Stalin

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  Zhukov II, pp. 119–22. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 178–9. Mekhlis as “gloomy demon”: S. P. Ivanov quoted in Spahr, p. 59. Simonov “Zametki,” pp. 55–6.

  KR I, pp. 196, 201–2. Stalin to Khrushchev: Dmitrov diary, 16 Aug. 1941. On Budyonny and Timoshenko: Nina Budyonny. Budyonny Notes. On military situation: Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 204–9. On Stalin and Timoshenko: Anfilov in Stalin’s Generals, pp. 248–9.

  Balandin: Yakovlev in Bialer (ed.), p. 301. Meretskov: Vaksberg, pp. 221–3. Beria had been a student with Vannikov at the Baku Technical School, a connection that may have saved his life. Mikoyan, pp. 425–6. Lesser Terror, p. 73. Sudoplatov, p. 127.

  Mikoyan, pp. 359–60. Overy, pp. 82–3.

  34: “FEROCIOUS AS A DOG”

  This account of the Siege of Leningrad is based on Harrison Salisbury’s 900 Days, John Erickson’s Road to Stalingrad, pp. 83, 120, 143, 145–8, 181–95 , 262–3, Richard Overy’s Russia’s War, pp. 99–112, and the author’s research in RGASPI and TsAMO. RGASPI 558.11.492, Stalin to Voroshilov and Zhdanov 17 Aug. 1941. Mikoyan, p. 393. 900 Days, p. 218.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.6, Stalin, Molotov and Mikoyan to Voroshilov, Zhdanov, Popov etc., 23 Aug. 1941.

  900 Days, pp. 208–9, 304, 402.

  900 Days, pp. 181–7.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.57, Stalin to Zhdanov and A. A. Kuznetsov 4 Oct. 1941. Andrei Alexandrovich: 900 Days, p. 542. Yes or no! RGASPI 558.11.492.63, Stalin, Molotov to Zhdanov, Kuznetsov 18 Oct. 1941. Say it straight: RGASPI 558.11.492.66, Stalin to Zhdanov on telephone, 8 Nov. 1941.

  Voroshilov: Volkogonov, in Stalin’s Generals, p. 317.

  Kuznetsov in Kumanev (ed.), p. 294. Malenkov vs. Zhdanov: Sukhanov, Memoirs, Library of Congress, Volkogonov Collection, Reel 8. 900 Days, pp. 260–1. Beria vs. Zhdanov in Raanan, pp. 171–2; Beria, p. 263. Yury Zhdanov. Volya Malenkova—her father told the family about Zhdanov’s drunken cowardice but added that he had not reported this to Stalin. Sergo B, p. 75, heard from his father that Malenkov proposed Zhdanov’s court martial and Beria vetoed it. Zhdanov’s confession of cowardice to Stalin: Mikoyan, p. 562. Stalin now spoke to Molotov and Malenkov as well as Zhdanov in his daily calls. RGASPI 558.11.492.29–33, Stalin to Kuznetsov, Voroshilov, Zhdanov, Popov and Molotov 27 Aug. 1941, and reply from Voroshilov, Zhdanov, Popov, Kuznetsov, Molotov and Malenkov 28 Aug. 1941. On return to Moscow, Malenkov often spoke to Zhdanov on Stalin’s behalf: “On Comrade Stalin’s order, I ask the following . . . Are tanks taking part—how many and what kind . . .” he would begin his calls. RGASPI 558.11.492.73–8 and 79 (16 Nov.) and 90 (2 Dec.), Malenkov to Zhdanov 13 Nov. 1941. MR, p. 40. Mikoyan, p. 562. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 188–9. 900 Days, pp. 208–9, 304, 402.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.35–8, Stalin to Kuznetsov, Molotov, Malenkov 29 Aug. 1941.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.49, Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, Beria to Voroshilov and Zhdanov 9 Sept. 1941. Zhukov and Stalin: 900 Days, pp. 265–6.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.50 and 51, Stalin and Molotov to Voroshilov and to Zhukov and Zhdanov, both 13 Sept. 1941. 900 Days, pp. 265–6. Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 189. Simonov, “Zametki,” p. 48.

