67.Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts, 14 January 1854, ibid., vol. 7, p. 245.
68.See Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts, 12 February 1864, ibid., vol. 10, pp. 355–6.
69.Alfred Dickens to G.W. Rusden, 11 August 1870, ibid., vol. 12, pp. 734–5.
70.Sydney Dickens to Dickens, 19 March 1869, and Georgina Hogarth to Annie Fields, 18 June 1872, in Nayder, The Other Dickens, pp. 280–1 and n.
71.Dickens to de Cerjat, 16 March 1862, Letters, vol. 10, p. 53.
72.Dickens to the Rev. John Taylor, 4 May 1867, ibid., vol. 11, pp. 362–3.
73.Dickens to Janet Wills, 26 June 1868, ibid., vol. 12, p. 139.
74.Sala to Yates, 18 August 1868, Letters, p. 114.
75.Dickens to James Fields, 7 July 1868, Letters, vol. 12, p. 149.
76.Dickens to Macready, 20 July 1869, ibid., vol. 12, p. 378.
77.Dickens to W.H. Wills, 21 October 1866, ibid., vol. 11, p. 257.
78.See Dickens to his brother Alfred’s wife Helen, 13 November 1859, ibid., vol. 9, p. 159.
79.Anna Dickens to Christiana Thompson, ?10 January 1852, in Nayder, The Other Dickens, p. 222.
80.See Dickens to T.J. Thompson, 6 January 1859, Letters, vol. 9, p. 6 and n.
81.Dickens to Forster, 24 October, and to Henry Morley, 21 October 1868, ibid., vol. 12, pp. 208, 206.
82.See York Herald, 24 and 31 October 1868, Manchester Times and Preston Guardian, 31 October 1868.
83.Sala to Yates, 26 October 1868, Letters, p. 116.
84.See Slater, Charles Dickens, p. 608.
85.Ibid., pp. 608–9.
86.Dickens’s Last Will and Testament, 12 May 1869, Letters, vol. 12, p. 732.
87.Ibid.
88.Dickens to Hepworth Dixon, 15 January 1864, ibid., vol. 10, p. 341.
89.Thackeray to George Smith, 17 December 1863, ibid., vol. 10, p. 341n.
90.Darwin to Hooker, 2 November 1858, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 181.
91.See The Times, 27 November 1858; Summerscale, Mrs Robinson’s Disgrace, pp. 190–99.
92.Darwin to Wallace, 25 January 1859, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 241.
93.Darwin to W.D. Fox, 12 February 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 247.
94.Darwin to Hooker, 26 May 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 300 and n.
95.See ‘Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes’, The Times, 3 March 1859.
96.Ibid.; see also Daily News and Morning Post, 27 July 1859.
97.See Summerscale, Mrs Robinson’s Disgrace, p. 211. For the importance of Sudbrook Park in the history of hydropathy, see Richard Metcalfe, The Rise and Progress of Hydropathy in England and Scotland (London, 1906).
98.Summerscale, Mrs Robinson’s Disgrace, pp. 217–20.
99.Darwin to Thomas Campbell Eyton, 4 August 1858, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 145.
100.Darwin to John Phillips, 1 September 1858, ibid., vol. 7, p. 153.
101.See Freeman, Charles Darwin, pp. 101–2.
102.Huxley to Hooker, 5 September 1858, Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 1, pp. 159–60; Darwin to Huxley, 28 December 1859, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 459.
103.‘Notes of the Week’, Illustrated London News, vol. 33 (25 September 1858), p. 284.
104.Athenaeum, 16 October 1858, p. 492.
105.‘The British Association’, The Times, 24 September 1858.
106.Ibid.
107.Owen, President’s Address, pp. 91, 92.
108.Darwin to Hooker, 6 October 1858, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 165.
109.Wallace to his mother and to Hooker, 6 October 1858, Letters from the Malay Archipelago, pp. 180, 181.
110.Owen, President’s Address, p. 107.
111.Darwin to Huxley, 1 December 1858, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 214.
112.Darwin to John Murray, 25 July 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 319.
113.See Darwin to Murray, 31 August 1859, and to J. de Quatrefages de Bréau, 5 December 1859, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 327 and n., 416.
114.Darwin to Murray, 10 September 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 331.
115.See Hooker, Life and Letters, vol. 1, p. 520.
116.Lyell to Darwin, [November] 1859, Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. 2, p. 325. The editor of Lyell’s correspondence dates this letter 3 October, but Darwin had not received his own advance copies of Origin at that date, so Lyell could not have received his so early.
