Ireland Since 1939
Page 52
38. Coogan, 568.
39. ibid., 173.
40. See for example O'Halpin, Defending Ireland, 151.
41. The Irish Association, established in 1938 largely on the initiative of some liberal unionists, published a pamphlet on neutrality, Ireland and the War, in 1940, which took up this theme. It is included in Bew, Darwin and Gillespie, Passion and Prejudice: Nationalist-Unionist Conflict in Ulster in the 1930s and the Founding of the Irish Association (Belfast, 1993), 84–104.
42. The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O'Neill, Eamon de Valera (Dublin, 1970), 354.
43. Brian Girvin, ‘Politics in Wartime: Governing, Neutrality and Elections’, in Girvin and Roberts, 27.
44. Round Table, 121, December 1940.
45. Maurice Manning, James Dillon: A Biography (Dublin, 1999), 172.
46. Robert Fisk, In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality (London, 1983), 160.
47. ibid.
48. ibid., 165.
49. Memorandum signed by James Dillon and T. G. O'Higgins, 14 June 1940, ‘Fine Gael and Neutrality’, NAD, Department of Justice, S14213.
50. John Bowman, De Valera and the Ulster Question (Oxford, 1985), 229.
51. Lee, 248. MacDonald reported that de Valera wanted to know: ‘What guarantee… did the British have that the Northern Ireland Government would agree, even if they had accepted the plan in principle, to join a United Ireland in practice?’ Coogan, 552.
52. Fisk, 186.
53. ‘Notes on the Work of the Irish Section of the Security Services 1939–1945’.
54. Longford and O'Neill, 349.
55. Manning, 163.
56. Notes on a conference held in the Taoiseach's room, 16 July 1940, NAD, ‘Fine Gael and Neutrality’, Department of Justice, S14213.
57. Moynihan, 373.
58. Report of contents of German Foreign Office documents in Irish Independent, 3 August 1957.
59. Lee, 247.
60. T. D. Williams, ‘A Study in Neutrality’, Leader, 28 March 1953.
61. Round Table, 126, March 1942.
62. Hempel reported to Berlin that de Valera's ‘democratic principles’ were sympathetic to Britain: German Foreign Office documents reported in the Irish Times, 18 October 1958.
63. Round Table, 120, September 1940.
64. Arland Ussher, The Face and Mind of Ireland (London, 1949), 68.
65. Manning, 160.
66. Irish Times, 14 November 1941.
67. Donal Ó Drisceoil, Censorship in Ireland 1939–1945 (Cork, 1996), 121–5.
68. Round Table, 125, December 1941.
69. Irish Times, 14 November 1941.
70. Roberts, 176–7.
71. F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London, 1973), 557–8.
72. Brian Fallon, An Age of Innocence: Irish Culture 1930–1960 (Dublin, 1998), 214.
73. ‘One World’, Bell, 7, 4, January 1944.
74. Parliamentary Debates: Dáil Éireann (PDDE), vol. LXXXII, col. 1,118, 2 April 1941.
75. Bell, 2, 4, July 1941.
76. ibid.
77. ‘Notes on the Work of the Irish Section of the Security Services 1939–1945’.
78. Lee, 224.
79. Richard Dunphy, The Making of Fianna Fáil Power in Ireland 1923–1948 (Oxford, 1995), 220.
80. Enda Delaney, ‘State, Politics and Demography: The Case of Irish Emigration 1921–1971’, Irish Political Studies, 13, 1998, 33.
81. O Drisceoil, 257.
82. Special Branch report of unemployed workers’ meeting, ‘Unemployed Workers’ Organizations', 4 April 1941, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/46.
83. Dunphy, 223.
84. Fallon, 8, and Ó Drisceoil, 100.
85. One example from Garda reports was a Belfast militant who told a meeting of the Dublin unemployed that anti-partitionism would have to engage with economic realities: ‘since the unemployed in Northern Ireland were better treated than those in Eire, it made their lot of convincing them to unite with Eire more difficult’: Part 1, 21 January 1940, NAD, Department of Justice, S42/39.
86. Dunphy, 180–81.
87. Lee, 216, and Kieran Allen, Fianna Fáil and Irish Labour: 1926 to the Present (London, 1997), 77.
88. Allen, 77.
89. Cormac Ó Gráda, A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy since the 1920s (Manchester, 1997), 17, and Emmet O'Connor, A Labour History of Ireland 1824–1960 (Dublin, 1992), 136.
90. Ó Gráda, 16.
91. Lee, 233.
92. Ó Gráda, 6, and Gray, 143.