  Bychevsky in Bialer (ed.), pp. 435–8. Kuznetsov in Kumanev (ed.), p. 294. 900 Days, pp. 267, 344, 346. Simonov, “Zametki,” p. 48.

  TsAMO RF 217.1258.14.16, Zhdanov to Leningrad Front, 27 Sept. 1941.

  TsAMO RF 217.1258.11.18, Khozin, Zhdanov, Kuznetsov to Military Councils of 8th and 55th Armies, 13 Nov. 1941.

  RGASPI 558.11.191–3, Zhdanov to Stalin, 5 Dec. 1941.

  Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 194–5. 900 Days, pp. 351, 403, 415, 451; starvation figures, p. 515. Zhdanov quoted in 900 Days, p. 518. Overy, pp. 111–12: over a million dead. Zhdanov’s visit to Moscow: 900 Days, p. 416. IA, 1998:3.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.86, Stalin and Molotov talk to Zhdanov 1 Dec. 1941.

  RGASPI 558.11.191–3, Zhdanov to Stalin 5 Dec. 1941.

  This account is based on Beaverbrook’s Moscow Narrative in BBK/D/96/98/ 99/100 in Anne Chisholm and Michael Davie, Beaverbrook: A Life, pp. 406–20. Berezhkov, pp. 138–50. A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook, pp. 487–91. Harriman, pp. 86–101. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 210–15. Mikoyan, pp. 408–15. Molotov chaired the Soviet delegation on Western aid; Mikoyan negotiated the details. Western aid: Mikoyan reports to Stalin who tots up planes: RGASPI 558.11.765.80–104, Mikoyan to Stalin July 1941–Dec. 1942.

  This account of the Battle of Moscow is based on Erickson, Overy and the memoirs of Zhukov, Molotov and Mikoyan Lesser Terror, p. 113. Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 217. Telegin in Bialer (ed.), pp. 274–6.

  RGASPI 558.11.492.59, Stalin to Zhukov 5 Oct. 1941.

  TsKhSD Party Control Commission 13/76, vol. 1, p. 30. Pavel Sudoplatov to the Party Control Commission 11 Oct. 1960. See also: Sudoplatov, pp. 146–7. Sergo B, p. 324. Beria, p. 112. Zhukov II, pp. 201–3. Volkogonov, pp. 172–3, quotes Marshal K. S. Moskalenko on Beria’s 7 Oct. 1941 peace probe, via Stamenev again. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 221–2. Anfilov, Zhukov in Stalin’s Generals, pp. 350–1.

  TsAMO 48a.1554.91.346, Shaposhnikov to Budyonny and Koniev appointing Zhukov Stavka rep. 6 Oct. 1941. Zhukov II, pp. 201–16. Spahr, pp. 269–71. Anfilov, Zhukov in Stalin’s Generals, p. 351; Stalin’s Ghosts, Woff, p. 364; Rzheshevsky, Koniev, p. 95. Simonov, “Zametki,” Molotov and Zhukov, p. 56. S. Khrushchev, Superpower, p. 236. Overy, pp. 114–5. Plumber Bulganin: Sergo B, p. 127.

  35 : “CAN YOU HOLD MOSCOW?”

  Voronov; Bialer (ed.), p. 302; Zhukov’s tone: Belov, p. 295. TsAMO 132.2642.233, Stalin to Fedorenko, commander of Tank Dept., Red Army 3 Aug. 1941. By 12 October, Stalin uses AA guns vs. tanks; TsAMO 132a.2642. 45.26, Stalin Stavka order, 12 Oct. 1941. Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 238.

  RGVA 9.39.103.390, Beria to Mekhlis 12 Dec. 1941. RGVA 9.39.100.312–4, Abakumov to Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, Mekhlis and Zhukov 28 July 1941. Lesser Terror, pp. 47–9. RGASPI 558.3.25, p.32. D’Abernon, Stalin’s Library.

  Yakovlev, Century, p. 174. Lesser Terror, pp. 47–9.

  Natalya Poskrebyshev. Lesser Terror, pp. 69–72. Anatoly Sulianov, Arrestovat v Kremle; O zhizni i smerti marshala Beria, p. 189.

