Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy
Page 41
—— (1987). ‘Microparasites and macroparasites’, Cultural Anthropology, 2: 155–71.
—— (1997). ‘Malaria, miseria, and underpopulation: the “malaria blocks development” cultural model’, Medical Anthropology, 17: 239–54.
Bruce, M., Donnelly, C. A., Alpers, M. P., Galinski, M. R., Barnwell, J. W., Walliker, D., and Day, K. P. (2000). ‘Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans’, Science, 287: 845–8.
Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. (1976). ‘Ague as malaria (an essay on the history of two medical terms)’, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79: 168–76.
—— and Zulueta, J. de (1980). The rise and fall of malaria in Europe (Oxford).
Brunt, P. A. (1971 repr. 1987). Italian manpower 225 B.C.–A.D. 14 (Oxford).
Bueti, S. and Corti, M. (1998). ‘La malaria nella Maremma Grossetana: una malattia dagli aspetti sociali’, Medicina nei Secoli, 10: 541–55.
Bulst, N. and Delort, R. (eds.) (1989). Maladies et société (XIIe–XVIIIe siècles) (Paris).
Burke, P. F., jun. (1996). ‘Malaria in the Greco-Roman world: a historical and epidemiological study’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, ii/37/3: 2252–81.
Byrne, K. and Nichols, R. A. (1999). ‘ Culex pipiens in London Underground tunnels: differentiation between surface and subterranean populations’, Heredity, 82: 7–15.
Cagnati, M. (1599). De Romani aëris salubritate commentarius (Rome).
—— (1601). De urbana febres curandi ratione commentarius apologeticus (Rome).
Caldara, M. and Pennetta, L. (1996). ‘Influenza del clima sul paesaggio del Basso Tavoliere di Puglia’, in V. Tiné (ed.), Forme e tempi della neo-litizzazione in Italia meridionale e in Sicilia, ii. (Rossano), 559–68.
Camargo, E. P., Alves, F., and Pereira da Silva, L. H. (1999). ‘Symptom-less Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians’, Lancet, 353: 1415–16.
Cameron, M. L. (1993). Anglo-Saxon medicine (Cambridge).
Cancellieri, M. (1986). ‘Le vie d’acqua dell’area pontina’, in Il Tevere e le altre vie d’acqua del Lazio antico = Archeologia Laziale, 7/2: 143–56.
References
293
—— (1990). ‘Il territorio pontino e la Via Appia’, in Quilici Gigli (1990): 61–71.
—— (1997). ‘Privernum: una città alle prese con l’acqua’, in Quilici Gigli (1997): 73–88.
Cancik, H., and Schneider H. (eds.) (1998). Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie des Antike, iv (Stuttgart).
Cann, R. L. and Douglas, L. J. (1999). ‘Parasites and conservation of Hawaian birds’, in L. F. Landweber and A. P. Dobson (eds.), Genetics and the extinction of species: DNA and the conservation of biodiversity (Princeton), 121–36.
Cao, A., Gossens, M., and Pirastu, M. (1989). ‘b-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations’, British Journal of Haematology, 71: 309–12.
Capasso, L. (1985). L’origine delle malattie (Chieti).
—— (1991). ‘Fossil mosquitoes and the spread of infectious diseases in man’s ancestors’, Journal of Palaeopathology, 3: 171–200.
—— (1995). ‘The origin of human malaria’, in R. Batista and D. Campillo (eds.), Proceedings of the IXth European Meeting of the Palaeopathology Association (Barcelona), 91–102.
—— (1999). ‘Brucellosis at Herculaneum (79 )’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 9: 277–88.
—— (2000). ‘Indoor pollution and respiratory diseases in ancient Rome’, Lancet, 356: 1774.
Carandini, A. (ed.) (1985). Settefinestre: una villa schiavistica nell’Etruria romana, i. La villa nel suo insieme (Modena).
—— (1995). ‘Il latifondo in epoca romana, fra Italia e province’, in Du latifundium au latifondo? Une héritage de Rome, une création médiévale ou moderne?
(Bordeaux 1992) (Paris), 31–6.
Carcaterra, P. (1998). ‘Roma e la malaria nelle carte dell’Archivio Storico Capitolino’, Medicina nei Secoli, 10/3: 557–77.
Carmichael, A. G. (1989). ‘The health status of Florentines in the fifteenth century’, in M. Tetel, R. G. Witt and R. Goffen (eds.), Life and death in fifteenth-century Florence (London), 28–45.
Carter, J. C. (1990). ‘Metapontum: land, wealth, and population’, in J.-P.
Descoeudres (ed.), Greek colonists and native populations (Oxford), 405–41.
Cartwright, F. F. and Biddiss, M. (2000). Disease and history, 2nd edn.
(Stroud).
