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The Lord Of The Rings
J. R. R. Tolkien
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Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,
Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,
Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,
One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
One Ring to rule them all. One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
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Contents
Foreword … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .1
Prologue … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …5
1. Concerning Hobbits … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .5
2. Concerning Pipe-weed … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .12
3. Of the Ordering of the Shire … … … … … … … … … … … . .13
4. Of the Finding of the Ring … … … … … … … … … … … … .15
Note on the Shire Records … … … … … … … … … … … … …18
The Fellowship of the Ring - Book 1
1 A Long-expected Party … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .22
2 The Shadow of the Past … … … … … … … … … … … … … …44
3 Three is Company … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .67
4 A Short Cut to Mushrooms … … … … … … … … … … … … …89
5 A Conspiracy Unmasked … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .102
6 The Old Forest … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …114
7 In the House of Tom Bombadil … … … … … … … … … … … . .128
8 Fog on the Barrow-Downs … … … … … … … … … … … … …140
9 At the Sign of The Prancing Pony … … … … … … … … … … …155
10 Strider … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …169
11 A Knife in the Dark … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .182
12 Flight to the Ford … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …203
The Fellowship of the Ring - Book 2
1 Many Meetings … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …223
2 The Council of Elrond … … … … … … … … … … … … … …244
3 The Ring Goes South … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .277
4 A Journey in the Dark … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .300
5 The Bridge of Khazad-dûm … … … … … … … … … … … … . .325
6 Lothlórien … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .337
7 The Mirror of Galadriel … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .358
8 Farewell to Lórien … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .373
9 The Great River … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .387
10 The Breaking of the Fellowship … … … … … … … … … … … .402
The Two Towers - Book 3
1 The Departure of Boromir … … … … … … … … … … … … …416
2 The Riders of Rohan … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .424
3 The Uruk-Hai … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .448
4 Treebeard … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .465
5 The White Rider … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .492
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6 The King of the Golden Hall … … … … … … … … … … … … .511
7 Helm’s Deep … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .531
8 The Road to Isengard … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .548
9 Flotsam and Jetsam … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …565
10 The Voice of Saruman … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .581
11 The Palantír … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .593
The Two Towers - Book 4
1 The Taming of Sméagol … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .608
2 The Passage of the Marshes … … … … … … … … … … … … . .625
3 The Black Gate is Closed … … … … … … … … … … … … … .641
4 Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit … … … … … … … … … … … … .654
5 The Window on the West … … … … … … … … … … … … … .669
6 The Forbidden Pool … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .690
7 Journey to the Crossroads … … … … … … … … … … … … …701
8 The Stairs of Cirith Ungol … … … … … … … … … … … … …711
9 Shelob’s Lair … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .725
10 The Choices of Master Samwise … … … … … … … … … … … .736
The Return of the King - Book 5
1 Minas Tirith … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .753
2 The Passing of the Grey Company … … … … … … … … … … …780
3 The Muster of Rohan … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .798
4 The Siege of Gondor … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .813
5 The Ride of the Rohirrim … … … … … … … … … … … … … .838
6 The Battle of the Pelennor Fields … … … … … … … … … … … .848
7 The Pyre of Denethor … … … … … … … … … … … … … …860
8 The Houses of Healing … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .868
9 The Last Debate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .882
10 The Black Gate Opens … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .894
The Return of the King - Book 6
1 The Tower of Cirith Ungol … … … … … … … … … … … … …906
2 The Land of Shadow … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .926
3 Mount Doom … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .943
4 The Field of Cormallen … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .959
5 The Steward and the King … … … … … … … … … … … … …970
6 Many Partings … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .986
7 Homeward Bound … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …1002
8 The Scouring of the Shire … … … … … … … … … … … … …1011
9 The Grey Havens … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …1035
Maps … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 1046
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Foreword
This tale grew in the telling, until it became a history of the Great War of the Ring and included many glimpses of the yet more ancient history that preceded it. It was begun soon after The Hobbit was written and before its publication in 1937; but I did not go on with this sequel, for I wished first to complete
and set in order the mythology and legends of the Elder Days, which had then been taking shape for some years. I desired to do this for my own satisfaction, and I had little hope that other people would be interested in this work, especially since it was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the necessary background of ‘history’ for Elvish tongues.