  Panic: Valery Soyfer, Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science , p. 148: account of A. A. Prokofyeva-Belagovskaya. Harriman-Abel, pp. 84–5. Panic in Moscow; Beria, Kaganovich, Malenkov; Ilya Novikov, secretary of Sverdlovsk Committee; Vasily Pronin, in Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 3–14. Sudoplatov, p. 135. Chaos at factories: Mikoyan, p. 420. V. P. Pronin, Izvestiya TsK KPSS 4 (1991), p. 218; VIZh 10 (1991), p. 39. Overy, pp. 113–18. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 249–50.

  Voroshilov marksman: Rybin: Kto Otravil Stalina?—memoir of V. Tukov, pp. 55–6. Panic: Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 3–10. Belov in Bialer (ed.), p. 296. Stalin walking: Natalya Andreyeva. Berezhkov, p. 145. Brooks, Thank You C. Stalin, p. 178. Simonov, “Glazami,” p. 251. Ivan the Terrible book: RGASPI 558.3.350. Parachutists: Voronov, Bialer (ed.), p. 302.

  Mikoyan, pp. 417–22. MR, p. 42. Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 8–14. Rybin, who uses the testimony of bodyguards though he himself was no longer one of Stalin’s personal security guards, being responsible for security of the Bolshoi Theatre, claims that the events described during the night of the 15th and morning of the 16th preceded the meeting described by A. Shakhurin, the People’s Commissar for Aircraft Production. Naturally the bodyguards did not know which meeting was which. V. P. Pronin, Izvestiya TsK KPSS 4 (1991), p. 218; VIZh 10 (1991), p. 39.

  Soyfer, p. 148. Account of A. A. Prokofyeva-Belagovskaya. Berezhkov pp. 153–5. Mikoyan, pp. 417–22. Natalya Poskrebysheva. Zhukov’s doubts on Stalin: D. I. Ortenberg, “U Zhukova v Perkhushkogo” in Krasnaya Zvezda, 30 Nov. 1991, p. 5. Kuibyshev: Radzinsky p. 467. House in Kuibyshev: S. Khrushchev, Superpower, p. 25. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 172–3. Mikoyan, pp. 417–22. MR, Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 8–14. Vaksberg, pp. 225–7.

  A. Shakhurin, Voprosy Istorii, 3, 1975, pp. 142–3. Shakhurin claims this meeting took place on 16 October but it is clearly later than Miko
yan’s meeting which had a different agenda. Commissars came and left during these meetings which moved between Stalin’s apartment, his office and shelter at Kirovskaya Metro (see next note) and his dachas, so that this is surely a section of the meeting. His logbook of visitors shows Stalin was not in his office on 15–18 Oct.: we know Shakhurin’s meeting took place in his private quarters where no record was kept of meetings: IA. He worked mostly at the house over Kirov Street near Kirovskaya Metro: Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, quotes bodyguard N. Kirilin on p. 12. Mikoyan, pp. 417–22.

  I am grateful for the access to General Y. Gorkov’s new work on the Kirovskaya Metro headquarters. Also; Nezavisimoe Voennoe Obozrenie , 19, 2002, p. 5: Memoirs of Communications Official Vladimir Kazakov. Shtemenko: Jukes in Stalin’s Generals, pp. 234–8. Deriabin, “bunked together,” p. 105. Khrushchev, Glasnost, p. 65. Volkogonov, p. 416. IA, 1996:2, pp. 68–9. Kuznetsov: Bialer (ed.), p. 428.

  IA, 1996: 2, pp. 68–9. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 220–2. Peshkova on Istomina’s “ever smiling.” Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 172–3. Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 8–14, including Istomina. Stalin also discussed this with Zhdanov in Leningrad. Chadaev in Kumanev (ed.), p. 419. RGASPI 558.3.32 Kutuzov by M. Bragin, p. 60. Zhukov in Bialer (ed.), p. 291. Pronin; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 4, 1991, p. 218. Zhukov dates this conversation after 19 November but Pronin heard a similar one during 16 and 17 October. Zhukov II, pp. 230–6. Belov, Bialer (ed.), p. 296.

  Volkogonov, pp. 434–5. Rybin, Ryadom, p. 86. Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 9–13. Belov in Bialer (ed.), p. 296. Visit to train? Vlast 5, 2000. Interview E. Zhirnov with Mikhail Smirtukov, Assistant to Sovnarkom.