Castelli, F., Caligaris, S., Matteelli, A., Chiodera, A., Carosi, G., and Fausti, G. (1993). ‘“Baggage malaria” in Italy: cryptic malaria explained?’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87: 394.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (ed.) (1986). African Pygmies (Orlando).
—— Menozzi, P., and Piazza, A. (1994). The history and geography of human genes (Princeton).
294
References
Cavarra, B. (1993). ‘La cultura medica a Ravenna fra VI e VII secolo’, Medicina nei Secoli, 5: 345–59.
Celli, A. (1900). Malaria according to the new researches, Eng. trans. (London).
—— (1933). The history of malaria in the Roman Campagna from ancient times, Eng. trans. (London).
Celli-Fraentzel, A. (1932). ‘Contemporary reports on the mediaeval Roman climate’, Speculum, 7: 96–106.
—— (1934). ‘I riferimenti alla febbre palustre nella poesia’, Rivista di Malariologia, 13: 380–94.
Celuzza, M. (ed.) (1993). Guida alla Maremma antica da Vulci a Populonia, dal Monte Argentario al Monte Amiata (Siena).
Cerutti, N., Marin, A., Massa, E. R., and Savoia, D. (1999). ‘Immunological investigation of malaria and new perspectives in palaeopatho-logical studies’, Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale, 75/3–4: 17–20.
Chadee, D. D., Tilluckdharry, C. C., Maharaj, P., and Sinanan, C.
(2000). ‘Reactivation of Plasmodium malariae infection in a Trinidadian man after neurosurgery’, New England Journal of Medicine, 342: 1924.
Chalandon, Y. and Kocher, A. (2000). ‘Images in clinical medicine: severe malaria’, New England Journal of Medicine, 342: 1715.
Chambers, T. K. (1865). ‘Three lectures on some effects of the climate of Italy’, Lancet, 2: 449–51, 503–6, 557–9.
Chen, Q., Fernandez, V., Sundström, A., Schlichtherle, M., Datta, S., Hagblom, P., and Wahlgren, M. (1998). ‘Developmental selection of var gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum’, Nature, 394: 392–5.
Chiej, R. (1984). The MacDonald encyclopedia of medicinal plants (London).
Christie, N. and Gibson, S. (1988). ‘The city walls of Ravenna’, Papers of the British School at Rome, 56: 156–97.
Ciacci, A. (1981). ‘L’ambiente naturale’, in Cristofani (ed.) (1981), 9–28.
Cipolla, C. M. (1992). Miasmas and disease: public health and the environment in the pre-industrial age, Eng. trans. (New Haven).
Ciuffoletti, Z. and Guerrini, G. (eds.) (1989). Il parco della Maremma: storia e natura (Venice).
Clark, I. A. and Schofield, L. (2000). ‘Pathogenesis of malaria’, Parasitology Today, 16: 451–4.
Claussen, M. and Gayler, V. (1997). ‘The greening of the Sahara during the mid-Holocene: results of an interactive atmosphere:biome model’, Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6: 369–77.
Coale, A. J. and Demeny, P. (1983). Regional model life tables and stable populations, 2nd edn. (New York and London).
Cockburn, A. (1963). The evolution and eradication of infectious diseases (Baltimore).
References
295
—— (1971). ‘Infectious diseases in ancient populations’, Current Anthropology, 12: 42–62.
Cohen, W. B. (1983). ‘Malaria and French imperialism’, Journal of African History, 24: 23–36.
Colin, L. (1870). Traité des fièvres intermittentes (Paris).
Collari, S. (1932). ‘Rapporti tra malaria e tubercolosi dal punto di vista epidemiologico, clinico e biologico’, Rivista di
Malariologia, 11: 308–35.
—— (1949). ‘L’Agro Pontino e la bonifica antimalarica’, Rivista di Malariologia, 28: 299–322.
Collin-Bouffier, S. (1994). ‘Marais et paludisme en occident grec’, in Ginouvès et al. (1994), 321–36.
Collingwood, R. G. and Wright, R. P. (1995). The Roman inscriptions of Britain, i. Inscriptions on stone, 2nd edn. (Stroud).
Collins, F. H., Sakai, R. K., Vernick, K. D., Paskewitz, S., Seeley, D. C., Miller, L. H., Collins, W. E., Campbell, C. C., and Gwadz, R. W.
(1986). ‘Genetic selection of a Plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae’, Science, 234: 607–10.
Colonna-Romano, S., Iolascon, A., Lippo, S., Pinto, L., Cutillo, S., and Battistuzzi, G. (1985). ‘Genetic heterogeneity at the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase locus in southern Italy: a study on the population of Naples’, Human Genetics, 69: 228–32.