When those whose advice and opinion I sought corrected little hope to no hope, I went back to the sequel, encouraged by requests from readers for more information concerning hobbits and their adventures. But the story was drawn irresistibly towards the older world, and became an account, as it were, of its end and passing away before its beginning and middle had been told. The process had begun in the writing of The Hobbit, in which there were already some references to the older matter: Elrond, Gondolin, the High-elves, and the orcs, as well as glimpses that had arisen unbidden of things higher or deeper or darker than its surface: Durin, Moria, Gandalf, the Necromancer, the Ring. The discovery of the significance of these glimpses and of their relation to the ancient histories revealed the Third Age and its culmination in the War of the Ring. Those who had asked for more information about hobbits eventually got it, but they had to wait a long time; for the composition of The Lord of the Rings went on at intervals during the years 1936 to 1949, a period in which I had many duties that I did not neglect, and many other interests as a learner and teacher that often absorbed me. The delay was, of course, 1
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also increased by the outbreak of war in 1939, by the end of which year the tale had not yet reached the end of Book One. In spite of the darkness of the next five years I found that the story could not now be wholly abandoned, and I plodded on, mostly by night, till I stood by Balin’s tomb in Moria. There I halted for a long while. It was almost a year later when I went on and so came to Lothlórien and the Great River late in 1941. In the next year I wrote the first drafts of the matter that now stands as Book Three, and the beginnings of chapters I and III of Book Five; and there as the beacons flared in Anórien and Théoden came to Harrowdale I stopped. Foresight had failed and there was no time for thought. It was during 1944 that, leaving the loose ends and perplexities of a war which it was my task to conduct, or at least to report, I forced myself to tackle the journey of Frodo to Mordor. These chapters, eventually to become Book Four, were written and sent out as a serial to my son, Christopher, then in South Africa with the RAF. Nonetheless it took another five years before the tale was brought to its present end; in that time I changed my house, my chair, and my college, and the days though less dark were no less laborious. Then when the ‘end’ had at last been reached the whole story had to be revised, and indeed largely re-written backwards. And it had to be typed, and re-typed: by me; the cost of professional typing by the ten-fingered was beyond my means. The Lord of the Rings has been read by many people since it finally appeared in print; and I should like to say something here with reference to the many opinions or guesses that I have received or have read concerning the motives and meaning of the tale. The prime motive was the desire of a tale-teller to try his hand at a really long story that would hold the attention of readers, amuse them, delight them, and at times maybe excite them or deeply move them. As a guide I had only my own feelings for what is appealing or moving, and for many the guide was inevitably often at fault. Some who have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, absurd, or contemptible; and I have no cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently prefer. But even from the points of view of many who have enjoyed my story there is much that fails to please. It is perhaps not possible in a long tale to please everybody at all points, nor to displease everybody at the same points; for I find from the letters that I have received that the passages or chapters that are to some a blemish are all by others specially approved. The most critical reader of all, myself, now finds many defects, minor and major, but being fortunately under no obligation either 2
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to review the book or to write it again, he will pass over these in silence, except one that has been noted by others: the book is too short. As for any inner meaning or ‘message’, it has in the intention of the author none. It is neither allegorical nor topical. As the story grew it put down roots (into the past) and threw out unexpected branches: but its main theme was settled from the outset by the inevitable choice of the Ring as the link between it and The Hobbit. The crucial chapter, ‘The Shadow of the Past’, is one of the oldest parts of the tale. It was written long before the foreshadow of 1939 had yet become a threat of inevitable disaster, and from that point the story would have developed along essentially the same lines, if that disaster had been averted. Its sources are things long before in mind, or in some cases already written, and little or nothing in it was modified by the war that began in 1939 or its sequels. The real war does not resemble the legendary war in its process or its conclusion. If it had inspired or directed the development of the legend, then certainly the Ring would have been seized and used against Sauron; he would not have been annihilated but enslaved, and Baraddûr would not have been destroyed but occupied. Saruman, failing to get possession of the Ring, would m the confusion and treacheries of the time have found in Mordor the missing links in his own researches into Ring-lore, and before long he would have made a Great Ring of his own with which to challenge the self-styled Ruler of Middleearth. In that conflict both sides would have held hobbits in hatred and contempt: they would not long have survived even as slaves.