93. Special Branch report of public meeting held by Dublin Central Branch of the Irish Labour Party, 17 September 1942, where the government was attacked for allowing fuel merchants to charge high prices for turf, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/884.
94. Greta Jones, ‘Captain of all these men of death’: The History of Tuberculosis in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Ireland (Amsterdam and New York, 2001), 188.
95. O'Connor, 140; police report of a meeting of 200 labourers at Foynes, Newcastlewest, 6 March 1941, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/746.
96. Horgan, 121.
97. O'Connor, 133.
98. ibid., 134.
99. Special Branch report of meeting at College Green, 22 June 1941, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/884.
100. Allen, 77.
101. Peter Mair, The Changing Irish Party System (London, 1987), 20.
102. O'Leary, 35.
103. Terry Cradden, Trade Unionism, Socialism and Partition (Belfast, 1993), 65.
104. John P. Swift, ‘The Last Years’, in Daniel Nevin (ed.), James Larkin: Lion of the Fold (Dublin, 1996), 86.
105. O'Leary, 35.
106. Dunphy, 288.
107. Dunphy, 285, and John de Courcy Ireland, ‘As I Remember Big Jim’, in Nevin, 454
108. Horgan, 124.
109. Brian Girvin, ‘Politics in Wartime: Governing, Neutrality and Elections’, in Girvin and Roberts, 39–41.
110. Irish Press, 20 January 1944, in Special Branch report, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/917.
111. Mike Milotte, Communism in Modern Ireland (Dublin, 1984), 199.
112. Report on Communists in the Labour Party, 20 April 1944, in papers deposited by John Horgan with the Irish Labour History Museum, Dublin. My thanks to Paddy Gillan for bringing this report to my attention.
113. Allen, 80.
114. Mair, 20.
115. The most reliable estimate is of 72,000 members for the ITUC and 53,000 for the CIU: Cradden, 112.
116. Debate on the Beveridge Plan, 13 December 1942, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S13053a.
117. Andrews, 171.
118. Flinn was in charge of the Emergency turf campaign for the Turf Development Board. He was a detested figure amongst those of the unemployed who had been forced to experience the low wages, military discipline and poor food in the labour camps set up on Clonsast and other boglands in County Kildare. Andrews refers to the ‘atmosphere of labour unrest in the camps’, 174–8, and Peadar Cowan, later a leader of Clann na Poblachta, who was a Labour Party organizer at the time, claimed to have set up more than sixty labour branches in turf-producing counties: see his speech denouncing Flinn at a meeting of the Central Branch of the Labour Party, 3 July 1940, NAD, Department of Justice, JUS 8/884.
119. Brian Girvin, Between Two Worlds: Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland (Dublin, 1989), 150.
120. Memorandum on Full Employment Policy, 17 January 1945, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S13101a.
121. Dunphy, 231.
122. Round Table, 121, December 1940.
123. Charles Townshend, Ireland: The Twentieth Century (London, 1999), 155.
124. See, for example, Lee, 334. An editorial in the Bell in April 1941 provided an early critique: ‘We tried to establish a network of decentralised factories… we had an idealised vision of little industries in the small towns and villages… The census returns replied in the name of realism with the flow from the
fields to the cities, the decay of small villages and our smaller towns.’
125. Mair, 25.
126. See his suggestion for the ‘displacement’ of the worst farmers in ‘Memorandum on Full Employment Policy’, 17 January 1945, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S13101a.
127. Sheila May, ‘Two Dublin Slums’, Bell, 7, 4, 1944.
128. Deirdre McMahon, ‘John Charles McQuaid of Dublin, the Politician: A Reassessment’, Studies, 87, 348, Winter 1998, and J. H. Whyte, Church and State in Modern Ireland 1923–1979 (Dublin, 1984), 76–9.
129. Whyte, 78.
130. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Seán Lemass and the Making of Modern Ire (Dublin, 1982), 30.
131. Whyte, 102.
132. Lee, 234.
4 Stagnation: Ireland 1945–1959
1. Enda Delaney, ‘State, Politics and Demography: The Case of Irish Emigration 1921–1971’, Irish Political Studies, 13, 1998, 36.
2. Mayo News, 10 January 1931.
3. ‘Post-War Policy and the Programme for the Land Commission’, 21 August 1942, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S1301a.
4. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, Seán Lemass and the Making of Modern Ireland (Dublin, 1982), 5.
5. See his dialogue with Lemass in Cabinet Committee on Economic Planning, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S13026b.
