Ireland Since 1939
Page 58
Childers, Erskine, 157–8
Churchill, (Sir) Winston: and wartime strikes in Northern Ireland, 46; on denial of Irish Treaty Ports, 56; Brookeborough demands special measures from, 139
Chuter-Ede, James Chuter Ede, Baron, 114
civil rights movement (Northern Ireland): beginnings, 159, 171, 193–5, 198–9; criticized as republican, 198–9; mass support for, 199–200; marches and activities, 201–3; and Catholic grievances, 205; and ‘Long March’ from Belfast to Derry, 207–9; and O'Neill's proposed reforms, 207
Clann na Poblachta: formed, 82–5; election results (1947), 86–7; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; and partition question, 95; and External Relations Act, 96; in inter-party government (1954), 108; and government's fall (1957), 109
Clann na Talmhan, 21, 73, 75, 87, 92, 108
Clark, Sir George, 143, 180–81
Claudia (fishing boat), 269
Clinton, Bill, 302, 323–4, 327, 333, 336, 339
Closing the Gap (White Paper), 152
Cluskey, Frank, 280–81
Coal-Cattle pact (Ireland-Britain, 1935), 21, 78, 80
Cobh: as Treaty Port, 25
Cold War: ends, 322–3
Cole, John, 260
Coleraine, County Londonderry, 188
Colley, George, 167–70, 174, 263, 274–5, 277, 283
Collins, Michael, 4–5, 16
Collins, Stephen, 277
Colombia, 346
Combined Loyalist Military Command, 333
Commager, Henry Steele, 62
Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO), 148
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 274–5
Commonwealth (British): Ireland rejects membership, 96–7
Commonwealth Labour Party, 49
Communist Party: and wartime alliance with USSR, 45; in 1945 election, 49; attitudes to Second World War, 64; liquidated in South, 64, 69; MacEntee's campaign against, 69–71; reformed as Irish Workers' League, 94; and post-war economic situation, 106
Conditions of Employment Act (1936), 22
Conference of the Religious of Ireland (2004), 310
Congress of Irish Unions (CIU), 68, 71
Connolly, James, 19, 21, 24, 82, 269
Conservative Party (British): relations with Ulster Unionist Party, 196, 218, 247; Conference hotel bombed (Brighton, 1984), 259; unionist sympathy, 318–19
Constitution Act (Northern Ireland, 1973), 231
Constitutional Convention, 244–5, 249
Continuity IRA, 337
Contraception Action Programme, 291
Control of Manufacturers Acts (1930s), 81, 106, 112
Cooney, Patrick, 239
Copcutt, Geoffrey, 188
Corish, Brendan, 160–61, 265–6
Cork: Protestants persecuted, 15; Labour Party weakness in, 23
Cosgrave, Liam, 175, 239, 265, 268–71
Cosgrave, William T., 14–16, 60–61
Costello, Declan, 264–5
Costello, John A.: as Taoiseach in coali-tion government, 87–8, 92, 96; membership of Knights of St Columbanus, 93; repeals External Relations Act, 96–7; and partition question, 97, 99–100; and 1954 election, 108; and Sweetman's 1956 budget, 108–9; vetoes MacBride's Dáil proposal, 131; as Fine Gael leader in Dáil, 263
Council of Education, 164
Council of Ireland: powers transferred to Northern Ireland, 16; proposed, 231, 239–41; Faulkner on powers of, 232; Hume's commitment to, 240
Cowan, Peadar, 97
Cowen, Brian, 310
Cox, Michael, 322
Craig, Sir James see Craigavon, Sir James Craig, 1st Viscount
Craig, William: and appointment of O'Neill as Prime Minister, 184; as Minister of Health and Local Government, 189; meets Harold Wilson in London, 197; criticizes NICRA as republican front, 198; defers reform of local government suffrage, 198; bans Apprentice Boys’ parade, 202; defends RUC actions in Derry, 203; obduracy as Minister of Home Affairs, 204, 206; resists changes to franchise, 204–5; condemns civil rights movement, 206; dismissed, 206; expelled from parliamentary party, 219; launches Ulster Vanguard, 225; militancy, 225–6, 228–30; advocates independent Ulster, 226; forms Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party, 230; failure in 1973 election, 232; proposes coalition with SDLP, 244; and working-class support, 244; and Constitutional Convention, 245, 254; expelled from UUUC, 245; Robinson defeats in Westminster general election (1949), 246; Hume's hostility to, 254
Craigavon, County Armagh, 188–9