Other arrangements could be devised according to the tastes or views of those who like allegory or topical reference. But I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence. I much prefer history, true or feigned, with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse ‘applicability’ with ‘allegory’; but the one resides in the freedom of the reader, and the other in the purposed domination of the author.
An author cannot of course remain wholly unaffected by his experience, but the ways in which a story-germ uses the soil of experience are extremely complex, and attempts to define the process are at best guesses from evidence that is inadequate and ambiguous. It is also false, though naturally attractive, when the lives of an author and critic have overlapped, to suppose that the movements of thought or the events of times common to both were necessarily the most powerful influences. One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but 3
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as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead. Or to take a less grievous matter: it has been supposed by some that ‘The Scouring of the Shire’ reflects the situation in England at the time when I was finishing my tale. It does not. It is an essential part of the plot, foreseen from the outset, though in the event modified by the character of Saruman as developed in the story without, need I say, any allegorical significance or contemporary political reference whatsoever. It has indeed some basis in experience, though slender (for the economic situation was entirely different), and much further back. The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten, in days when motor-cars were rare objects (I had never seen one) and men were still building suburban railways. Recently I saw in a paper a picture of the last decrepitude of the once thriving corn-mill beside its pool that long ago seemed to me so important. I never liked the looks of the Young miller, but his father, the Old miller, had a black beard, and he was not named Sandyman.
The Lord of the Rings is now issued in a n
ew edition, and the opportunity has been taken of revising it. A number of errors and inconsistencies that still remained in the text have been corrected, and an attempt has been made to provide information on a few points which attentive readers have raised. I have considered all their comments and enquiries, and if some seem to have been passed over that may be because I have failed to keep my notes in order; but many enquiries could only be answered by additional appendices, or indeed by the production of an accessory volume containing much of the material that I did not include in the original edition, in particular more detailed linguistic information. In the meantime this edition offers this Foreword, an addition to the Prologue, some notes, and an index of the names of persons and places. This index is in intention complete in items but not in references, since for the present purpose it has been necessary to reduce its bulk. A complete index, making full use of the material prepared for me by Mrs. N. Smith, belongs rather to the accessory volume.
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PROLOGUE
1. Concerning Hobbits
This book is largely concerned with Hobbits, and from its pages a reader may discover much of their character and a little of their history. Further information will also be found in the selection from the Red Book of Westmarch that has already been published, under the title of The Hobbit. That story was derived from the earlier chapters of the Red Book, composed by Bilbo himself, the first Hobbit to become famous in the world at large, and called by him There and Back Again, since they told of his journey into the East and his return: an adventure which later involved all the Hobbits in the great events of that Age that are here related. Many, however, may wish to know more about this remarkable people from the outset, while some may not possess the earlier book. For such readers a few notes on the more important points are here collected from Hobbit-lore, and the first adventure is briefly recalled. Hobbits are an unobtrusive but very ancient people, more numerous formerly than they are today; for they love peace and quiet and good tilled earth: a well-ordered and well-farmed countryside was their favourite haunt. They do not and did not understand or like machines more complicated than a forge-bellows, a water-mill, or a hand-loom, though they were skilful with tools. Even in ancient days they were, as a rule, shy of ‘the Big Folk’, as they call us, and now they avoid us with dismay and are becoming hard to find. They are quick of hearing and sharp-eyed, and though they are inclined to be fat and do not hurry unnecessarily, they are nonetheless nimble and deft in their movements. They possessed from the first the art of disappearing swiftly and silently, when large folk whom they do not wish 5