by Joshua Bloom
Black Panther Political Party, Los Angeles
black political organizations: Black Panther conflicts with, Black Panther support from; and Eldridge Cleaver lecture censorship; Coalition to Defend the Panthers; deep roots; gangs as, insurgent events initiated by, ,14; Los Angeles coalition of; mobilization efforts; moderate; Niagara Movement; OAAU; rift between established leadership and militants; student strike allies; Universal Negro Improvement Association. See also Black Panther Party; Civil Rights Movement; COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); factionalism among black political organizations; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); Urban League
Black Power; Ali as symbol; antiwar activists relating to, Black House; Black Panther Party for Self-Defense representing; Black Panther schools; Black Panthers epitomizing; Black Panthers most politically potent among organizations for; Black P. Stone Nation and; Carmichael; civil rights activism and thought distinguished from; community empowerment vision; conflicts beneath surface unity; Democratic Party and; Detroit rebellion; draft resistance and; and Fanon; Ford and; “Free Huey!” campaign; Hugginses, Left supporting; liberals against; Los Angeles; Malcolm X; Murray; Newton articles on; New York; SDS conference (1966), Self-Defense Power; “shotgun wedding of the radical aspirations of Black Power and conventional modes of politics,” SNCC and; student strike; urban rebellions and. See also Black Panther Party
Black P. Stone Nation gang, Chicago
Black Resistance against Wars for Oppression, Los Angeles Black Congress
Black Revolution. See revolutionary black nationalism
Blackstone Rangers, Chicago,
Black Student Alliance: Los Angeles; Yale
Black Student Union (BSU); Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); San Francisco State College; ten-point program and platform; UCLA; West Coast Black Student Union conference
black studies; San Francisco State College, UC Berkeley; UCLA
Black Thought and Culture collection, Alexander Street Press
Black Unitarians for Radical Reform, Los Angeles Black Congress
black women; first black female judge in Arizona, SNCC; white men taking liberties with
black women—Black Panther Party: armed, child care responsibilities, community programs; gender and sexual issues, Audrea Jones/Dunham, mothers, See also Brown, Elaine; Cleaver, Kathleen Neal; Huggins, Ericka
Black Youth Conference, Los Angeles Black Congress
Blauner, Robert
“blind pig” bars, Detroit
Bloomington, antiwar protests
Blumenfeld, Regina
Boggs, James
Boston: antiwar protests; SDS-black coalition
Boston Black Panther chapter; community programs, Audrea Jones/Dunham, Miranda’s organizing skills; purges
Boumedienne, Houari,
Boyette, Bill
Bradford, Amory
Branch, Ben
Brandeis, student strike
Brando, Marlon,
Bray, JoAnn
Brazil, liberation movements
breakfast programs: government. See also Free Breakfast for Children Program
Brent, William Lee
Brewster, Kingman Jr.,
Britain: British Tricontinental Organization; revolutionary movements, See also London
Brodnik, Joe
Bronx: Black Panther arrests; hospital campaign of Puerto Rican Young Lords; International Section’s U.S. headquarters; liberation school; Sekou Odinga named section leader for
Brooklyn: Bar Association; Criminal Court; Free Breakfast for Children Program; liberation school; Long Island University for Black Panther meetings; New York Black Panther chapter; Panthers vs. police; Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (PBA), plebiscite campaign
Brooks, Billy
Brooks, Cleveland
Brothers, David
“brothers on the block”: appeal of Black Panther Party, Black Panther Party hoping to mobilize, Bunchy Carter’s street knowledge; Malcolm X’s street knowledge; Newton’s street knowledge of; Watts Community Alert Patrol (CAP). See also urban ghettos
Brotsky, Allan
Brown, Bob
Brown, Edmund “Pat,”
Brown, Elaine; Asia trips, Black Congress, Black Panther newspaper editor; Bunchy Carter quoted by, chair-woman; “Free Kathleen Cleaver and All Political Prisoners” cover article; gender issues; Ericka Huggins letter; leaving the Party; minister of information; Newton during unraveling of Party; Oakland City Council run; social democracy; Southern California chapter; white lovers, .
