Arthur Ashe
Page 110
Brown v. Board of Education, 38, 52, 62–63, 112
Loving v. Virginia, 306
Shelley v. Kraemer, 69
Surtee, Yusuf, 566
Susman, Rod, 130
Suzman, Helen, 321
Swann, Lynn, 578
Swanson, Gregory, 35
Sweden, 115, 129, 218, 276, 287, 306, 357, 370, 437
Davis Cup competition, 481–82, 516–18, 527
Swedish Open, 276, 391
Switzerland, 129
Sydney, 151–52, 187, 205, 267, 438
Tacchini, Sergio, 380
Talbert, Bill, 260, 299
Tanner, Nancy Cook, 349
Tanner, Roscoe, 305, 308, 343, 349, 351, 352, 371, 372, 376, 402, 405, 407, 472
as Ashe’s doubles partner, 348, 352
1975 Wimbledon match against Connors, 376–77
1981 Davis Cup competition, 472–76
Tanzania, 274, 368
Taróczy, Balázs, 405
Tasmanian Championships, 153, 187, 266
Taylor, Bill, 20
Taylor, Elizabeth, 578
Taylor, Harry, 10
Taylor, Roger, 300, 303, 312, 405
Tebell, Gus, 79
Tehran, 357, 465
television, 105, 132, 178, 203, 225, 256, 279, 284, 396, 421, 423, 425–26, 546, 574
Ashe on, 228–29, 232, 487, 543, 588, 599
Ashe as commentator on, 424, 425, 430, 445, 446, 457, 461, 465–66, 482, 509–10, 527–29, 536, 561, 563, 568, 580, 587–88, 702n1
tennis on, 231–32, 285, 296, 305, 317–18, 403, 404, 477, 519, 685n20
Teltscher, Eliot, 293, 481, 482, 483, 484, 512, 519, 526, 531, 698n47
Temple University, 556
tennis, 1–2
arrival of big–money era, 276–77
Ashe’s early interest in, 1–2, 12–20, 37–65, 66–82
Ashe as first black man in, 77–78
Ashe’s career statistics, 456, 641–45
blacks in, 20–33, 77–78, 524–26, 589–90
centennial year, 303
commercialization of, 203, 224, 246, 257–62, 276, 285, 313, 317, 402–4, 423, 471
court behavior and ethics, 43–44, 301, 372, 393–95, 404, 468, 472–87, 517–20, 531
cult of celebrity, 395–99, 402–3
desegregation of, 24–33, 34–59, 71, 435
exclusivity, 21–23, 31, 54, 78, 90, 192–93, 524
gender equity, 314, 316–18, 396, 407–9, 507–8
history of, 20–33
marketing, 257–62
of 1920s-30s, 22–23
of 1940s, 24–31
of 1950s, 19–20, 31–59
of 1960s, 63–65, 67–82, 83–110, 111–38
1972 London agreement, 297–98
1973 tumult, 303–19
Open Era, 202–6, 220, 222–27, 233–34, 242–43, 252–55, 269–77, 296–98, 395
Pilic Affair, 309–13
popularity of, 285, 355
power, 116, 282, 377
prize money, 202, 205–6, 233–34, 242, 243, 245–47, 252, 256, 271–72, 276, 296, 302–5, 313, 317, 362, 367, 369, 390, 393, 402–7, 440, 469, 471
racism in, 19–50, 52–65, 71, 77–79, 90–91, 96, 100–101, 161–66, 171–76, 192–93
televised, 232–32, 285, 296, 305, 317–18, 403, 404, 477, 519, 685n20
wars, 96–97, 202–6, 233–34, 252–53, 269–77, 284–85, 296–98, 313–15, 348, 362
wives, 349
See also specific players, tournaments, organizations, and venues
Tennis, 399, 407, 430, 462, 468, 523, 540, 577, 580, 598
Tennis Champions Classic, of 1971, 276
Tennis Development Corporation, 246
Tennis Hall of Fame tournament, 436
Tennis Week, 558
Terre’Blanche, Eugene, 323, 689n5
Terrell, Ernie, 167
Texas, 140–42, 146–47, 167, 184
racism, 140, 142
Texas A&M, 95
Texas Western University, 164
Thailand, 241
Thomas, John Charles, 619
“In Proportion,” 623
Thomas, Willis, Jr., 44, 45, 51, 292, 525, 617, 627
Thomas, Willis S., Sr., 39
Thompson, John, 556, 557, 578
Thunderbird Invitational tournament, Phoenix, 107, 125, 170
Thurman, Howard, 488, 560, 598, 609
Tidball, Jack, 137–38
tiebreaker, 272, 273, 279, 304, 387
12-point, winner-by-two, 387
Till, Emmett, murder of, 43
Time magazine, 141, 231
Time Warner Sports, 569
