The Nazi Hunters
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Asterisks indicate titles of the most interest and accessibility for young-adult readers.
Archives and Libraries
Archiv der Sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn.
Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires.
Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Oral History Division, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Biblioteca National, Buenos Aires.
Bundesarchiv, Koblenz.
Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem.
Columbia University Library, New York.
Dirección Nacional de Migraciones, Buenos Aires.
Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden.
Israel State Archives, Jerusalem.
Massuah Institute for the Study of the Holocaust, Kibbutz Tel Itzhak, Israel.
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.
New York Public Library, New York.
New York University Library, New York.
Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Tribunales Federales de Comodoro Py, Buenos Aires.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.
Documentary Interviews and Materials
The Hunt for Adolf Eichmann, directed by Dan Setton, 1998. Interview transcripts of Zvi Aharoni, Manus Diamant, Michael Gilead, Isser Harel, Peter Malkin, Moshe Tabor, and Elie Wiesel.
I Met Adolf Eichmann, directed by Clara Glynn, 2003. Interview transcripts of Zvi Aharoni, Martha Eggers, Michael Gilead, Otto Lindhorst, Heinz Lühr, Shlomo Nagar, Zeev Sapir, Ursula Schulze, Moshe Tabor, Roberto Tonet, and Ruth Tramer.
Author Interviews
Roberto Alemann, Dan Alon, Shmuel Alony, anonymous Tacuara members, Angolina Bascelli, Rafi Eitan, Yaakov Gat, Amelia Hahn, Oved Kabiri, Yosef Klein, Anthony Kleinert, Dr. Leonhardt, Arye Levavi, Jose Moskoviz, Dr. Ernesto Palenzola, Pedro Probierzym, Saskia Sassen, Daniel Sasson, Shamri Shabtai, Avraham Shalom, Shaul Shaul, Baruch Tirosh, and Luba Volk.
Books and Articles
Aarons, Mark, and John Loftus. Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican’s Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Aharoni, Zvi. On Life and Death: The Tale of a Lucky Man. London: Minerva, 1998.
Aharoni, Zvi, and Wilhelm Dietl. Operation Eichmann: The Truth About the Pursuit, Capture and Trial of Adolf Eichmann. London: Orion, 1998.
Anderson, Jack. Peace, War, Politics: An Eyewitness Account. New York: Forge, 2000.
*Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.
Aschenauer, Rudolf. Ich, Adolf Eichmann: Ein historischer Zeugenbericht. Augsburg: Druffel-Verlag, 1980. A distilled version of the Sassen transcripts.
Bar-Zohar, Michael. The Avengers. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1968.
—. Ben-Gurion: A Biography. Tel Aviv: Biblioteka-Aliia, 1987.
—. Spies in the Promised Land: Iser Harel and the Israeli Secret Service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Ben-Natan, Asher. The Audacity to Live: An Autobiography. Tel Aviv: Mazo, 2007.
Black, Ian, and Morris Benny. Israel’s Secret Wars: A History of Israel Intelligence. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1991.
Black, Peter R. Ernst Kaltenbrunner: Ideological Soldier of the Third Reich. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Bower, Tom. Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America and the Purging of Nazi Germany — A Pledge Betrayed. London: Andre Deutsch, 1981.
Boyle, Kay. Breaking the Silence: Why a Mother Tells Her Son About the Nazi Era. New York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 1962.
Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Breitman, Richard, et al. U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Briggs, Emil. Stand Up and Fight. London: George G. Harrap, 1972.
Bukey, Evan Burr. Hitler’s Hometown: Linz, Austria, 1908–1945. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986.
*Cesarani, David. Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a “Desk Murderer.” New York: Da Capo Press, 2006.
Clarke, Comer. Eichmann: The Man and His Crime. New York: Ballantine Books, 1960.
Deacon, Richard. The Israeli Secret Service. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977.
Derogy, Jacques, and Hesi Carmel. The Untold History of Israel. New York: Grove Press, 1979.
Diamant, Manus. Manuscript. Massuah Archives, Israel.
Douglas, Lawrence. The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Holocaust. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Eban, Abba. Personal Witness. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1993.
