John Marshall
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Chapter 12: A Deadly Interview
1. Sergeant-at-Arms of the National Senate, Annals, 8th Congress, 1st session, 319.
2. John Quincy Adams, Diary of John Quincy Adams, November 5, 1804, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, an Electronic Archive, www.masshist.org.
3. Plumer to Norris, November 7, 1804, cited in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:180.
4. New York Evening Post, February 6, 1805.
5. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:360.
6. Alexander Hamilton to Oliver Wolcott Jr., December 1800, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 25:286.
7. American Citizen, March 1, 1804.
8. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 677.
9. Ibid.
10. Alexander Hamilton to Aaron Burr Jr., June 20, 1804, ibid., 248.
11. “Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr,” June 28–July 10, 1804, ibid., 279–280.
12. American Citizen, July 21, 23, 1804.
13. Aaron Burr Jr., to Charles Biddle, July 18, 1804, Aaron Burr Jr., Political Correspondence . . . Aaron Burr, 2:885–887.
14. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography, ed. L. H. Butterfield, 4 vols. (New York: Atheneum, 1964), 3:434.
15. Uriah Tracy to James Gould, February 4, 1805, cited in Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York: Penguin Group, 2002), 276.
16. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:351. Passage of the Twelfth Amendment allowed each member of the college to cast but a single vote each for a presidential and vice presidential candidate. Under the previous system each elector cast both votes for a presidential candidate, with the winner of the most votes becoming president and the second-most votes vice president. The old system had produced an equal number of votes for Burr and Jefferson in the 1800 elections and led to the acrimonious voting in the House of Representatives to determine the President.
17. Ibid., 353.
18. John Quincy Adams to John Adams, March 14, 1805, Writings of John Quincy Adams, 3:116.
19. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:354–394; “Chase Trial,” Writings of John Quincy Adams, 3:116–149.
20. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:429–482; Writings of John Quincy Adams, 3:173ff.
21. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:488–489; Writings of John Quincy Adams, 3:224.
22. Annals, 8th Congress, 2nd session, 105–151.
23. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:556; Writings of John Quincy Adams, “Chase Trial,” 3:205–244.
24. JM Papers, 6:350–357.
25. Ibid., 6:488.
26. Ibid., 6:562ff.
27. Ibid., 6:359.
28. Plumer, February 27, 1805, Plumer, “Diary,” Library of Congress, cited in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:217n.
29. Annals, 8th Congress, 2nd session, 669.
30. Plumer to his son, March 3, 1805, Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:222.
31. Plumer, March 1, 1805, Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:219n.
32. Samuel Taggart to John Taylor, February 17, 25, 1805, Samuel Taggart Papers, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA, cited in Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 277.
33. From the Washington Federalist, March 13, 1805, Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, 2:236–238.
34. Ibid.
35. Burr, Political Correspondence, 2:910–911.
36. Washington Federalist, March 13, 1805, Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, 2:236–238.
37. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:367.
38. Story, Life and Letters, 167. See also Smith, John Marshal, 350–351.
39. Thomas Todd to John Breckenridge, February 17, 1802, cited in Smith, John Marshal, 303.
40. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 3 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1922), 1:301.
Chapter 13: The Trial
1. The Marqués de Casa Yrujo to Don Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, January 28, 1807, Adams, History of the United States, 3:342–343.
2. Aaron Burr to Joseph Alston, March 22, 1805, Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, 589–590.
3. Special Message to Congress on the Burr Conspiracy, January 22, 1807, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 532–538.
4. John Adams to Benjamin Rush, February 2, 1807, in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:338n.
5. Thomas Jefferson, October 22, 1806, Anas, in Ford, Writings of TJ, 1:318–319.
6. Thomas Jefferson to Monsieur DuPont de Nemours, July 14, 1807, Koch and Peden, Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 536.
7. Aaron Burr to Peter Taylor, October 26, 1806, in Adams, History of the United States, 3:276.
8. Aaron Burr to Henry Clay, December 1, 1806, Henry Clay, The Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, ed. Calvin Colton (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1855), 13–14.