Coluzzi, A. (1965). ‘Dati recenti sulla malaria in Italia e problemi connessi al mantenimento dei risultati raggiunti’, Rivista di Malariologia, 44: 163–76.
Coluzzi, M. (1998). ‘Il centenario della malariologia (1898–1998)’, Parassit-lologia, 40: 361–75.
—— (1999). ‘The clay feet of the malaria giant and its African roots: hypotheses and inferences about origin, spread and control of Plasmodium falciparum’, Parassitologia, 41: 277–83.
—— and Bradley, D. J. (eds.) (1999). The malaria challenge after one hundred years of malariology (= Parassitologia, 41/1–3) (Rome).
—— and Corbellini, G. (1995). ‘I luoghi della mal’aria e le cause della malaria’, Medicina nei Secoli, 7: 575–98.
—— and Sabatini, A. (1995). ‘ Diptera Culicomorpha’, in A. Minelli, S. Ruffo, and S. La Posta (eds.), Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Comitato Scientifico per la fauna d’Italia.
—— —— Petrarca, V., and Di Deco, M. A. (1979). ‘Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73: 483–97.
Compatangelo-Soussignan, R. (1994). ‘Canosa e la Puglia settentrionale: produzione agricola e catasti rurali’, in Le ravitaillement en blé de Rome et des centres urbains des débuts de la République jusqu’au haut empire (Naples),167–76.
296
References
Conway, D. J. and McBride, J. S. (1991). ‘Genetic evidence for the importance of interrupted feeding by mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85: 454–6.
—— Roper, C., Oduola, A. M. J., Arnot, D. E., Kremsner, P. G., Grobusch, M. P., Curtis, C. F., and Greenwood, B. M. (1999). ‘High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 96: 4506–11.
Cook, N. D. (1998). Born to die: disease and New World conquest, 1492–1650
(Cambridge).
Corbellini, G. and Merzagora, L. (1998). La malaria tra passato e presente: storia e luoghi della malattia in Italia (Rome).
Cornell, T. J. (1995). The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC) (London).
Corradetti, A. (1987). ‘In the Roman Campagna from G. M. Lancisi to G. B. Grassi: two centuries of ideas, hypotheses and misunderstandings about malaria fevers’, Parassitologia, 29: 123–6.
Corradi, A. (1865). Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850, 5 vols. (Bologna).
Corso, G. (1925). La legislazione italiana sulla malaria (Rome).
Corti, P. (1984). ‘Malaria e società contadina nel Mezzogiorno’, in Della Peruta (1984): 635–78.
—— (1989). ‘Le paludisme et le pouvoir pontifical: Pie VI et les Marais Pontins (XVIIIe siècle)’, in Bulst and Delort (1989): 215–34.
Corvisier, J.-N. (1985). Santé et société en Grèce ancienne (Paris).
—— (1994). ‘Eau, paludisme et démographie en Grèce péninsulaire’, in Ginouvès et al. (1994), 297–319.
Covell, G., and Nicol, W. D. (1951). ‘Clinical, chemotherapeutic and immunological studies on induced malaria’, British Medical Bulletin, 8: 51–5.
Cristofani, M. (ed.) (1981). Gli Etruschi in Maremma: popolamento e attività produttive (Milan).
—— (1983). Gli Etruschi del Mare (Milan).
Curtin, P. D. (1989). Death by migration: Europe’s encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century (Cambridge).
Daniel, R. W. and Maltomini, F. (1990). Supplementum Magicum, i. (=
Papyrologica Coloniensia, xvi/1) (Cologne).
Danubio, M. E., Piro, A., and Tagarelli, A. (1999). ‘Endogamy and inbreeding since the 17th century in past malarial communities in the province of Cosenza (Calabria, southern Italy)’, Annals of Human Biology, 26: 473–88.
Darby, H. C. (1983). The changing Fenland (Cambridge).
Das, B. S., Das, D. B., Satpathy, R. N., Patnaik, J. K., and Bose, T. K.
References
297
(1988). ‘Riboflavin deficiency and severity of malaria’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 42: 277–83.
Da Sangallo, P. P. (1679). Esperienze intorno alla generazione delle zanzare (Florence, non vidi).
Davidson, S., Passmore, R., Brock, J. F., and Truswell, A. S. (1979). Human nutrition and dietetics, 7th edn. (Edinburgh).
Davis, R. (ed.) (1992). The lives of the eighth-century popes (Liber Pontificalis): the ancient biographies of nine popes from AD 715 to AD 817 (Liverpool).
—— (ed.) (1995). The lives of the ninth-century popes (Liber Pontificalis): the ancient biographies of ten popes from AD 817 to AD 891 (Liverpool).
De Angelis, P. (1960–2). L’ospedale di Santo Spirito in Saxia, 2 vols. (Rome).