117.Ibid.
118.Darwin to Hooker, 24 February 1863, Correspondence, vol. 11, p. 173.
119.Darwin to Wallace, 9 August 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 324.
120.See ibid., vol. 7, p. 324n.
121.For the official publication date of Origin and the list of men to whom presentation copies were sent out early in the month, see ibid., vol. 7, pp. 533–6 (Appendix VIII).
122.Darwin to Wallace, 12 November 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 375.
123.Charles Kingsley to Darwin, 18 November 1859, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 379–80.
124.See Darwin to John Lubbock, 14 December 1859, and to W.D. Fox, 25 December 1859, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 433, 449.
125.George Eliot to Barbara Bodichon, 5 December 1859, The George Eliot Letters, vol. 3, p. 227. For Lewes’s writings on science and relations with other scientific men, see Rosemary Ashton, G.H. Lewes: A Life (Oxford, 1991).
126.Engels to Marx, 11 or 12 December 1859, Marx–Engels Collected Works, vol. 40, p. 551.
127.Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle, 16 January 1861, ibid., vol. 41, pp. 246–7.
128.Marx to Engels, 7 August 1866, ibid., vol. 42, p. 304. See Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (London, 2016), p. 567. The French work was Pierre Trémaux, Origine et Transformations de l’Homme et des autres Êtres (Paris, 1865).
129.Hooker to Darwin, 21 November 1859, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 383.
130.Erasmus Darwin to Darwin, 23 November 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 390.
131.Huxley to Darwin, 23 November 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 391.
132.Huxley to Hooker, 31 December 1859, Life and Letters, vol. 1, p. 177. The letter to Darwin has been lost.
133.Darwin to Hooker, 28 December 1859, Correspondence, vol. 7, p. 457.
134.Darwin to Huxley, 28 December 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 458.
135.See Huxley’s essay, ‘The Reception of the “Origin of Species”’, written for The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, ed. Francis Darwin, 3 vols (London, 1887), printed in Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, vol. 1, p. 168.
136.Huxley, ‘Darwin on the Origin of Species’, The Times, 26 December 1859.
137.Ibid.
138.Huxley, ‘The Reception of the “Origin of Species”’, in Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 1, p. 170.
139.Darwin to Huxley, 14 April 1860, Correspondence, vol. 8, p. 160 and n.
140.Darwin to W.B. Carpenter, 3 December 1859, ibid., vol. 7, p. 412.
141.Adam Sedgwick to Darwin, 24 November 1859, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 396, 397.
142.Hooker, letters of May 1860, Life and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 513, 514.
143.[Richard Owen], review of Origin of Species and other works, Edinburgh Review, vol. 111 (April 1860), pp. 487–532. See Nicolaas A. Rupke, Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist (New Haven, Conn. and London, 1994), pp. 238–40.
144.Darwin to John Murray, 9 April 1860, Correspondence, vol. 8, p. 152.
145.Darwin to Hooker, 18 April 1860, ibid., vol. 8, p. 162.
146.Wallace, note, February 1860, Letters from the Malay Archipelago, p. 209.
147.Darwin to Wallace, 18 May 1860, Correspondence, vol. 8, pp. 219–20.
148.Darwin to Lyell, 25 June 1860, ibid., vol. 8, pp. 265–6.
149.See ODNB entry for Wilberforce; he acquired the nickname after behaving equivocally over the appointment to the bishopric of Hereford in 1847.
150.Hooker to Darwin, 2 July 1860, Darwin, Correspondence, vol. 8, p. 270.
151.Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 270–71.
152.Huxley to F. Dyster, 9 September 1860, quoted in ODNB entry on Huxley. See Huxley, Life and Letters, vol. 1, pp. 184–5, for reports of Huxley
’s speech by various members of the audience.
153.Huxley to Francis Darwin, 27 June 1891, Life and Letters, vol. I, p. 188; for various accounts of the encounter, see ibid., vol. 1, pp. 179–87.
154.Darwin to Hooker, 2 July 1860, Correspondence, vol. 8, p. 272.
155.Darwin to Huxley, 3 July 1860, ibid., vol. 8, p. 277.
156.For Chapman’s career see Rosemary Ashton, 142 Strand: A Radical Address in Victorian London (London, 2006).
157.Darwin, note written for John Chapman, 20 May 1865, Correspondence, vol. 13, pp. 481–2 (Appendix IV).
158.Editors’ notes, ibid., vol. 13, p. 484.