Brown, H. Rap,
Brown, James
Brown, Jerry
Brown, Oscar Jr.
Brown, Scot,
Brown, Willie
Brown Berets
Brown v. Board
Brumfield, Steve
Brunkhorst, Mel
Bryan, Robert,
Bukhari, Safiya A.
Bullins, Ed
Bunchy Carter Free Health Clinic
Bursey, Charles,
busing: Black Panther programs; Free Busing to Prison Program; school
Butler, Julius,
Buttedahl, Erling J.
Byrd, Robert
Byson, H. Bruce
Caldwell, Carl
California Democratic Council
California Federation of Teachers, San Francisco State student strike allies
California Negro Leadership Conference
California State College at Hayward, student strikes
Callins, Preston,
Cal-Pak
Calvert, Greg
Cambodia, U.S. invasion,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University; rally for New Haven Black Panthers
Camejo, Peter
Cameroon, National Student Union
Campbell, Ann
Campbell, Kenneth
Campbell-Schumann survey
Cannon, Terry
capitalism: black; Black Panthers vs., Haitians vs.; male supremacy; Puerto Ricans vs.; SDS vs.
Carlton, Mary Ann,
Carmichael, Stokely; antiwar/draft resistance; Black Panther Party name and logo, Black Power; Cuba trip; FBI targeting; Field Marshall; “Free Huey!” rally; friend Daniels; Harlem branch of the Black Panther Party; Hutton killing; Hutton Park rally; and King assassination; and Lowndes County; marchers from Memphis to Jackson (1966); Neblett and; Prime Minister, and Sams; San Francisco State pictures; and SDS, separatism; SNCC, student strike. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education
Carr, Billy John
Carranza, Humberto
Carson, Clay
Carson, Ron
Carter, Alprentice “Bunchy” “Black Mother,” Black Student Union presidency; funeral; killing (FBI-instigated), martyr; prison; Southern California chapter leadership,
Carter, Evon
Carter, Francis
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Michelle
Carter, Osceola
Casady, Si
Castro, Fidel,
CBS Reports, Watts rebellion (1965)
Cecil, Robert,
Cedar Rapids, antiwar protests
Central Committee, Black Panther Party: Chairman Bobby Seale, Chair-woman Elaine Brown; Chief of Staff David Hilliard, civilian titles subordinate to military ones, commending work of Connie Matthews and Skip Malone; communications secretary Kathleen Cleaver, deputy minister of defense Howard, deputy minister of defense Pratt; factionalism between members and, Field Marshal Landon Williams; Field Marshall Carmichael; Field Marshall Chico Neblett; Field Marshall Cox, Forbes; gradualist approach; minister of culture Douglas, Minister of Defense Huey P. Newton, minister of education Hewitt, minister of education Murray, minister of foreign affairs Forman; minister of information Elaine Brown; minister of information Eldridge Cleaver, Ministry of Finance; Oaklan
d based, Pan-African Cultural Festival; Pratt placed in charge of Southern California chapter by; Prime Minister Carmichael, Rules of the Black Panther Party, tensions with chapters and members,
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
Cetawayo (Michael Tabor)
Chabot College in Fremont, student strikes
Champaign-Urbana, antiwar protests
Chaney, James
Chang, Wei Pao
Chauncey, Sam
Cheyney State College, Pennsylvania
Chicago; antiwar protests, black aldermen; Conference on Religion and Race; Democratic Convention (1968), gangs, National Conference for New Politics; police brutality, poor white neighborhoods; rebellions; SNCC; Special Prosecutions Unit (SPU); “urban renewal” policies; Young Patriots,
Chicago Black Panther Party of Illinois, in Black Panther newspaper, community programs, deputy of labor Yvonne King; disbanding; FBI repression, informants and provocateurs, mothers unsupported by, multiracial alliances, Oakland move; political education; Puerto Rican Young Lords allied with; purges; “Rainbow Coalition,” shooting at police; Spurgeon “Jake” Winters Free Medical Care Center; women leaders. See also Hampton, Fred; Rush, Bobby
Chicago Daily Defender: for Hampton and Clark killings investigation; New Haven nonviolent protests
Chicago Eight,
Chicago police, Afro-American Patrolmen’s League