De Clementi, A. (1989). Vivere nel latifondo: le comunità laziale fra ’700 e ’800
(Rome).
D’Erme, V., Mammucari, R., and Trastulli, P. E. (1984). Le Paludi Pontine, un mondo scomparso: un affascinante racconto per i immagini attraverso i dipinti degli artisti che ne lasciarono memoria prima della radicale trasformazione dell’ambiente e del territorio operata dalla bonifica (Rome).
De Felice, R. (1965). Aspetti e momenti della vita economica di Roma e del Lazio nei secoli XVIII e XIX (Rome).
Defosse, P. (1981). ‘Note sur le climat en Italie centrale au premier siècle de notre ère’, Latomus, 40: 105–8.
De Korte, W. E. (1899). ‘Some causes of death in remittent malarial fever’, Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2: 209–10.
Delano Smith, C. (1978). Daunia vetus: terra, vita e mutamenti sulle coste del Tavoliere (Foggia).
Della Peruta, F. (ed.) (1984). Malattia e medicina (= Storia d’Italia: Annali 7) (Turin).
Del Panta, L. (1989). Malaria e regime demografico: la maremma grossetana nell’
ottocento preunitario (Messina).
—— (1997). ‘Infant and child mortality in Italy, eighteenth to twentieth century: long-term trends and territorial differences’, in A. Bideau, B.
Desjardins, and P. Brignoli (eds.), Infant and child mortality in the past (Oxford), 7–21.
Del Panta, L. and Rettaroli, R. (1994). Introduzione alla demografia storica (Bari).
—— Livi-Bacci, M., Pinto, G., and Sonnino, E. (1996). La popolazione italiana dal medioevo a oggi (Rome).
Delumeau, J. (1957). Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle, 2 vols. (Paris).
De Martino. F. (1979). ‘Produzione di cereali in Roma nell’età arcaica’, Parola del Passato, 34: 241–55.
—— (1993). ‘Sull’alimentazione degli schiavi’, Parola del Passato, 48: 401–27.
298
References
De Muro, P. (1933). ‘Sulle diverse razze di Anopheles maculipennis nell’Agro Pontino’, Rivista di Malariologia, 12: 98–107.
Dennis, G. (1878). The cities and cemeteries of Etruria, ii, 2nd edn. (London).
Desowitz, R. (1992). The malaria cap
ers: more tales of parasites and people, research and reality (New York).
—— (1997). Tropical diseases from 50,000 BC to 2500 AD (London).
De Tournon, M. le Comte (1831). Etudes statistiques sur Rome et la partie occidentale des états romains, 2 vols. (Paris).
De Vries, J. (1984). European urbanization 1500–1800 (London).
Dewhurst, K. (1966). Dr Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689): his life and original writings (London).
Diagne, N., Rogier, C., Sokhna, C. S., Tall, A., Fontenille, D., Roussilhon, C., Spiegel, A., and Trape, J.-F. (2000). ‘Increased susceptibility to malaria during the early postpartum period’, New England Journal of Medicine, 343: 598–603.
Di Biase, P. (1985). Puglia medievale e insediamenti scomparsi: la vicenda di Salpi (Fasano).
Dickie, M. W. (1999). ‘Bonds and headless demons in Greco-Roman magic’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 40: 99–104.
Diels, H. and Kranz, W. (1952). Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin).
Di Vita Evrard, G. (1990). ‘Inscriptions routières de Nerva et de Trajan sur l’Appia pontine’, in Gigli (1990): 73–93.
Dobson, M. J. (1980). ‘Marsh fever: the geography of malaria in England’, Journal of Historical Geography, 6: 357–89.
—— (1989). ‘Mortality gradients and disease exchanges: comparisons from Old England and Colonial America’, Social History of Medicine, 2: 259–97.
—— (1994). ‘Malaria in England: a geographical and historical perspective’, Parassitologia, 36: 35–60.
—— (1997). Contours of death and disease in early modern England (Cambridge).
—— (1998). ‘Bitter-sweet solutions for malaria: exploring natural remedies from the past’, Parassitologia, 40: 69–81.
Dols, M. W. (1984). Mediaeval Islamic medicine: Ibn Ridwan’s treatise ‘On the prevention of bodily ills in Egypt’. Berkeley.
Donatus, A. (1694 edn.). Roma vetus ac recens utriusque aedificiis ad eruditam cognitionem expositis (Amsterdam).
Dong, L., Xi, M., and Thann, F. (1996). Les maux épidémiques dans l’empire chinois (Paris).
Doni, G. M. (1667). De restituenda salubritate agri Romani (Florence).
Douglas, N. (1955). Old Calabria. 4th edn. (London).
Dubisch, J. (1985). ‘Low country fevers: cultural adaptations to malaria in antebellum South Carolina’, Social Science and Medicine, 21: 641–9.