Tiriac, Ian, 218, 255, 256, 281, 325, 424, 612
Title IX, 462
tobacco industry, 169
Today show, 574
tokenism, 45, 62, 122, 399, 421, 558
in 1950s tennis world, 45
of 1960s, 62–63
Tolbert, William R., 443
topspin, 72
Townes, Clarence, 604
Townsend, Ron, 558
Town Tennis Club, New York, 246
toxoplasmosis, 546, 547, 571
Trabert, Tony, 26, 27, 132, 145, 247, 385, 386, 437, 467–68, 475
track and field, 22, 24, 75
UCLA, 85, 91
TransAfrica, 3, 53, 423, 464, 487, 510, 521, 534, 564, 616
TransAfrica/NAACP protest march, 592–94
Tressel, Martin, 173
Trinidad, 196
Tupper, Fred, 215, 377
Turner, Lesley, 148
Turpin, Jack, 140, 141
Turville, Ed, 97, 267–68, 468
Tutu, Desmond, 536
20/20, 574
21 Club, New York, 246
Tyson, Cicely, 397
Tyson, Mike, 615
UCLA AIDS Institute, 584
UCLA Bruins (tennis), 74–76, 83–110, 111–38, 157–59, 178
1960 NCAA championship, 99
1961 NCAA championship, 99
1963 season, 105–8
1964 season, 122–26
1965 NCAA championship, 137–38
1965 season, 133–38
1966 NCAA championship, 158
1967 NCAA championship, 178
-USC rivalry, 85, 98–99, 107, 108, 124–26, 134, 136, 138
UCLA Trio, 87
Ueberroth, Peter, 539
Uganda, 275
umpires, 102, 214–15, 487, 518
black, 102
“Uncle Tom” stereotype, 166, 175, 263, 333, 422
Unisys, 562
United Nations, 345, 408, 418, 419, 455, 469, 510–11, 522, 597
United Nations Committee on Apartheid, 270
United Nations Committee on South Africa, 511
United Negro College Fund benefits, 412–13, 431, 450, 451, 461, 503
U.S. Amateur Championships, 221
of 1968, 221–22, 228, 231
U.S. Clay Court Men’s Singles, 31, 101
of 1962, 101
U.S. Hard Court championships, 115
U.S. Indoor championships, 31, 140, 297, 366, 400
United States Information Agency (USIA), 332, 335
United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA), 21, 67, 79, 97, 111, 136, 164, 191, 203, 206, 233, 236, 241, 268, 272, 315
Ashe and, 48–50, 51, 54–56, 59, 63–64, 71, 73, 79–81, 101, 115–19, 124, 126, 130
Ashe’s statistics, 641
Carrington controversy, 315–16
clay court problem, 191–92
clothing rules, 260, 272, 279
contract pros vs., 242–43, 269–72, 276–77, 284–85, 296–98
desegregation of, 48–50
first black players, 26–27
founding of, 21
Interscholastic tournaments, 35–36, 42, 51, 56–57, 63–64, 73, 79–80
Junior Davis Cup, 55, 73, 80, 81
National Junior championships, 74, 80–81
of 1940s, 25–27, 30
–31
of 1950s, 31–33, 34, 45, 48–50, 51–59
1972 London agreement, 297–98
Open Era and, 234, 242–43, 252, 269–77, 296–98
racism, 21, 25–27, 30–33, 34, 45, 48–50, 52, 79–80, 100, 172–74
U.S. National Championship, 31–33, 47, 49, 58–60, 82, 155, 187
Ashe’s statistics, 643
of 1950, 31–33
of 1959, 59–60, 662n13
of 1960, 67–68
of 1961, 82
of 1962, 102
of 1963, 120
of 1964, 131–32
of 1965, 144–45
of 1967, 183–84, 201–2
U.S. National Clay Court Championships, 32, 116, 129, 201, 218, 219
U.S. National Doubles Championships, 181, 182, 184
U.S. National Indoor tournament, 169, 191, 268
U.S. Olympic Committee, 587
U.S. Open, 216, 222–27, 271, 276, 536, 616
Arthur Ashe Kids Day, 625
Ashe’s statistics, 643–44
Carrington controversy, 315–16
equal prize money policy, 407
first, 222–27, 678n44
night play, 387
of 1968, 222–27, 228, 231–32, 282, 285, 678n44
of 1969, 253–55, 260
of 1970, 271, 272, 273
of 1971, 277, 281, 685n18
of 1972, 297, 299–301
of 1973, 315–16
of 1974, 347, 354
of 1975, 387–88
of 1976, 406, 407
of 1977, 424–26
of 1978, 425, 436–37
of 1980, 465–67, 469
of 1982, 293