  Telegin; Bialer (ed.), p. 304. V. P. Pronin, “Gorod-voin, Bitva za Moskvu,” p. 465; Pronin, Izvestia TsK KPSS, 4, 1991, p. 218. Pronin, VIZh, 10, 1991, p. 39. Pronin, “Gorod u linii fronta,” Moskovskie Novosti, no. 21, 26 Mar./2 Apr. 1995, p. 14. On Beria’s anticipating Stalin’s view and Stalin’s attack on Shcherbakov, Sergo Beria quoting what his father told his mother; he puts Shcherbakov’s crisis in June: pp. 75–6, 71. Djilas, p. 38. Zhukov II, pp. 235–40. Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, pp. 11–13. Pronin said the meeting took place in the evening but Stalin’s logbook shows the meeting on the 19th starting at 15:40 and ending 21:20. Spades: Timoshenko in Kumanev (ed.), pp. 272–3. Not your tail: Mikoyan, pp. 417–22. MR, p. 42.

  Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 221–2. Overy, pp. 113–20. On Malenkov and Far East, the call was from G. Borkov: Sukhanov, Memoirs . Albert Seaton, Stalin as Military Commander, pp. 124–6. Zhukov II, pp. 235–40. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin: chapter on Joseph Stalin and Joseph Apanasenko: “The Far Eastern Front during WW2,” quoting memoir of Gen. A. P. Belodorov in Sovietskaya Rossiya, 20 Oct. 1989. The Far Eastern commander Apanasenko managed to camouflage the disappearance of most of his army by forming an instant new one and building it up to a million troops to ensure that the Japanese did not realize his weakness and decide to attack after all.

  Bunker: Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 172–3. Simonov, Glazami, p. 37. Belov in Bialer (ed.), p. 295. Kaganovich and bunkers: Rybin, Stalin v Oktyabre 1941, p. 7. Shaposhnikov: Rzheshevsky on smoking, patronymic and respect from Stalin, Stalin’s Generals, pp. 226–30. Mikoyan, p. 386. Never without checking: Bialer (ed.), p. 592. Old fellow: Spahr, p. 83. Stalin limits hours: GKO, 11 May 1942. Very kind: Voronov in Bialer (ed.), p. 211. Fear of Beria: S. P. Ivanov, Shtab armeiskii, p. 250. Voodoo: FO 800/360, John Reed, Moscow, 19 Aug. 1942. Churchill and Stalin FCO, Mar. 2002. Also Alanbrooke, p. 303. Trip to front: Volkogonov, pp. 433–4.

  Volkogonov, pp. 433–4. Malenkov bomb: Volya and Igor Malenkov. Mikoyan, p. 415. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 172–3.

  Chairs: Zarubina, pp. 47–8. On 6–7 Nov. Stepan M, p. 69. P. A. Artemev in Bialer (ed.), pp. 305–9. Volkogonov, p. 436. Sudoplatov, pp. 133–6. 900 Days, p. 384. The music: Rybin, Ryadom so Stalinym v Bolshom Teatre, p. 32.

  Zhukov II, pp. 235–44.

  Berezhkov, pp. 160–2.

  Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, pp. 229–37. Berezhkov, pp. 162–8. Alanbrooke, p. 302. TsAMO RF 208.2524.20.124, Zhukov and Bulganin to Golubev, CO Tenth Army 20 Dec. 1941. Overy, pp. 117–22. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 248–96. Zhukov: Bialer (ed.), p. 292. Seaton, p. 132–4. Anfilov, Zhukov in Stalin’s Generals, p. 352. Zhukov II, pp. 240–50.

  Zhukov II, pp. 254–8.

  On Beria: Chadaev in Kumanev (ed.), pp. 429–32. On Malenkov: Sukhanov. Memoirs, Mikoyan, pp. 424–6. On Kaganovich: Nikolai Baibakov. Werner Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics: The Fall of Zhdanov, p. 348. Beria A fair, Andreyev speech, p. 154.