Eichmann, Adolf. Meine Flucht. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Alliierte Prozesse, 6/247, folder 1.
“The Eichmann Chase.” Newsweek, July 25, 1960.
“Eichmann Memoirs.” National Archives and Records Administration, CIA Records Search Tool.
Erez, Tsvi. “Hungary: Six Days in July 1944.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3, no. 1 (1988): 37–53.
Fried, Tal. “Official Israeli Institutions in Pursuit of Nazi War Criminals, 1945–60.” PhD diss., University of Haifa, 2002.
Friedman, Tuviah. The Blind Man Who Discovered Adolf Eichmann in Argentina. Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel, 1987.
—. The Hunter. Edited and translated by David C. Gross. Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel, 1961.
Fulbrook, Mary. German National Identity After the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.
*Goñi, Uki. The Real Odessa: How Perón Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina. London: Granta, 2003.
Guri, Haim. Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004.
Gutman, Daniel. Tacuara: Historia de la Primera Guerrilla Urbana Argentina. Buenos Aires: Vergara Grupo Zeta, 2003.
Gutman, Yisrael, and Michael Berenbaum, eds. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Haim, Avni. “Jewish Leadership in Times of Crisis: Argentina During the Eichmann Affair.” In Studies in Contemporary Jewry, ed. Peter Medding, vol. 11, Values, Interests and Identity, pp. 117–23. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Harel, Isser. House on Garibaldi Street. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
Hausner, Gideon. Justice in Jerusalem. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
Höttl, Wilhelm. The Secret Front: The Story of Nazi Political Espionage 1938–1945. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953.
Hull, William L. The Struggle for a Soul. New York: Doubleday, 1963.
“Interview with Klaus Eichmann.” Quick, January 1966.
Kurzman, Dan. Ben-Gurion: Prophet of Fire. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Lauryssens, Stan. The Eichmann Diaries. Unpublished English-language version provided by author.
Lawson, Colin. “Eichmann’s Wife Speaks.” Daily Express, December 12, 1961.
Lengyel, Olga. Five Chimneys: The Story of Auschwitz. New York: Howard Fertig, 1995.
Levai, Eugene. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. Zurich: Central European Times, 1948.
Lévai, Jenö, ed. Eichmann in Hungary: Documents. New York: Howard Fertig, 1987.
*Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity. New York: Collier Books, 1961.
Levy, Alan. The Wiesenthal File. London: Constable, 1993.
Lozowick, Yaacov. Hitler’s Bureaucrats: The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil. New York: Continuum, 2002.
Malkin, Peter Z. The Argentina Journal. New York: VWF Publishing, 2002.
Malkin, Peter and Harry Stein. Eichmann in My Hands. New York: Warner Books, 1990.
Marty, Kenneth. “Neo-Fascist Irrationality or Fantastic History? Tacuara, t
he Andinia Plan and Adolf Eichmann in Argentina.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1996.
McKechnie, Gary, and Nancy Howell. “Double Exposure.” Orlando, December 1988.
Meding, Holger. Flücht vor Nürnberg? Deutsch und Osterreichische Einwanderung in Argentinien, 1945–1955. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1992.
Mendelsohn, John, and Donald S. Detweiler, eds. The Holocaust. 18 vols. New York: Garland, 1982.
Mermelstein, Mel. By Bread Alone: The Story of A-4685. Los Angeles: Crescent Publications, 1979.
Mulisch, Harry. Criminal Case 40/61: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2005.
Muller, Filip. Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers. New York: Stein & Day, 1979.
Musmanno, Michael. The Eichmann Kommandos. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith, 1961.
Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Oxford: Center for Romanian Studies, 2001.
Newton, Ronald. The “Nazi Menace” in Argentina, 1931–47. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.
Papadatos, Peter. The Eichmann Trial. New York: Praeger, 1964.
Pearlman, Moshe. The Capture of Adolf Eichmann. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961.
Pick, Hella. Simon Wiesenthal: A Life in Search of Justice. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996.
Prittie, Terence. Konrad Adenauer, 1876–1967. Ann Arbor, MI: Tom Stacey, 1972.
Rathkolb, Oliver, ed. Revisiting the National Socialist Legacy. Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2004.