6. Memorandum on Full Employment Policy’, 17 January 1945, NAD, Department of the Taoiseach, S13101a.
7. ‘Position of the Minority in the 26 Counties’, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/14/351A.
8. Cormac Ó Gráda. A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy since the 1920s (Manchester, 1997), 22.
9. Ó Gráda, 22.
10. Economic Development (Dublin, 1958), PR 4803, 153.
11. Terence Brown, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History (London, 1981), 184.
12. K. H. Connell, ‘Catholicism and Marriage in the Century after the Famine’, in K. H. Connell, Irish Peasant Society (Oxford, 1968).
13. James Meenan, The Irish Economy since 1922 (Liverpool, 1970), 112.
14. Richard Dunphy, The Making of Fianna Fáil Power in Ireland 1923–1948 (Oxford, 1995), 211–12.
15. ‘Discussions with Eire Ministers on UK–Eire Economic Relation’, note by Commonwealth Relations Office, 17 September 1947, PRO, Prem 8/824.
16. Bew and Patterson, 40.
17. ‘Eire and Western Europe’, June 1948, PRO, Prem 8/824.
18. ‘Working Party on the Irish Republic’, 1957, PRO, MAF 40/471.
19. ‘Memorandum on Full Employment Policy’.
20. Liam Skinner, Politicians by Accident (Dublin, 1946), 63.
21. Irish Times, 12 February 1947.
22. Alvin Jackson, Ireland 1798–1998: Politics and War (Oxford, 1999), 308.
23. Ironically, McCaughey blamed MacBride for his capture for he was arrested soon after he had reluctantly agreed to meet MacBride at his office in Dublin to show him extracts from the confession he had recently helped to beat out of the alleged informer Stephen Hayes: see Raymond J. Quinn, A Rebel Voice: A History of Belfast Republicanism (Belfast, 1999), 71.
24. Kevin Rafter, The Clann: The Story of Clann na Poblachta (Dublin, 1996), 25.
25. Eithne MacDermott, Clann na Poblachta (Cork, 1998), 61, and David McCullagh, A Makeshift Majority: The First Inter-party Government (Dublin, 1998), 10.
26. M. J. Kennedy to Frank Gallagher, 18 December 1946, National Library of Ireland, MS 18336.
27. Rafter, 39.
28. MacDermott, 19.
29. Dunphy, 39.
30. Rafter, 35–6
31. MacDermott, 35.
32. McCullagh, 26–9.
33. Peter Mair, The Changing Irish Party System (London, 1987), 54.
34. McCullagh, 30.
35. Irish Times, 18 May 1944.
36. Round Table, 136, September 1944.
37. MacDermott, 33.
38. McCullagh, 182.
39. See Ronan Fanning, The Irish Department of Finance (Dublin, 1978), 456–60, and Patrick Lynch, ‘More Pages from an Irish Memoir’, in Richard English and J. M. Skelly (eds.), Ideas Matter (Dublin, 1998), 133.
40. Brian Girvin, Between Two Worlds: Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland (Dublin, 1989), 170.
41. Lynch, 133.
42. McCullagh, 145.
43. F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London, 1971), 571.
44. McCullagh, 158–9.
45. Greta Jones, ‘Captain of all these men of death’: The History of Tuberculosis in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Ireland (Amsterdam and New York, 2001), 230.
46. Noel Browne, Against the Tide (Dublin, 1986),
47. Browne, 124.
48. McCullagh, 205–6.
49. Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine and Politics in Ireland 1900–1970 (Dublin, 1970), 182–8.
50. J. H. Whyte, Church and State in Modern Ireland 1923–1979 (Dublin, 1980), 305.
51. The letter of 10 October 1952 is reprinted in Paul Blanshard, The Irish and Catholic Power (London, 1954), 76–7.
52. McCullagh, 217.
53. Blanshard, 74.
54. McCullagh, 223.
55. J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge, 1989), 318.
56. McCullagh, 198.
57. Whyte, 238.
58. McCullagh, 199.
59. Ronan Fanning, ‘McQuaid's Country on Bended Knee’, Independent on Sunday, 12 April 1998.
60. ibid.
61. Whyte, 43.
62. ibid., 158.
63. Delaney, 39.
64. Emmet O'Connor, A Labour History of Ireland 1824–1960 (Dublin, 1992), 136.
65. Whyte, 166.
66. ibid., 173.
67. ibid., 268.
68. McCullagh, 157.
69. ‘The Year in Retrospect’, Irish Times, 1 January 1954.