  36: MOLOTOV IN LONDON, MEKHLIS IN THE CRIMEA, KHRUSHCHEV IN COLLAPSE

  Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 398. Berezhkov, pp. 188–9. Golovanov in Stalin’s office: April/May 1942: IA. Golovanov: MR, pp. 46–9, 72, inc. quotation from Churchill, p. 49. Churchill 4, pp. 296–304. Molotov’s vanity: RGASPI 82.2.1592.19–20, Molotov to Zhemchuzhina 8 July 1947, and RGASPI 82.2.1592.40–5, Molotov to Zhemchuzhina Apr. 1945.

  Mekhlis, pp. 181, 193. Stalin’s attitude to Mekhlis: Meretskov quoted in Mekhlis, p. 228, Mekhlis into Stalin’s office, A. A. Afanasev quoted p. 275; mustard, Khrulev, p. 249. Jokes on manic Mekhlis: Charkviani, pp. 30–1. Zamertsev: Bialer (ed.), pp. 442–7. Starinov: Bialer (ed.), pp. 456–7.

  Spahr, pp. 277–80. Meretskov, pp. 228–52, 280–3. Leonid Redens. Volkogonov, Voroshilov in Stalin’s Generals, p. 318. Vlasov: KR I, p. 204. Volkogonov, pp. 443–4.

  Kulik on the Crimean Front and Mekhlis’s investigation: Spahr, pp. 266–7, 294. V. Bobrenov and V. Riazantsev, “Marshal protiv Marshala,” Armia, 1993. no. 9, p. 47. David Glantz, “Forgotten Battles of German-Soviet War—The Winter Campaign: The Crimean Counter-Offensive,” Slavic Military Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, Mar. 2001, pp. 121–70. On Kulik denunciations: Kompromat materials in Mekhlis files RGVA 9.39.105.412–7, July 1941. Kulik’s young wife, Olga: Kira Alliluyeva. Karpov, Rastrelyanniye marshaly, p. 323. Court martial: Volkogonov, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, p. 116.

  Mekhlis in the Crimea: Mekhlis, pp. 200–31. Glantz, “Forgotten Battles,” pp. 121–70. Stalin and Hindenburg in Spahr, p. 287. Hindenburg quoted by A. M. Vasilevsky, Delo vsei Zhizni, pp. 186–7. Simonov quoted in Medvedev, p. 463. Simonov, p. 36. TsAMO 215. A 1184.73.19, Vasilevsky and Mekhlis conversation on reinforcements and the big music, 23 Jan. 1942. David Ortenberg, Stalin Shcherbakov Mekhlis i drugie, pp. 60–6, 183–4. Mekhlis: “Damn you” said Stalin—Chadaev in Kumanev (ed.), p. 437 states 3 June but IA suggests 28 May. Also: “Go to hell!” Simonov to Kapler, quoted in Biagi, p. 34.

  The Kharkov offensive: Zhukov II, pp. 271–8. Anfilov Timoshenko in Stalin’s Generals, p. 251. Erickson, Stalingrad, pp. 332–7, 345–7. Overy, pp. 154–8. Seaton, pp. 144–5. Spahr, p. 282. Stalin liked Timoshenko, to whom he could be surprisingly polite: when Stalin asked Timoshenko to hand over some units to another command, he wrote: “Pass on my words to the Marshal—that I very much ask his agreement with the Stavka proposal to transfer . . . I know will be a very big sacrifice. But I ask for that sacrifice.” Stalin to Timoshenko, 27 Oct. 1941. U.S. Library of Congress, Volkogonov Collection, Gen. Staff Reel. Mikoyan on Timoshenko, brave peasant, p. 386. Telephone call: Khrushchev exaggerated his prescience: his call to Stalin was on the 18th not the 17th. Mikoyan p. 465. Stepan M, p. 104. KR I, pp. 205–7. Khrushchev, Glasnost, pp. 60–2. Zhukov II, pp. 271–82. Kharkov losses: Vasilevsky, p. 193.