Rein, Raanan. Argentina, Israel, and the Jews: Peron, the Eichmann Capture and After. Bethesda, MD: University Press of Maryland, 2003.
Reynolds, Quentin, with Zwy Aldouby and Ephraim Katz. Minister of Death: The Adolph Eichmann Story. New York: Viking Press, 1961.
Robinson, Jacob. And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight: The Eichmann Trial, the Jewish Catastrophe, and Hannah Arendt’s Narrative. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Sassen Transcripts. Collection of Robert Servatius. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Alliierte Prozesse, 6/95–111.
Shpiro, Shlomo. Geheimdienste in der Weltgeschichte: Spionage und verdeckte Aktionen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2003.
Simpson, Christopher. Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effect on the Cold War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.
Steven, Stewart. The Spymasters of Israel. New York: Macmillan, 1980.
Tetens, T. H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis. London: Secker & Warburg, 1961.
*Thomas, Gordon. Gideon’s Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem. 9 vols. Jerusalem: Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, 1992.
Tschuy, Theo. Dangerous Diplomacy: The Story of Carl Lutz, Rescuer of 62,000 Hungarian Jews. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2000.
Von Lang, Jochen, ed. Eichmann Interrogated. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.
Weber, Gaby. La Conexion Alemana: El Lavado del Dinero Nazi en Argentina. Buenos Aires: Edhasa, 2005.
*Wiesenthal, Simon. Justice Not Vengeance. New York: Grove-Weidenfeld, 1989.
Wiesenthal, Simon and Joseph Wechsberg, ed. The Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Memoirs. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Wighton, Charles. Eichmann: His Career and Crimes. London: Odhams Press, 1961.
Williams, Charles. Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany. Boston: Little, Brown, 2000.
Wojak, Irmtrud. Eichmann Memoiren: Ein Kritischer Essay. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2001.
*Yablonka, Hanna. The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann. New York: Schocken Books, 2004.
Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Zweig, Ronald W. The Gold Train: The Destruction of Jews and the Looting of Hungary. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
In citing works in the notes, short titles have generally been used. Works frequently cited have been identified by the following abbreviations.
AdsD-Archiv der Sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Bonn
AGN-Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires
BArch-Bundesarchiv, Koblenz
CZA-Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem
HAE-The Hunt for Adolf Eichmann
IMAE-I Met Adolf Eichmann
ISA-Israel State Archives, Jerusalem
NA-National Archives, Washington, DC
YVS-Yad Vashem, Jerusalem
Epigraph
“I sat at my desk”: Lauryssens, p. 77.
“We will bring Adolf Eichmann”: Malkin, Eichmann in My Hands, pp. 140–4.
Chapter 1
Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann stood: “Eichmann Memoirs,” p. 23; Aschenauer, pp. 332–33.
He held his trim frame stiff: Boyle, p. 5; NA, RG 319, IRR, Adolf Eichmann, “Interrogation of Dieter Wisliceny,” December 2, 1946.
He ran his office: Cesarani, pp. 117–58.
Stage one was: Zweig, pp. 49–59.
To prevent escapes: Cesarani, pp. 162–69; Braham, pp. 434–37; Aschenauer, p. 336.
At dawn: YVS, O.3, File 6151, Testimony of Zeev Sapir, April 9, 1990; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE; Braham, pp. 590–94; Mermelstein, pp. 2, 74.
“Jews: You have”: YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE. In his account, Sapir also details how Eichmann executed several ghetto prisoners, but since there is no corroboration of this occurrence in any other historical record, I have excluded the event. That said, it is clear from other histories that Eichmann was indeed touring Carpatho-Ruthenia at this time and that these visits were recorded in the press. See Braham, pp. 606–7; Hausner, p. 139.
Soon after Eichmann’s visit: YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE; Levai, Eichmann in Hungary, pp. 104–7; Nagy-Talavera, p. 289; Lengyel, pp. 6–23.
Four days after: YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Levi, pp. 18–19.
Adolf Eichmann had not: Erez.