159.A number of biographies of Darwin focus on his health, some offering physical, others psychological diagnoses; among the latter see Ralph Colp, To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin (Chicago and London, 1977), and John Bowlby, Charles Darwin: A Biography (London, 1990).
160.Wallace, My Life, p. 238.
161.Huxley to George Romanes, 9 May 1882, Life and Letters, vol. 2, p. 39.
162.Darwin, Autobiography, p. 28.
163.Ibid., pp. 136–7.
164.Ibid., pp. 27, 138.
165.Raverat, Period Piece, p. 188.
166.Darwin, Autobiography, pp. 140, 144–5.
167.Wallace, My Life, pp. 375, 116–17.
168.Wallace to Philip Sclater, 31 March 1862, Letters from the Malay Archipelago, pp. 283–5.
169.Wallace to Bates, 24 December 1860, ibid., p. 239.
170.See Freeman, Charles Darwin: A Companion, p. 83.
171.For an interesting discussion of the ideas of evolutionary spiritualists see Sherrie Lynn Lyons, Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age (Albany, New York, 2009).
172.See The Darwin–Wallace Celebration, pp. 1–3.
173.Ibid., p. 29.
174.Darwin, Autobiography, p. 123.
175.The Darwin–Wallace Celebration, p. 32.
176.Ibid., pp. 6–11.
Epilogue
1.See A Postman’s Round 1858–1861: Selected Extracts from the Diary of Edward Harvey, ed. Richard Story with an Introduction by Tony Mason, University of Warwick Library Occasional Publications, number 10 (Coventry, 1982), p. 19.
2.See Jeffrey Richards, The Golden Age of Pantomime: Slapstick, Spectacle and Subversion in Victorian England (London, 2015), p. 2.
3.Ibid., pp. 6–7, 35–6.
4.‘Pantomimes’, Athenaeum, 1 January 1859.
5.‘Christmas Pantomimes and Burlesques’, Era, 2 January 1859.
6.Richards, The Golden Age of Pantomime, p. 158.
7.See ‘The Christmas Entertainments’, a preview of the season’s pantomimes, Era, 26 December 1858.
8.E.L. Blanchard, Robin Hood, licensed for performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977J, British Library.
9.C.J. Collins, Harlequin Father Thames; or, The River Queen and the Great Lord Mayor of London, licensed for performance at the Royal Surrey Theatre on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977B, British Library.
10.E.L. Blanchard, Harlequin and Old Izaak Walton; or, Tom Moore of Fleet Street, the Silver Trout, and the Seven Sisters of Tottenham, licensed for performance at Sadler’s Wells on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977I, British Library.
11.Thomas Mowbray, Harlequin Master Walter; or, The Hunchback Nunky and the Little Fairies, licensed for performance at the Royal Soho Theatre on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977Y, British Library.
12.George Conquest, Harlequin Guy Faux, licensed for performance at the Grecian Saloon on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977F, British Library.
13.W.E. Suter, Harlequin and the Forty Thieves; or, Ali Baba and the Fairy Ardinella, licensed for performance at the Queen’s Theatre on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977S, British Library; W. Cusnie, Tit, Tat, Toe, The Three Butcher Boys; or, Harlequin Old Father Thames and Mephistopheles, licensed for performance at the Effingham Saloon on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977D, British Library.
14.See ‘Christmas Pantomimes and Burlesques’, Era, 2 January 1859.
15.Ibid.
16.John Buckstone, Undine; or, Harlequin and the Spirit of the Waters, licensed for performance at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, on 27 December 1858, Lord Chamberlain’s Plays, Add MS 52,977V, British Library.
17.See Queen Victoria, journal, 21 July 1858, online at http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org, vol. 45, p. 283.
18.For instructions for omissions from Harlequin Father Thames, see ‘Register of Lord Chamberlain’s Plays’, vol. 2 (1852–65), Add MS 53,703, British Library. The censor also objects to passages in Harlequin Master Walter, Robin Hood, and Tit, Tat, Toe. In his notes to Tit, Tat, Toe the censor, William Donne, wrote on 20 December 1858, ‘The Rule is that a Pictorial representation is permitted, but members of the Royal Family must not be represented on the Stage by male or female performers.’ For censorship in the theatre see John Russell Stephens, The Censorship of English Drama 1824–1901 (Cambridge, 1980).
19.‘Christmas Pantomimes and Burlesques’, Era, 2 January 1859.
20.See Halliday, The Great Stink, pp. 144, 182–3.
21.Illustrated London News, vol. 98 (21 March 1891), p. 368.
