward, Frances Miller (wife), 10, 16, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 86, 250
Seward, Frederick (son), 1, 2, 27, 31, 44, 51, 86, 177, 250
Seward, William Henry “Harry”
accidents of, 27–28, 29, 47
Alaska territory and, 176–77, 209
banking system and, 31
black vote and, 154
and boot blackening story, 44
and Brooks-Sumner incident, 14–15, 16
Butler and, 76, 209
Butler as State Department replacement for, 206–7
calls for resignation of, 44
and censorship of journalists, 43
Chase and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 194, 196
civil rights and, 140
Cooper Union speech of, 137
criticisms of, 44, 45
Davis (Jefferson) and, 39, 53, 60, 180
Douglas and, 39
early professional career of, 28–29, 31–40
and education issues, 34
elections of 1860 and, 17, 39–41
elections of 1864 and, 46, 47
Emancipation Proclamation and, 20, 21
family/personal background of, 28, 29, 32, 33, 250–51
and Fanny’s death, 158
Fessenden and, 177
foreign policies of, 46, 60
Fourteenth Amendment and, 157
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 135–36, 137
and Fugitive Slave Act, 10
health of, 135, 158
and immigration, 34
impeachment of Johnson and, 206, 208–9, 218
Johnson and, 84, 86, 87, 122, 137, 157–58, 177, 206, 232
and Johnson’s “Swing Around the Circle” tour, 154
as leader of Republican Party, 42–43
Lincoln and, 28, 36–37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
Lincoln (Mary) and, 45
Mexican War and, 35
personality and character of, 39, 202
photograph of, 26
popularity of, 86–87
Powell’s at
tack on, 1, 2, 27, 51, 53, 86, 92–93, 157, 180
and preservation of the Union, 128, 130
principles of, 34–35
Radical Republicans and, 43, 44, 87
Reconstruction and, 135
reputation of, 33, 38–39
resignation letter of, 44
and Risley adoption, 251
Santo Domingo and, 268
self-image of, 154
in Senate, 37, 38–39
Senate relations with, 45
slavery and, 10, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37–38, 41, 44, 130, 202
social life of, 46
Stanton and, 46, 164, 186
State Department appointment of, 20, 42, 44, 45, 86–87
Stevens and, 128, 131, 154, 209
Sumner and, 10, 17, 38, 39, 44, 46, 86–87, 130, 176–77, 250
Tenure of Office Act and, 206
and terms of federal offices, 232
and Tracy-Frances affair, 32, 33
transportation system and, 31
trips of, 135, 250
and Union Party, 157
Van Buren and, 29
Wade and, 201–2, 203, 206
Weed and, 29, 30–31, 32, 33–34, 36, 37, 38, 157, 194, 250
Welles and, 135
Whigs and, 9
Seymour, Horatio, 231, 233, 247–48
sharecroppers, 276
Shaw, Daniel, 312
Shellabarger, Samuel, 279
Shelley, Mary, 6
Sheridan, Philip, 148–49, 173, 174, 181, 247, 314
Sherman, John, 170, 211, 349, 351
Sherman, William Tecumseh
and attempts to replace Stanton, 169
black vote and, 106
in Civil War, 3, 60, 106, 111, 227, 295
consideration for secretary of war of, 187
elections of 1868 and, 238, 247
Grant and, 185, 238, 247
as Grant’s military successor, 251
and Greeley’s funeral, 299
Howard and, 106
impeachment of Johnson and, 209
Johnson and, 169
KKK and, 282
and Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, 3
Reconstruction and, 170, 171
Washington home of, 251
Shiloh, Battle of, 225, 246, 291
Sickles, Daniel, 163–64, 170, 215, 345–47, 345, 346, 347
Simmons, William Joseph “Joe,” 364–65, 366
sit-ins, 369
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (Birmingham, Alabama), 369
slavery
and blacks as protectors of Confederate women, 307
and blame on slaves, 340
and Cameron’s proposal for guns for slaves, 165
and Compromise of 1850, 37, 57
and conditions for Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, 3
and Confederate constitution, 59
and Confederate emancipation proclamation, 61
constitutional amendment to outlaw, 23–24
elections of 1864 and, 47
Grant and, 241
Hayes and, 328, 329
Johnson and, 82
Kansas and, 9, 14, 37
Lincoln and, 17–18, 20–21, 22, 23–24, 39–40, 47, 74, 85, 129, 293
Radical Republicans and, 340
in Russia, 122
and Thirteenth Amendment, 23–25
See also Emancipation Proclamation; specific person or state
Smith, Eliza Ann, 195
Smith, Gerrit, 180
Smith, James W. (West Point cadet), 319
Smith, Lydia, 125–26, 233
Smithsonian Institution, 83, 163
Society of Pale Faces, 222, 224, 228
solicitor general, creation of position of, 279
South Carolina
and beginning of Civil War, 60
Black Codes in, 108–9
black vote in, 229
blacks as political candidates in, 304–5
Chamberlain as governor of, 353–54
elections in, 289, 304–5, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351
Fifteenth Amendment and, 341
Freedmen’s Bureau in, 110, 114
Grant and, 343–44
Jim Crow laws in, 360, 362–63, 367
Johnson’s gubernatorial appointment in, 88, 121
KKK in, 278, 279, 282, 285, 289
schools in, 113
secession of, 18, 41, 58
Sumner’s speech about, 11–12, 17
Thirteenth Amendment and, 121