Chicago Seven
Chicago Tribune: Hampton and Clark killings; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967)
Chicanos. See Latinos/Chicanos
Chikarema, Charles,
child care: women responsible for, See also schools
Children’s Institute/Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI)/Oakland Community School, 93
Chile, Allende of
China: Black Panther allies, Black Panther trip; Newton, Nixon; “ping-pong diplomacy,” Red Guard ten-point program and; revolution; Tiananmen Square rally, Robert F. Williams; Zhou Enlai, See also Mao Zedong
Chisholm, Shirley
Churchill, Ward
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),
Cincinnati, rebellion
Citizens for Creative Welfare, Los Angeles Black Congress
citizenship rights: black insurgent mobilizations in North and West; but still ghettoized, impoverished, and politically subordinated; Civil Rights Movement for. See also civil rights; concessions; voting rights
citizenship schools, Civil Rights Movement
City College of San Francisco, student strikes
City University of New York, student strike
Civil Air Patrol, Ford
civil disobedience, Civil Rights Movement,
civil rights; Brown v. Board; Civil Rights Act (1964); Democratic Party and, Johnson administration and; Kennedy administration and, Newark police brutality cases; New York Black Panthers and police. See also citizenship rights; Civil Rights Movement; voting rights
Civil Rights Movement, Baker; Belafonte; Black Panther Party differences from; black political organizations and; Black Power activism and thought distinguished from; and Black Power shift; for citizenship rights; citizenship schools; civil disobedience, and civil rights enforcement; Eldridge Cleaver and; Comfort; FBI monitoring; freedom schools; Gregory, Hilliard view of; insurgent movement, ,14; legal costs; limitations; Merritt College activists vs.; mobilization in South; moderates; Murray; NAACP foundational work for, New Left growing out of; New York Times coverage, state concessions to, unraveled, urban rebellions and; victories, women; written accounts. See also Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); integrationism; King, Martin Luther Jr.; nonviolence; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Civil War
Clark, Frank
Clark, Mark,
Clark, Septima
class struggle: Black Panthers emphasizing; black women; global liberation; Mao on American Negroes and, See also middle class; working class
Clay, Cassius/Muhammad Ali,
Clay, William
Cleage, Albert
Cleaver, Eldridge; Algeria, arrests; Asia trip; Berkeley lectures, and Beverly; birth; Black Panther newspaper beginnings, Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); Chicago office photo; Cuba, ,18; Democratic Convention (1968); exile; factionalism, “Free Huey!” campaign; guerilla warfare/immediate insurrection promoted by; Hilliard relations, Hutton killing; Kathleen meeting; Left relations, and Malcolm X; marriage; Connie Matthews and, minister of information, “My Queen, I Greet You,” Newton feud with, Newton’s “On the Defection of Eldridge Cleaver from the Black Panther Party and the Defection of the Black Panther Party from the Black Community,” Newton as true heir to Malcolm X; New York bail benefit; and OAAU; parents; plebiscite campaign; police raiding home of; political ideology, Pratt and; presidential candidacy (1968), prison; purged, on purges; Ramparts magazine; Richmond rally; Rules of the Black Panther Party, Sacramento gun law delegation; schooling; sex and gender issues; Shabazz escort (1967); SNCC merger (1968); Soul on Ice; Southern California chapter; “White ‘Mother Country’ Radicals,”
Cleaver, Kathleen Neal; Algeria, Central Committee communications secretary, Cuba, Aaron Dixon meeting; Eldridge meeting; factionalism; “Free Kathleen Cleaver and All Political Prisoners” (Black Panther newspaper cover), Hutton Park rally; and King assassination; marriage; New York bail benefit; North Korea, photo with gun, police raiding home of; San Francisco State pictures; for State Assembly (1968)
Cleveland, E. E.