  “Learn to wage war better.” TsAMO 3.11556.6.16, Stalin to Timoshenko 27 May 1942. Timoshenko denounces Khrushchev for lack of faith and for mental illness and for denouncing him: RGASPI 558.11.818.7, Timoshenko to Stalin 7 June 1942. See also RGASPI 558.11.818.10–11, Timoshenko to Stalin 22 June 1942 and RGASPI 558.11.818.9, Timoshenko to Stalin June 1942. “Hitler not as bad”: RGASPI 558.11.489.9, Stalin to Timoshenko 13 June 1942. Khrushchev and Bagirov story, Natalya Poskrebysheva. Khrushchev denounces Timoshenko: Stalin confirmed this to Zhukov, see William J. Spahr, Zhukov, The Rise and Fall of a Great Capt
ain, pp. 95–101. Bulganin investigation: Chadaev in Kumanev (ed.), p. 442. KR I, pp. 210–12. Kharkov: David Glantz, “The Kharkov Operation, May 1942,” Slavic Military Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, Sept. 1992, pp. 451–94; vol. 5, no. 4, Dec. 1992, pp. 611–86. Volkogonov, p. 433. Ashes on K’s head: William Taubman, Khrushchev, Man and Era, p. 168.

  Divisions are not needles: TsAMO 96a.2011.26.137–42, Stalin and Timoshenko 4 July 1942. Antony Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 69–72. Overy, pp. 156–8. Seaton, p. 147. Divisions in the market Jukes, Vasilevsky in Stalin’s Generals, p. 281.

  The fall of Rostov, approach to Stalingrad and North Caucasus: Order No. 270, 16 Aug. 1941, TsAMO 3.11.556.9. Volkogonov, p. 459. TsAMO 298.2526.5a, quoted in Volkogonov, p. 427. Order No. 227, 16 Aug. 1942, TsAMO 48.486.28.8, quoted in Beevor, p. 85. Overy, pp. 158–61. Seaton, Stalingrad, pp. 150–3. 4 and 5 August: IA.

  37: CHURCHILL VISITS STALIN

  Kuntsevo: O. A. Rzheshevsky, Winston Churchill in Moscow 1942; Churchill and Stalin, FCO, Mar. 2002. Churchill 4, pp. 429, 437. Also: FO 800/300. John Reed (Moscow) 19 Aug. 1942. Doc. 32.

  Churchill 4, pp. 428–36. Harriman-Abel, pp. 52–5. Cab. 127/23: Record of conversation between Churchill and Stalin 12 Aug. 1942, Churchill and Stalin, Doc. 29, FCO, Mar. 2002. AFP RF 6.4.14.131.20–23, Pavlov notes of Churchill– Molotov meeting, quoted by Rzheshevsky, Churchill in Moscow.

  Harriman-Abel, pp. 155–9. Churchill 4, pp. 436–42. CAB 127/23: Record of conversation between Churchill and Stalin 13 Aug. 1942, Churchill and Stalin, Doc. 30.

  Archive of President of Russian Federation: 45.1.282.48–52: Pavlov’s notes of dinner in honour of Churchill and Harriman, 14 Aug. 1942, quoted by Rzheshevsky, Churchill in Moscow. Berezhkov, pp. 193–9. On eunuch-like Malenkov and hearty Voroshilov: FO 800/300, John Reed. (Moscow), 19 Aug. 1942; Churchill cold-shoulders Stalin: FO 800/300, journal Sir A. Clark Kerr, Moscow, 16 Aug. 1942, both in Churchill and Stalin. Churchill 4, p. 443. Alanbrooke, pp. 301–3. Harriman-Abel, p. 160. Archive of President of Russian Federation, 45.1.282.64, record of Churchill’s meeting with Stalin in his apartment on night of 15–16 Aug. 1942, quoted by Rzheshevsky, Churchill in Moscow. V. N. Pavlov, “Avtobiographicheskie Zametki,” Novaya i Noveishaya Istoriya, no. 4, 2000, pp. 109–110; Svetlana, redheads, the present, Marlborough. In addition, this account uses the conventional sources of Churchill 4, pp. 445–51. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 178–9. PRO, Prem 3/7612, pp. 35–7, Maj. Birse’s notes. A. H. Birse, Memoirs of an Interpreter, p. 19. Churchill waving his legs, sulks: FO 800/300. Journal entry of Sir A. Clark Kerr, Moscow, 16 Aug. 1942, Churchill and Stalin. Erickson, Stalingrad, p. 369.