Craigavon, Sir James Craig, 1st Viscount: pacts with Collins (1922), 4–5; policy of religious tolerance, 5, 7; premier-ship and administration, 5, 16, 36–7; and minority representation, 6; and Basil Brooke, 11; Protestant populism, 11–12, 36; and sectarian violence, 13; housing programme, 22; attitudes in Second World War, 33–7; calls general election (1938), 36; health decline, 36; and recruitment in Second World War, 37–8; death, 39; and proposed joint wartime defence against German invasion, 58
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (Irish Republic, 1935), 291
Cronin, Seán, 134–5
Crosland, Anthony, 217
Cumann na nGaedheal see Fine Gael
Currie, Austin, 200–201, 204, 238, 299
Dáil Éireann: constitutional position, 14–15; and oath of allegiance to British monarch, 15, 18, 20; Committee on the Constitution, 171
D'Alton, Cardinal John, Archbishop of Armagh, 94, 135
Davis, Troy, 97
Day of Action (March 1986), 312
de Búrca, Máirín, 170
Delargy, Hugh, 103–4
DeLorean, John, 253
Demetrius, Operation (1971), 220
Democratic Left (party), 300, 303, 305
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP): founded, 229; joins United Ulster Unionist Council, 241; rise to ascendancy, 244–7; weakened after Anglo-Irish Agreement, 312–13, 329; pact with UUP, 313; and suspension of provisions of Anglo-Irish Agreement, 318; and British economic support for Northern Ireland, 330; in Northern Ireland Forum elections (1996), 333; and Good Friday Agreement, 340–41, 347, 357; in 1998 Assembly election, 345; in 2001 general election, 345; refuses cooperation with Sinn Féin/IRA in Assembly, 345; government office holders, 352–3; success in November 2003 Assembly election, 352; success in 2005 election, 355; negotiates with Sinn Féin, 357; style of government, 357; deals with republicans, 358
de Rossa, Proinsias, 303
Derrig, Tom, 85
Derry: nationalism in, 35; wartime attitudes, 35; housing, 129, 202; industrial development, 129; anti-partition in, 131–2; local government gerrymandering, 132; nationalist parades, 132; army base raided for arms, 133; violence and riots in, 166, 170, 176, 209–10, 211–12, 222; development plan for, 188; civil rights marches in, 202–3, 205; and attack on ‘Long March’, 207; Apprentice Boys march in, 211–12; Provisional IRA's campaign in, 220; RUC patrols in, 220; and Bloody Sunday, 222–3; ‘Young Hooligans’, 222; Hume's influence in, 234
Derry Citizens' Action Committee, 211, 234
Derry Citizens' Defence Association (DCDA), 211–12
Derry Housing Action Committee (DHAC), 202
Desmond, Barry, 285
de Valera, Eamon: election victory (1932), 10, 25; and abolition of land annuities, 11, 20; supports IRA, 12, 17; background and career, 17; heads Fianna Fáil, 18–20; outlaws IRA, 20; economic/social programme, 21, 75, 76; on emigration from Ireland, 23; in September 1927 election, 24; and Anglo-Irish relations, 25–6, 29–30; election victory (1938), 26; elected in South Down, 29; and partition question, 29–30, 32, 36, 60, 96, 97, 154; and Irish wartime neutrality, 30, 37, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 63; and nationalist attitude to Second World War, 33; and Irish international status, 50; and Irish food exports to wartime Britain, 51; and IRA's pro-German stance, 53–4; denounced by IRA, 55; and German invasion threat, 57–9; favours Allied victory, 60; and Irish language and culture, 60, 86; condolences on death of Hitler, 62; and Beveridge Report, 71–2, 74; favours economic frugality in 1943 St Patric
k's Day Address, 72–3, 77, 84, 151; and 1943 election, 73–4; industrialization programme, 80; renegotiates agreement with Britain (1947), 80; republicanism, 82; John MacBride on, 83; and Health Bill, 95; overseas tour, 97; MacBride obstructs, 99; election campaign and defeat (1954), 107–8; denounces foreign investment, 109; resumes as Taoiseach (1957), 110; retires (1959), 112, 143, 263; Morrison criticizes, 114; returns to power (1951), 133; introduces internment for IRA activists, 136; attitude to Northern Ireland, 153–4; and party differences, 166–7
de Valera, Síle, 276
Devenny, Samuel, 209, 211
Devlin, Bernadette see McAliskey, Bernadette
Devlin, Joe: leads Nationalist Party, 2, 28, 31; and Second World War, 27; death, 34, 130, 238
Devlin, Paddy, 174, 234–6, 238, 240, 254
Dignan, John, Bishop of Clonfert, 75, 84
Dillon, James, 57, 59, 61, 89, 167, 263, 265
Diplock, Kenneth, Baron, 250–51
Diplock courts, 250
‘Direct Action against Drugs’, 333
Distribution of Industry Act (Northern Ireland, 1945), 138