Cleveland Black Panther chapter: community programs; Free Busing to Prison Program; health clinics; liberation school; People’s Busing Program; Slater
Clifford, Clark
clothes styles: Black Panther Party, cultural black nationalists, militant African American; US; Young Lords
clothing distribution: Black Panther, Young Lords
Cloward, Richard A.,
Coalition to Defend the Panthers, Seale and Huggins trial
cocaine addiction, Newton,
COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party, allies targeted, Bunchy Carter and Huggins killings instigated by, Chicago, community programs castigated by; disinformation campaigns by law enforcement; factionalism instigated by, growth of Party increased with growth in repression by; Hampton and Clark killings, Newark police brutality cases; New Haven, Newton penthouse, nonblack allies alienated through efforts of; office raids, Racial Matters Squad; respectability prevented toward; Richmond self-defense; unraveling Black Panther Party and; Robert F. Williams fleeing from; wiretapping. See also Hoover, J. Edgar; informants and provocateurs
COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations, antiwar; Chicago, disinformation vs. Karenga and US; disinformation vs. Martin Luther King, Jr.; factionalism instigated by, goals; initiated/terminated, IRS Activist Organizations Committee; revolutionary black nationalists targeted, See also COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party; informants and provocateurs
Coleman, Kate,
Coleman, Kermit
College of San Mateo, student strikes
Collier, Peter,
Collier, Robert
Collins, George
colonization: Algeria, Puerto Rican. See also anti-imperialism; Black America, colony of; black anticolonialism
Columbia Strike Committee
Columbia University: New Left supporting Panthers; Puerto Ricans; School of International Affairs; student strikes; Third World Coalition
Comfort, Mark: Alinsky to Oakland, arrested (May 1967); bail service; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Dowell family; Newton and Seale inspired by; Oakland Direct Action Project, protests organized by, Sacramento gun law delegation
“The Coming Long Hot Summer” (Seale)
Committee for Equal Opportunity
Communist Party; antiwar activists and; Black Panther support by; FBI targeting; hysteria vs.; Martin Luther King ties sought by CIA, PFP and; Scandinavia; Smith Act; Tokyo Communist League. See also China; Nort
h Vietnamese
community: parallels between black and nonblack. See also black community; community programs; community support
Community Alert Patrol (CAP), Watts
Community for a New Politics (CNP), Ramparts-affiliated,
community programs: Chicago gangs; Grass Root Front; North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center. See also Black Panther Party community programs; free community services
community support: Puerto Rican Young Lords; vs. state repression, See also black community support for Black Panthers; community programs
Comstock Prison
concessions; affirmative action, alliances eroded by, Black Panther’s appeal eroded by, black political representation; to Civil Rights Movement, draft reduction; insurgency undermined by, to student protests; student strikes; Vietnam War de-escalation
Conference of Black Elected Officials
Conference on Black Power and Its Challenges (1966), Berkeley,
Congo: Black Panther allies, Pan-African Cultural Festival
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); FBI targeting, and Hampton and Clark killings; Los Angeles; Lucas; McKissick; New York Times coverage, Oakland; San Francisco State student strike allies
Congress of the United States: black congressmen and congresswomen; House Committee on Internal Security, House Committee on the Armed Services; Senate investigation of Panthers; Vietnam War troop withdrawal
Connecticut Black Panthers; purges; raids on offices. See also New Haven Black Panther chapter
Connor, Bull
conscientious objectors
Conservative Vice Lords
Constitution, U.S.; arms; Black Panther’s Ten Point Program; Fourteenth Amendment; Second Amendment. See also civil rights
Contra Costa County
Conway, Marshall “Eddie,”
Conyers, John
Cooke, Gordon
Coordinating Committee of the Mexican Student Movement
CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Cornell University, student strikes
Correa, George
“The Correct Handling of a Revolution” (Newton),
Cox, Donald, arrest at office raid (April 28, 1969); and Chicago chapter, factionalism; Field Marshall, “Free Huey!” rallies; fund-raising; plebiscite campaign; UFAF conference
Cronkite, Walter
Crusader, Robert F. Williams’s newspaper
Crutchfield, Nesbit