Born in an industrial: Cesarani, pp. 1–156. In this biographical summary of Adolf Eichmann before Hungary, I have drawn heavily on the thorough and balanced biography by David Cesarani, Becoming Eichmann. Much of the Eichmann historiography paints him as either a deluded madman who was bent on the destruction of the Jews from cradle to grave or, thanks to Hannah Arendt, a sober, passionless desk clerk. Cesarani revealed a more realistic portrait. I also referenced the following sources in completing this summary: “Eichmann Memoirs”; BArch, Sassen Transcripts, 6/110; The Trial of Adolf Eichmann; Lawson; Reynolds; Von Lang, Eichmann Interrogated; Bukey; Wighton; Clarke; Yahil; Mulisch; Arendt; Mendelsohn and Detweiler, vol. 8, pp. 71–93. Any quotes have separate notes.
“The Führer has ordered”: Von Lang, Eichmann Interrogated, p. 81.
Eichmann was sent: Ibid., pp. 74–77.
“given their orders”: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, p. 1423.
“They were stealing”: “Eichmann Memoirs,” p. 14.
While away from: Cesarani, pp. 186–88; NA, RG 319, IRR, Eichmann, “Interrogation of Dieter Wisliceny”; The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, pp. 1789, 1834, 1855, 1971; Levai, Black Book, p. 109.
“You see, I’m back”: Yahil, p. 517.
There were no trains: Yahil, pp. 152–53; Levai, Eichmann in Hungary, pp. 14, 164–66; Braham, pp. 834–43.
“If until now”: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, p. 1530.
When Zeev Sapir arrived: YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE; The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, pp. 970–74; Muller, pp. 135–38; Lengyel, pp. 16–20.
Then it was winter: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, pp. 970–74; YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE; Gutman and Berenbaum, pp. 50–57.
They trudged through: YVS, Testimony of Zeev Sapir; Z. Sapir interview, IMAE; The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, pp. 970–74.
&nb
sp; “I will gladly”: “Eichmann Memoirs,” p. 46; The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, p. 1804.
The village was teeming: Höttl, pp. 301–2; Black, pp. 234–37.
Then he went: Lawson; Aschenauer, p. 423.
Chapter 2
“Have you heard”: Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us, p. 100.
Only four weeks earlier: Ibid., pp. 10–14; Pick, pp. 31–98.
The name Eichmann: Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us, p. 100.
“Eichmann!”: Wiesenthal, Justice Not Vengeance, p. 67.
On July 28: NA, RG 319, IRR, Adolf Eichmann, “Summary of Interrogation Reports from Counter Intelligence War Room, London,” November 19, 1945; Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us, p. 101.
Handsome as a movie star: Diamant; Ben-Natan, pp. 72–74.
“Thank you”: Diamant; Briggs, p. 164.
Hundreds of copies: NA, RG 319, IRR, Adolf Eichmann, CIC Report on Adolf Eichmann, June 7, 1947.
That December: Friedman, The Hunter, pp. 176–85.
“There are some people”: CZA, Z 6/842, Letter from Simon Wiesenthal to Nahum Goldmann, March 30, 1954; Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us, p. 123.
Upon his return: Pick, pp. 131–35; Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us, p. 124; Levy, pp. 123–24.
Soon after: Wiesenthal, The Murderers Amongst Us, p. 124.
His disappointment at failing: Wiesenthal, Justice Not Vengeance, p. 74.
“It would have been”: Harel, p. 17.
His dinner guest: A. Hahn, author interview; A. Kleinert, author interview.
He had to alert: AdsD, Nachlass Fritz Bauer, Box 1, Letter from Lothar Hermann to Fritz Bauer, June 25, 1960.
A few weeks later: A. Hahn, author interview; A. Kleinert, author interview; Friedman, The Blind Man; Harel, pp. 18–19. To recount the scene of Sylvia Hermann’s visit to the Eichmann house, I drew on these four primary sources, which contradict one another on various levels. What is beyond doubt is that Hermann found the address of Adolf Eichmann and presented herself at the house to see if Nick’s father was indeed the Nazi war criminal, an act of tremendous courage.
Chapter 3
Near the crystal-blue: A. Shalom, author interview; Y. Gat, author interview; Bar-Zohar, Spies in the Promised Land, p. 156; Bar-Zohar, The Avengers, p. 161.