threatening letters to Seward from, 37
violence in, 343–44
voting rights in, 362–63
withdrawal of federal troops in, 353–54, 355
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 369
Southern Cross Association, 147
The Southern Cross Association, 147
southern states
black office holders in, 366
corruption in, 280, 281
elections of 1866 and, 158–59
elections of 1876 and, 340–41, 343–44, 347, 351
federal troops in, 341
Fourteenth Amendment and, 146
“grandfather laws” in, 363
Grant’s views about, 240, 242–43
Hayes and, 354, 355, 358, 359
impact of Civil War on, 108–9
Johnson gubernatorial appointments in, 88, 118, 120
Johnson and readmission of, 146, 153–54, 158–59
martial law in, 170
patronage in, 308
reactions to Johnson in, 87, 221
readmission of, 146, 153–54, 158–59, 232
seating of congressional representatives from, 147
Stevens’ views about, 119, 128, 131–32
views about Lincoln in, 143, 308
Wade’s views about, 202, 204
withdrawal of federal troops from, 170, 351, 353–55, 360
See also specific state
Spangler, Edward, 96, 98–99, 100–101
Speed, James, 95, 114, 115
spoils system, 29, 153, 164–65, 281, 318. See also patronage
Spotsylvania, Battle at, 246
Sprague, Catherine Jane. See Chase, Catherine Jane “Kate”
Sprague, William, 197, 205
Stanbery, Henry, 192, 208
Stanford, Leland, 286
Stanton, Edwin McMasters
and American Freedman’s Inquiry Commission, 79
Baker’s interception of wires of, 90
and Buchanan, 164, 165
and Cameron, 165
civil rights and, 140, 168
congressional relations with, 168, 173, 186, 189
criticisms of, 168, 173
Davis and, 94
and D.C. voting rights, 171
early legal career of, 161–62
early political interests of, 162, 163
elections of 1866 and, 168
family/personal background of, 161, 162–64
Fourteenth Amendment and, 168, 169
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 110, 114, 115
Grant and, 169, 245
Grant’s (Julia) views about, 237
Greeley and, 295
health of, 161, 168
Howard and, 105, 114, 115
impeachment of Johnson and, 176, 208
Johnson and, 168, 172, 173, 174, 181, 182, 186–91
Lincoln and, 161, 164, 165–66, 167
and Lincoln assassination defendants, 95, 96
and Lincoln’s assassination, 176
and Lincoln’s cabinet, 46
and Lincoln’s second inauguration, 84
McClellan and, 166–67
Mexican War and, 162
personality and character of, 162–63, 168–69
photograph of, 160
Radical Republicans and, 46, 165, 168, 172, 181
Reconstruction and, 172
reputation of, 162, 163–64
reward for Booth’s capture posted by, 91
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br /> Seward and, 46, 164, 186
and Sheridan in Louisiana, 174
and Sickles-Key case, 163–64, 346
Sumner and, 163, 188
and Surratt trial, 181
voting rights and, 168
Wade and, 203
Welles and, 168
Stanton, Edwin McMasters—as secretary of war
appointment of, 165–66, 203
attempts to replace, 168–69, 181, 186–91
dismissal of, 187–91
Grant and, 169, 181–82, 185–86, 188–89, 245
impeachment of Johnson and, 209, 217
Johnson’s request/demand for Stanton’s resignation as, 181, 186–91
and Johnson’s withdrawal of federal troops from South, 170
open-door policy of, 166
resignation of, 186–91
return of, 185
Schofield as replacement for, 218
suspension of, 181
Tenure of Office Act and, 182, 209
Thomas as replacement for, 187–92, 208
Tilton and, 335
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 211, 296
Stanton, Ellen Hutchinson (2nd wife), 163–64, 168–69
Starr, Ella, 91
State Department, U.S., 135, 177, 207. See also Fish, Hamilton; Seward, William Henry; Washburne, Elihu
states’ rights, 57, 58, 59, 70, 290, 308, 334, 356, 357–58, 363
Stephens, Alexander H., 59, 94, 121
Stevens, Alexander, 125
Stevens, Joshua, 123
Stevens, Thaddeus
Alaska purchase and, 209
alcohol and, 124
appearance of, 123–24
and Army Appropriations Bill, 173
black vote and, 131, 143, 153, 158, 232–33
Buchanan and, 128
and California’s admission, 127
Cameron and, 129
capital punishment and, 123
Chase and, 196
civil rights and, 140
Davis and, 179
death of, 232, 233–34
Dixon as “reincarnation” of, 234
Dixon’s novel and, 234–35
Douglas and, 233
early legal career of, 123, 125
and education issues, 127, 131
elections and, 127–28, 153, 158, 232–33
Emancipation Proclamation and, 129
family/personal background of, 123, 124, 125–26
Fessenden and, 138
Fifteenth Amendment and, 232, 233
Fourteenth Amendment and, 145, 146
Fugitive Slave Law and, 127
Grant and, 186
Hayes and, 329, 330
health of, 210
impeachment of Johnson and, 176, 182, 183, 186, 191–92, 193–94, 209–10, 216
influence of, 132, 234
Johnson and, 119–20, 122, 136, 138, 140, 155, 193–94
and Know-Nothing Party, 127
Lancaster speech of, 131–32, 135
land policies and, 131–32, 135
Lincoln and, 127, 128–29, 164
media and, 234
and Memphis riots, 143, 144
and military rule, 174
naming of, 123
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