70. McCullagh, 230.
71. Quoted in Blanshard, 15.
72. Rafter, 77.
73. Round Table, 136, September 1944.
74. Commonwealth Relations Office to Attlee, 23 October 1947, PRO, Prem 8/824/4487.
75. Report by Lord Rugby, 28 October 1947, PRO, Prem 8/824/4487.
76.Troy D. Davis, Dublin's American Policy: Irish American Diplomatic Relations 1945–1952 (Washington, DC, 1998), 151.
77. Lynch, 127.
78. They regularly breakfasted together in MacBride's office in Iveagh House: Rafter, 108.
79. Davis, 96.
80. ibid., 127.
81. Belfast Newsletter, 8 March 1951.
82. McCullagh, 114.
83. Dermot Keogh, Twentieth-century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin, 1994), 186.
84. Conor Cruise O'Brien, Memoir: My Life and Themes (Dublin, 1998), 146.
85. ‘Mr Blythe's Suggestions for a Revised Policy on Partition’, Memorandum by Conor Cruise O'Brien to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 12 August 1949, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/14/62.
86. Speech by Colonel Topping, Unionist Chief Whip, on 18 September 1950, reported in ‘Position of the Minority in the 26 Counties’, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/14/351A.
87. Letter from R. C. Geary, Central Statistical Office, to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 23 October 1951, in ‘Position of the Minority in the 26 Counties’, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 305/14/351 A.
88. Whyte, 169.
89. Dennis Kennedy, The Widening Gulf: Northern Attitudes to the Independent Irish State (Belfast, 1988), 182–4.
90. ‘Protestants Denied Positions in Eire’, Belfast Newsletter, 17 January 1951.
91. Annual Report of the Ulster Unionist Council, 1951, PRONI, Ulster Unionist Council Papers, D1377/20/2/34.
92. Report on a meeting at the London Embassy, 8 August 1952, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 313/3.
93. Boland to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 23 October 1953, NAD, Department of Foreign Affairs, 313/3.
94. Lord Brookeborough, ‘Diaries
’, 4 April 1956, PRONI, Ulster Unionist Council Papers, D3004/E/21.
95. Ó Gráda, 25.
96. Meenan, 112.
97. Barry Brunt, The Republic of Ireland (London, 1988), 13.
98. Ó Gráda, 27.
99. ‘Economic Relations with the Irish Republic’, note by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 5 February 1960, PRO, Cab 129/100.
100. Liam Kennedy, The Modern Industrialization of Ireland (Dublin, 1989), 9.
101. Girvin, 197.
102. Tom Garvin, Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland So Poor for So Long? (Dublin, 2004), 11.
103. Meenan, 112.
104. Bew and Patterson, 56–8.
105. Seamus Cody, John O'Dowd and Peter Rigney, The Parliament of Labour: One Hundred Years of the Dublin Council of Trade Unions (Dublin, 1986), 200.
106. Bew and Patterson, 61.
107. Cody, O'Dowd and Rigney, 201.
108. Girvin, 184.
109. Round Table, 44, October 1953.
110. Bew and Patterson, 69.
111. Garret FitzGerald, ‘Turning Point, Irish Times, 1 January 1957.
112. Bew and Patterson, 87.
113. Irish Times, 23 February 1957.
114. Mair, 32.
115. Horgan, Seán Lemass: Enigmatic Patriot (Dublin, 1997), 175.
116. The Times, 17 September 1957.
117. T.K. Whitaker, ‘Capital Formation, Saving and Economic Progress’, Journal of the Social and Statistical Inquiry Society of Ireland, 19, 1955–6, 196–9.
118. Horgan, 165.
119. Irish Press, 12 October 1955.
120. Lee, 343.
121. Girvin, 192.
122. Lee, 344, and Bew and Patterson, 115.
123. Girvin, 192–3.
124. Lee, 354.
125. Garvin, 53.
5 Modernization and Resistance: Northern Ireland 1945–1963
1. A. J. Kelly (Home Office) to A. Gransden (Cabinet Office, Stormont), 2 April 1946, PRONI, Cabinet Secretariat, Cab 9J/53/1.
2. Peter Rose, How the Troubles Came to Northern Ireland (Basingstoke and New York, 2000), 2.
3. Note of a meeting with Rt Hon. Herbert Morrison, MP, 15 September 1946, PRONI, Cabinet Secretariat, Cab 9J/53/2.
4. G. C. Duggan, ‘Northern Ireland: Success or Failure?’, Irish Times, 19 April 1950. Duggan was Comptroller and Auditor General at Stormont.