9. JM to James M. Marshall, February 2, 1804, JM Papers, 6:255–256.
10. Henry Clay to James Pindell, October 15, 1828, Clay, Private Correspondence, 207.
11. Annals of Congress, 10th Cong. 1st session, 44.
12. US Supreme Court, 4 Cranch 75ff.
13. Ibid.
14. Judge William Cranch, cited in Smith, John Marshall, 637n60.
15. Thomas Jefferson’s “Special Message to Congress,” January 22, 1807, Ford, Works of TJ, 9:14–20.
16. Adams, History of the United States of America, 2:185.
17. Smith, John Marshall, 358.
18. Orleans Gazette, February 20, 1807.
19. Thomas Jefferson to William Branch Giles, April 20, 1807, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 1173.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Aaron Burr, The Examination of Col. Aaron Burr Before the Chief Justice of the United States, upon the Charges of a High Misdemeanor and of Treason Against the United States (Richmond: S. Grantland, 1807), 6–8.
23. Ibid., 23.
24. Aaron Burr Jr., Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr for Treason and for a Misdemeanor, Taken in Shorthand by David Robertson, Counselor at Law, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Hopkins and Earle, 1808), 1:430–432.
25. Aaron Burr to Theodosia Burr Alston, July 3 and July 6, 1807, Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, 620–621.
26. Ibid., July 24, 1807, 621.
27. Burr, Reports of the Trials, 1:127–128.
28. Thomas Jefferson to George Hay, June 19, 1807, Ford, Works of TJ, 10:403–404.
29. United States v. Burr, Opinion, US Circuit Court, Virginia, June 13, 1807, JM Papers, 7:37–50.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Burr, Reports of the Trials, 2:446.
33. Burr, The Examination of Col. Aaron Burr, 34–35.
34. Ibid.
35. Thomas Jefferson to William Thompson, September 26, 1807, Ford, Works of TJ, 10:501–502.
36. Enquirer (Richmond), December 1, 4, 8, and 12, 1808.
Chapter 14: The Court Must Be Obeyed
1. Thomas Jefferson to George Hay, September 4, 1807, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 11:360.
2. Annals, 10th Cong. 1st session, 321–324.
3. Harold Underwood Faulkner and Tyler Kepner, America, The History and People (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942), 180.
4. Kaminski, James Madison, 100.
5. Governor Jonathan Trumbull at the opening of the Special Session of the Connecticut State Legislature, February 23, 1809, State Documents on Federal Relations: The States and the United States, ed. Herman V. Ames (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1906), 40–41.
6. JM to Timothy Pickering, December 19, 1808, JM Papers, 7:188.
7. US Supreme Court, 5 Cranch 133, 1803.
8. George Washington to Lafayette, February 1, 1784, PGW-C, 1:87–90.
9. US Supreme Court, 5 Cranch 133, 1803.
10. JM Papers, 7:190–196.
11. United States v. Peters, 5 Cranch 115.
12. JM Papers, 7:196n15.
13. Philadelphia Aurora, Virginia General Advertiser, March 28, April 6, 13, 17, 20, 1809.
14. Ibid., 230–241.
15. Thomas Jeffe
rson to Albert Gallatin, September 27, 1810, Ford, Works of TJ, 11:152–155.
16. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, October 15, 1810, ibid., 11:150–154.
17. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, October 25, 1810, ibid., 11:140.
18. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, May 25, 1810, ibid., 11:139–141.
19. Thomas Jefferson to William Branch Giles, November 17, 1810, cited in Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, 398.
20. Thomas Jefferson to John Tyler, May 26, 1810, ibid., 141–149n.
21. Madison to JM, December 26, 1803, Ammon, The Genet Mission, 227.
22. Stoddert to McHenry, July 15, 1812, Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, 581–583.
Chapter 15: An Era of Good Feelings
1. George Washington to Jacob Read, November 3, 1784, Fitzpatrick, GW Writings, 27:489.
2. River Commission Report, December 26, 1812, JM Papers, 7:361–379.
3. Report on Fortifications, June 28, 1813, JM Papers, 7:412–414.
4. Dispatch from Oliver Hazard Perry aboard U.S. Brig Niagara to General William Henry Harrison, September 10, 1813, in Benson J. Lossing, The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1868), 530.
5. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 3:2.
6. Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith to Mrs. Kirkpatrick, March 13, 1814, Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith, Forty Years of Washington Society, ed. Gaillard Hunt (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1906), 96.
7. The Nereide, Opinion, US Supreme Court, March 11, 1815, JM Papers, 8:67–81.
8. William Munford, Virginia Reports, 6 vols. (1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 by other publishers) (Philadelphia: James Webster, 1817), 4:25–54.