of 1983, 509–10
of 1985, 526
of 1986, 536
of 1988, 545, 546
of 1992, 592
of 1993, 592
of 1997, 625
of 2000, 625
of 2005, 615
of 2006, 589
U.S. Pro Championships, 373
of 1972, 299, 336
of 1974, 354
U.S. Pro Indoor championship, 440–41, 450
United States Tennis Association (USTA), 387–88, 399, 467–68, 475, 478, 484, 518, 522, 523, 526, 533, 539, 555, 558, 616, 624, 626
Committee on Junior Development, 539
first black president of, 626
Uni-Turf, 245
University of Alabama, 118
University of Arizona, 73, 125, 157
University of Arkansas, 292
University of California, Davis, 442
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 49, 73–76, 78, 83–87, 143, 148, 157, 175, 229, 302, 398, 400, 494, 616, 666n4
academics, 90, 135
Arthur Ashe Student Health and Wellness Center, 616
Ashe at, 83–110, 111–38, 157–59, 170–72, 176, 419
Ashe recruited by, 74–76
black athletes, 85–87, 91–95
fraternities, 92
intercollegiate athletic programs, 75, 85–86, 91, 95, 97, 124–25, 134–35, 157
interracial dating, 92–93, 103–5
race relations, 84–87, 90–96, 103–5
tennis program, 74–76, 83–110, 111–38, 157–59, 178, 182, 290, 291
-USC rivalry, 85, 98–99, 107, 108, 124–26, 134, 136, 138
University of Chicago, 23, 67, 69
University of Kentucky, 164
University of Miami, 106, 293
University of Michigan, 73
University of Mississippi, 177, 319
University of Richmond, 10
University of Southern California (USC), 26, 73, 74–75, 85, 89, 107
-UCLA tennis rivalry, 85, 98–99, 107, 108, 124–26, 134, 136, 138
University of Virginia, 35, 57, 79, 206, 513
USA Today, 567, 599, 613
Ashe’s AIDS condition outed by, 567–73, 575–76
Vanderbilt tournament, New York, 169, 194–95
Vanderbilt University, 434
Van Dillen, Eric, 221, 378
Venezuela, 120, 362
Davis Cup competition, 120–21, 386, 387
Victoria Open, Melbourne, 187, 238, 266
Vietnam, 89, 239–41
Vietnam War, 149, 158, 167–68, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 190–91, 200, 207, 212, 214, 239–41, 255, 274, 295–96, 407
antiwar movement, 167–68, 255–56, 296
Ashe’s views on, 207, 239–41, 295–96, 302
Tet Offensive, 207, 239
Vilas, Guillermo, 350, 371, 373, 390, 402, 407, 426, 435, 439, 440, 475–77, 495, 498–99, 504, 591
Village Voice, The, 580
Vines, Ellsworth, 377
Virginia, 5–18, 27–30, 83, 161–64, 283, 295, 345, 463, 488, 533, 608
civil rights movement, 76–77, 189
Jim Crow culture, 5–11, 19–20, 23, 24, 28, 38–39, 43, 52, 57, 61–64, 68–69, 76, 79–80, 90, 105, 112, 161–62, 189, 332, 343, 608
Lynchburg program, 27–30, 34–50, 51–65, 79, 81, 283
Massive Resistance laws, 62, 112, 162
slavery, 7
Virginia Heroes, 617, 618
Virginia Interscholastic Association (VIA), 49, 56
Virginian of the Year Award, 488
Virginia Slims circuit, 405
Virginia Union College, 10–11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 24, 36, 37, 62, 77
Vogue, 229
Voice of America, 268
volleyball, UCLA, 134
volleying, 72
Volvo, 562
Volvo International Tournament, 406, 424
Vorster, John, 265, 270, 321, 323, 336
voting rights, 94, 141, 143, 176
Voting Rights Act (1965), 94, 141, 143
Wallace, George, 118
Wallace, Dr. Lee, 447
Wallace, Mike, 592
Wall Street Journal, 123
Walters, Barbara, 574
Walton, Bill, 85
Waring, Fred W., 264, 267
Warner Books, 535
Washington, Booker T., 174, 175
Washington, D.C., 1, 2–3, 8, 22, 24, 45, 77, 178, 206, 241, 592, 594
March on, 121, 333
Washington, Denzel, 586
Washington, Kenny, 24, 75, 86