22.Bazalgette, interview with Cassell’s Saturday Journal, August 1890, quoted in Halliday, The Great Stink, p. 183.
Select Bibliography
Manuscript and archive sources
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (George Eliot / George Henry Lewes Collection)
British Library (Carnarvon Papers; Lord Chamberlain’s Plays; Register of Lord Chamberlain’s Plays; Henry Silver’s Punch Diary)
Bromley Local Studies Library (Burial Register)
Lambeth Palace Library Archives (Tait Papers)
Met Office National Meteorological Archive, Exeter
National Library of Scotland (George Combe Papers)
V&A Theatre and Performance Archive, Blythe House, Kensington Olympia (Haymarket Theatre playbills)
Online sources
19th-Century British Library Newspaper Archive
BBC History Online
Hansard Online
Illustrated London News Historical Archive
Internet Archive
Old Bailey Online
Parliamentary Papers Online
Queen Victoria’s Journals Online
The Times Digital Archive
Newspapers, magazines and periodicals
All the Year Round
Annual Register
Athenaeum
Bentley’s Miscellany
British Medical Journal
Bromley Record
Builder
Chambers’s Exeter Journal
Cornhill Magazine
Court Circular
Daily News
Daily Telegraph
Edinburgh Review
English Woman’s Journal
Era
Fraser’s Magazine
Freeman’s Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser
Household Words
Illustrated London News
Illustrated Times
Liverpool Mercury
Manchester Times
Morning Chronicle
Morning Herald
Morning Post
New York Daily Tribune
Observer
People’s Paper
Preston Guardian
Punch
Racing Times
Reynolds’s Newspaper
St James’s Chronicle
Sheffield and Rotherham Independent
The Standard
Theatrical Journal
The Times
Town Talk
Trueman’s Exeter Flying Post
Weekly Chronicle
York Herald
Books and articles
Allan, Janice M., ‘Mrs Robinson’s “Day-book of Iniquity”: Reading Bodies of/and Evidence in the Context of the 1858 Medical Reform Act’, in The Female Body in Medicine and Literature, ed. Andrew Mangham and Greta Depledge, Liverpool, 2011, pp. 169–81.
Allen, Michele, Cleansing the City: Sanitary Geographies in Victorian London, Athens, Ohio, 2008.
Altick, Richard D., The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800–1900, Columbus, Ohio, 1957, reprinted 1988.
—The Shows of London, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1978.
Ashton, Geoffrey, Pictures in the Garrick Club: A Catalogue, London, 1997.
Ashton, Rosemary, 142 Strand: A Radical Address in Victorian London, London, 2006.
—George Eliot: A Life, London, 1996.
—G.H. Lewes: A Life, Oxford, 1991.
—Little Germany: Exile and Asylum in Victorian England, Oxford, 1986.
—Thomas and Jane Carlyle: Portrait of a Marriage, London, 2002.
Aspden, Thomas, Historical Sketches of the House of Stanley, and Biography of Edward Geoffrey, 14th Earl of Derby, London, 1877.
Atkinson, Diane, The Criminal Conversation of Mrs Norton, London, 2012.
Barnes, David S., The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Germs, Baltimore, Maryland, 2006.
Bennett, A.R., London and Londoners in the Eighteen-Fifties and Sixties, London, 1924.
Berger, Francesco, Reminiscences, Impressions and Anecdotes, London, 1913.
Bernard, Simon, The Life and Extraordinary Trial of Simon Bernard, for Conspiring to Assassinate in the French Empire, with Important Disclosures, London, 1858.
—Life of Dr Simon Bernard, with Judgment and Extracts from the Press on his Trial, London, 1858.
Bibby, Cyril, Scientist Extraordinary: The Life and Scientific Work of Thomas Henry Huxley 1825–1895, London, 1972.
Black, Barbara, A Room of His Own: A Literary-Cultural Study of Victorian Clubland, Athens, Ohio, 2012.
Blake, Robert, Disraeli, London, 1966.
Blanchard, Edward Leman, The Life and Reminiscences of E.L. Blanchard, with Notes from the Diary of Wm. Blanchard, ed. Clement Scott and Cecil Howard, 2 vols, London, 1891.
Boas, Guy, The Garrick Club 1831–1947, London, 1948.
Bowlby, John, Charles Darwin: A Biography, London, 1990.
Brake, Laurel and Marysa Demoor (eds), The Lure of Illustration in the Nineteenth Century: Picture and Press, London, 2009.
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