divorce: outlawed in Irish Republic, 15, 293–4
Dodds, Nigel, 345
Doherty, Paddy, 178
Doherty, Seán, 283, 298
Donaldson, Denis, 348, 350
Donaldson, Jeffrey, 339, 347, 350, 352
Donegan, Paddy, 270
Donlon, Seán, 259
Donnelly, Eamon, 29, 34
Donoghue, Bernard, 248
Douglas, William, 182
Downing Street, London: IRA mortar attack on, 320
Downing Street Declaration (1993), 302, 324–6
Dublin: Labour Party weakness in, 23; tuberculosis in, 66; manufacturing concentration in, 163; British Embassy burned after Bloody Sunday, 223; bombs in, 269
Dublin Trades Council, 68
Dublin Unemployed Association, 106
Dukes, Alan, 285, 287
Dundalk Examiner, 61
Dungannon Rural District Council, 200–201
Dungannon Urban District Council, 193–4
Dungiven, 184
Dunne, Ben, 276
Dunphy, Richard, 84
DuPont (US company), 126
Durkan, Mark, 352, 355
Eames, Robert Henry Alexander, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All-Ireland, 324, 330
Easter Rising (Dublin 1916), 2, 31, 109
Economic Survey of Northern Ireland (1957), 141
Education Acts (Northern Ireland): (1930), 28; (1947), 120, 123–4, 181, 234
EEC see European Union
Eglinton, County Londonderry, 129
Éire see Ireland, Republic of
Éire Nua (document), 251
Elizabeth II, Queen: coronation (1953), 125
Emergency see Second World War
Emergency Powers Bill (Ireland, 1939), 51, 54
Emergency Provisions Act (1973), 250
Enniskillen: Remembrance Day bomb (1987), 316–17
‘Equality Agenda’, 339
Ethics in Government Bill (Irish Republic), 300
European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 147
European Monetary System, 275
European Parliament: Paisley elected to, 247; 1979 elections, 275
European Single Currency, 289
European Union (European Economic Community): effect on Irish Republic, 147–8, 150; Irish Republic membership, 262–3, 268; Common Agricultural Policy, 274–5; transfer payments to Irish Republic, 288, 300; and Treaty of Nice, 306–7; Irish scepticism on, 307; elections (2004), 309
Ewart-Biggs, Christopher: assassinated, 270
External Relations Act (1936): repealed, 96–7, 99
Falklands War (1982), 258, 279, 283
Family Allowance Bill (Northern Ireland, 1956), 126
Family Solidarity (organization), 293
Fanning, Ronan, 93
Farrell, Michael, 5, 203, 207, 209
Farren, Neil, Bishop of Derry, 125, 132
Faulkner, Brian: condemns BBC for anti-government bias in North, 182; appeal and influence, 183–4; as defender of bourgeoisie, 187; as Minister of Commerce, 189; meets Harold Wilson in London, 197; resists pressure from Harold Wilson, 204–5, 207–8; resigns (1969), 208, 244; on housing needs, 219; introduces internment, 220; succeeds Chichester-Clark as Prime Minister, 220; refuses to bring republicans into government, 221; and Bloody Sunday, 222; summoned to Heath, 223–4; refuses transfer of security powers to London, 226; accepts constitutional White Paper (1973), 230, 232; attempts power-sharing deal with SDLP, 231; cabinet collapses, 231; on powers of Council of Ireland, 232; as Chief in power-sharing Executive, 240; and Sunningdale Conference and Agreement, 240–2; in 1974 general election, 242
Federation of Irish Industry (FII), 147
Feeney, Charles, 323
Fermanagh: unionism, 11
Fianna Fáil: election victory (1932), 10, 25, 29; dominance, 17–18, 21–2, 30; constitution, organization and aims, 18–19; economic and social project, 20–23; in September 1927 election, 24; election victory (1938), 26, 50; boycotts Stormont, 29; wartime neutrality policy, 30, 50, 57, 59; and Treaty Ports, 50; working-class appeal, 65, 69, 75, 106; election setback (1943), 69, 73–4; and communist conspiracy, 71; loses support in west, 73; agrarian and industrial policies, 80–81; Clann na Poblachta opposes, 82–7; election defeats (1947–8), 82; and ‘red peril’, 93; and partition question, 99, 179; opposes foreign capital, 105; election defeat (1954), 108; derides coalition government, 109; election success (1957), 109–10; as progressive economic force, 151; 1965 election gains, 152; minority government following 1961 election, 152; relations with trade unions, 160; campaign against Labour Party, 162; party factions and dissensions, 166–8; and leadership succession to Lemass, 168; election success (1969), 170, 280; 1971 election results, 178; and SDLP, 235; and post-1970 economy, 263; links with Provisionals, 265; 1973 election results, 