9. JM Inaugural Address, March 4, 1817, JM Writings, 6:6–14.
10. B. R. Curtis, ed., Reports of Decisions in the Supreme Court of the United States, 6th ed., 22 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1881), 4:415–439; Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 82.
11. Cunningham, Presidency of James Monroe, 228, citing Massachusetts Centinnel, July 19, 1817.
Chapter 16: The Final Arbiter
1. JM to Joseph Story, September 22, 1832, JM Papers, 12:237–238.
2. US Supreme Court, Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), 18.
3. Daniel Webster Peroration, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, March 10, 1818.
4. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Opinion, US Supreme Court, February 2, 1819, JM Papers, 8:217–239.
5. Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky Resolution of 1798, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 449–456.
6. McCulloch v. Maryland Opinion, US Supreme Court, March 6, 1819, JM Papers, 8:259–279.
7. Ibid.
8. DHRC, 9:689–998.
9. Ibid.
10. JM to Thomas S. Grimke, October 6, 1834, JM Papers, 12:419–420.
11. JM Papers, 9:143–147.
12. Richmond Enquirer, May 25, 29, June 1, 1821.
13. Joseph Story to JM, June 27, 1821, JM Papers, 9:174–178.
14. JM to Joseph Story, September 18, 1821, ibid., 9:183–185.
15. JM to Joseph Story, July 13, 1821, ibid., 9:178–182.
16. Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, March 9, 1821, and Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, December 25, 1820, Ford, Works of TJ, 201–202 and 175–178.
17. Ibid., September 26, 1823, 338–339.
18. Gibbons v. Ogden, Opinion and decree, US Supreme Court, March 2, 1824, JM Papers, 10:7–34.
19. Gibbons v. Ogden, Opinion and decree, US Supreme Court, March 2, 1824, JM Papers, 10:7–34.
20. Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, 473, citing Charles Warren, History of the American Bar (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1911), 396.
21. Daniel Coit Gilman, James Monroe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1898), 225.
22. JM to Madison, April 11, 1831, JM Papers, 7:231–234.
23. Madison to JM, April 21, 1831, ibid., 7:231n, 232n, 233n.
24. JM to James Monroe, December 16, 1830, JM Papers, 11:394–395.
25. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 8:262–263.
26. Richard Peters Jr., United States Reports (Reports of Cases . . . in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1828–1843), 17 vols. (Philadelphia), 6:534–563.
27. Lumpkin’s “Annual Message to the Legislature,” November 6, 1832, Letter Books of the Governors, 1832, Georgia Department of Archives and History.
28. JM to Joseph Story, September 22, 1832, JM Papers, 12:237–238.
29. Debates, 21st Congress, 1st session, 78–80.
30. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, 2 vols. (Hartford, CT: O. D. Case and Company, 1864, 1867), 1:106.
31. Justice Joseph Story to Judge Richard Peters, October 29, 1831, Story, Life and Letters, 2:70.
32. JM to Mary W. Marshall, November 8, 1831, ibid., 2:121–122.
33. JM to Joseph Story, November 10, 1831, ibid., 2:124.
34. JM to Polly, December 25, 1832 (a year after Polly’s death), Mason, My Dearest Polly, 343–345.
35. President Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832, Library of Congress.
36. Joseph Story to Sarah W. Story, January 27, 1832, Story, Life and Letters, 2:119.
37. Diary of John Quincy Adams, July 10, 1835.
38. Joseph Story, Eulogy, Boston, October 15, 1835, John P. Kaminski, ed., The Founders on the Founders, 403–404.
39. Nathaniel Hawthorne to Commodore Horatio Bridge, May 26, 1861, in Horatio Bridge, Personal Recollections of Nathaniel Hawthorne (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1893), 169–170.
40. JM to Joseph Story, September 22, 1832, JM Papers, 12:237–238.
Appendix: Nine Great Cases of John Marshall’s Supreme Court
1. Herbert A. Johnson, The Chief Justiceship of John Marshall, 1801–1835 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997).
2. US Supreme Court, Cooper v. Aaron, United States Reports 1 (1958), 358.
3. Gibbons v. Ogden, Opinion and decree, US Supreme Court, March 2, 1824, JM Papers, 10:7–34.
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