Washington, Mal, 589, 622, 626, 627
Washington, Richard, 398
Washington Post, The, 59, 207, 208, 456, 500, 552, 575
Ashe’s articles in, 442, 449, 454, 455, 462, 470, 497, 502, 521, 528, 534, 540, 580
Washington Star International Open, 251, 351, 354, 408
of 1977, 424
of 1978, 436
Washington University, 70–71
Watergate scandal, 318
Watson, John, 17
Watts riot, 135, 143, 171, 176
Wayne State University, 23, 26
Weaver, Mike, 469
Weaver, Robert, 174
Weir, Reginald, 23, 25, 26, 27, 36
Wembley indoor tournament, 276
Werden, Lincoln, 130
West Africa, 7, 275, 287, 288, 415
West Australian championships, 153, 187
West Berlin Open, 247
Western Indoor Championships, 194
Western Open, Milwaukee, 140
West Point, 181, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 200–208, 211, 214, 220, 227, 234, 243, 364, 488
West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, 21, 33, 58–59, 102, 254, 425, 435
West Virginia, 52, 59, 63
White, Bill, 263, 459
White, Byron, 599
White, Dwight, 398
White City, 187
white supremacy, 24, 31, 52, 55, 57, 61, 77, 118, 165, 177, 196, 320, 343
Wide World of Sports, 421
Wightman Cup, 118
Wilander, Mats, 481, 483–84, 517, 518
Wilberforce, Ohio, 42, 51
Wilder, Douglas, 11, 17, 463, 533, 559, 569, 580, 596, 608, 613, 617, 618, 623
Wilkerson, John, 525, 526,
527
Williams, Franklin, 470
Williams, Joe, 45, 59, 63
Williams, Owen, 236, 253, 254, 320–24, 326, 327, 336, 337, 342, 356, 358, 361, 421, 434, 617
Williams, Serena, 525, 590, 627
Williams, Venus, 525, 590, 627
Williams College, 79
Willie, Louis, 558
Wills Open, Bristol, 248
Wilmington, Delaware, 43, 49
Wilson, Harrison, 622
Wilson, Peter, 312
Wilson, Woodrow, 576
Wilson Sporting Goods Company, 25, 51–52, 155, 259
Wimbledon, 25, 47, 96, 100, 108–10, 121, 144, 155, 179, 183, 203, 271, 296, 363, 370, 473, 524, 525, 536, 548, 568, 584
aristocracy, 113, 203
Ashe’s last visit to, 587–90
Ashe’s statistics, 644
Ball, 384
Borg’s win streak, 388
Centre Court, 112, 127, 203, 216, 251, 352, 372, 373, 375, 379, 380, 498, 588
first interracial pairing, 115–16
first Open, 215–17
gender equity and prize money, 405–6, 407
of 1957, 47
of 1958, 57
of 1963, 110, 111–15
of 1964, 126–28, 206
of 1965, 139–40
of 1967, 200, 203
of 1968, 203, 214–16, 231
of 1969, 106, 248–51, 281
of 1970, 273
of 1971, 277, 281, 282–84
of 1972, 296, 297
of 1973, 308–13
of 1974, 347, 350–52
1975 Ashe victory against Connors, 371–86, 387–90, 453
of 1976, 405–6
of 1978, 435–36
of 1979, 444, 704n33
of 1980, 466, 469
of 1982, 482
of 1983, 502, 503, 504
of 1985, 527–29, 531
of 1992, 587–90
of 1993, 592, 614, 622
of 1994, 526
of 1996, 589
Pilic Affair and ATP boycott, 309–13
Wimbledon Junior championship, 73
Wingfield, Walter Clopton, 303
Winn, Billy, 36
Winnipeg, Manitoba, 201
winter tennis, 54, 67, 68
Wise, Lois, 405
wives, tennis, 349
Wolf, David, 229
Women’s Sports Foundation, 595
women’s tennis, 1–2, 22, 118, 201, 297, 343, 507–8, 524–26, 578, 599
“Battle of the Sexes,” 316–18, 396
blacks in, 29–33, 524–26, 536, 590
celebrity, 396
equal prize money, 405–7
Chris Evert and, 347, 396
gender equity, 314, 316–18, 396, 405–7, 507–8, 524–26, 563
Althea Gibson and, 29–33, 46–48, 146, 590
Evonne Goolagong and, 280–81, 298, 396
mixed doubles, 25–26, 115–16, 201, 316, 318
of 1940s, 25–26, 29–30
of 1950s, 31–33
1973 Wimbledon, 312
1974 U.S. Open, 354
1975 Wimbledon, 380
Pilic Affair and, 312
South African Open, 298