266; anti-terrorist legislation, 269; view on contracep-tives, 271, 291; 1977 election victory, 272; by-election losses (1979), 275; 1981 election losses, 280; 1982 election losses, 284; 1987 election failure, 286; in 1989 election, 289; forms coalition with Progressive Democrats, 290; and family-planning legislation, 293; relations with Catholic Church, 295; 1992 election losses, 299; coalition government with Spring's Labour Party, 300–301; and corruption charges, 305; 2002 election success, 308; in European and local elections (2004), 309–10; claims social-democratic image, 310; differences with Fine Gael over national question, 310–11; Adams proposes alliance with, 315
Fianna Uladh, 133
films: censorship relaxed, 165
Fine Gael (earlier Cumann na nGaedheal): and constitution, 14; in election (1923), 17; inadequate party organization, 18–19; in 1938 election, 50; demands for wartime defence, 58–9; election setback (1943), 70; in election (1947), 86–7; in coalition government (1948), 87–8; electoral recovery (1950s), 89; favours co-operation with Britain, 96; and partition question, 98; leads 1954 government, 108; and economic crisis (1956), 109; pact with Labour (1971), 178; Dillon leads, 263–5; and post-1970 economic policy, 263; and Declan Costello's ‘Just Society’ programme, 264–5; coalitions with Labour Party, 265–6, 285; under Liam Cosgrave's leadership, 265; on coali-tion's losing 1977 election, 271; 1971 election victory, 279–80; in 1982 election, 284–5; 1992 election losses, 299; in ‘rainbow coalition’ (1994), 303; 1997 election successes, 304; loses support, 305; 2002 election failure, 308; in local and European elections (2004), 309; differences with Fianna Fáil over national question, 310–11; pre-election pact with Labour (2005), 310
Finlay, Fergus, 303
First Programme for Economic Expansion, 150–51, 153
Fitt, Gerry: and Paddy Kennedy, 174; elected Republican Labour MP, 197, 200; as Nationalist leader, 200; denounces RUC, 201, 203; in Derry protest demonstration, 203–4; Faulkner refuses to serve with, 221; and John Hume, 234–5; career, 235; influence in SDLP, 238; meets Whitelaw, 238; position in power-sharing Exec
utive, 240; opposes 1974 general election, 242; loses support in Belfast, 254; resigns from SDLP, 254; Adams defeats in Westminster election (1983), 256
FitzGerald, Alexis, 88
FitzGerald, Garret: report on textile industry, 147–8; on Lynch's handling of Arms Crisis, 176; and proposed power-sharing in Northern Ireland, 239; and Faulkner's acceptance of Council of Ireland, 241; and Thatcher''s policy in Northern Ireland, 258; background, 264; on taxation, 267; attitude to Northern Ireland, 268; as Minister for Foreign Affairs, 268; and police treatment of terrorist suspects, 270; on Haughey's ‘flawed pedigree’, 276; popularity, 279; 1981 election victory, 280, 282; economic policy, 280–2, 285; heads Fine Gael, 280; calls for no-confidence against Haughey's government, 284; heads 1982 coalition government, 285; relations with Dick Spring, 285; supports referendum on abortion, 292; policy on Northern Ireland and nationalism, 295–7; meets Thatcher, 297
Flags and Emblems Act (Northern Ireland, 1954), 125, 133
Flinn, Hugo, 71–2
Flynn, William, 323
Ford, Major-General Sir Robert, 222
Forum for Peace and Reconciliation (Irish Republic), 326
Fox, Billy, 270
Framework Document (British-Irish document), 328–9, 337–8
Franco, General Francisco, 123
Free Presbyterians: support DUP, 246
Freeland, General Sir Ian, 218
Friends of Ireland (British Labour Party group), 129
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 316
Gage, Connolly, 184
Gallagher, Eamonn, 177
Gallagher, Frank, 84, 100
Garda Síochána: formed, 14; exchanges intelligence with RUC on IRA, 55
Garrett, George, 98
Garvaghy Road see Portadown
Garvin, Tom, 104, 112, 163
Gaulle, Charles de, 148
Germany: and Irish wartime neutrality, 50–52, 60–61; IRA's relations with, 53–4, 57; invasion threat to Ireland, 57–8
Gibraltar: IRA members killed in, 316
Girvin, Brian, 88, 104–5, 111
Glentoran, Daniel Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron, 141
Glentoran, Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron, 39
‘ Golden Circle’, 298
Gonne, Maud, 83
Good Friday Agreement (aka Belfast Agreement; 1998), 338–40, 342, 344, 345, 347–9, 357–8