by Joshua Bloom
Cuba: Black Panther support, Castro, Eldridge Cleaver, ,18; Merritt College rally opposing U.S. blockade of; military training of Panthers, Murray; Newton; Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America (OSPAAAL); Progressive Labor Party; pro-Soviet faction, RAM, Assata Shakur; SNCC. See also Guevara, Che
Cubs, Panther,
cultural black nationalists,
Curtis, Charlotte
Cyril, Janet
Daily Gater, San Francisco State College
Dale, Willie
Daley, Richard
Daniels, Jonathan
Davenport, Christian
Davis, Angela; Black Congress; gender issues; George Jackson’s death; L.A. Black Panther Political Party; rally to protest the police raid of L.A. Panther headquarters
Davis, Ossie
Davis, Regina
Davis, Rennie,
Davis, Ronald
Deacons of Defense,
deaths. See funerals December 4 Movement
Declaration of Independence, Black Panther’s Ten Point Program, vii,
Defense Intelligence Committee
Dellinger, David,
Dellums, Ron, Berkeley City Council member, congressman
Democratic Party: black representation; conservatives wooed by Nixon; Convention in Atlantic City (1964); Convention in Chicago (1968), Convention Credentials Committee (1964); crisis of legitimacy (1960s); elections (1968), elections (1976); Mississippi; Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP); nomination reform; Oakland mayoral election (1977); PFP opposition; race issues, student strike losing faith in; war positions, white exclusive
demonstrations. See protests
Dempsey, John
Dendy, Alan “Snake,”
Denmark, Left Wing Socialist Party of Denmark
Denver: antiwar protests; Black Panther chapter,
deserters, Black Panther Party
DeSimone, John
Desire Housing Projects, New Orleans,
Des Moines: antiwar protests; Black Panther chapter; Free Breakfast for Children Program; liberation school; police brutality
Detroit: black migration; Black Panther chapter, “blind pig” bars; community programs; demands by rebels; division between established leadership and young militants; police brutality, raids of Panther offices, rebellion (1967),
Detroit News
Dhoruba Bin Wahad (Richard Moore)
dialectical materialists
Diggs, Charles
Disciples gang, Chicago,
discipline, Black Panther Party, purges, Rules of the Black Panther Party, tensions with Central Committee,
disruption: Black Panthers’ capacity for, Civil Rights Movement, Democratic Convention (1968); by FBI; felony of “conspiracy to disrupt the assembly,” insurgent success requiring, nonviolent; repression level affecting; revolutionary movements today; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967); by Scandinavian solidarity committees; student strikes; “war of the flea,” at Yale. See also armed resistance to authority; civil disobedience; draft resistance; informants and provocateurs; insurrections; protests
Dixon, Aaron,
Dixon, Elmer,
Dixon, Marlene
Dohrn, Bernardine
Donaldson, Ivanhoe
ng, Phm Vn
Douglas, Emory; Algeria; arrested (1969); Black Panther minister of culture, Black Panther newspaper graphics, Bobby Hutton painting; New Haven Panthers and Seale trial; Richmond rally; Sacramento gun law delegation; Los Siete de la Raza helped by
Dowell, Denzil; Black Panther self-defense mobilization (1967),
Dowell, George
Dowell, Ruby
draft resistance, black activists; Black Panther’s Ten Point Program; burning draft cards, Civil Rights Movement similarities; conscientious objectors; End the Draft; Freedom Draft Movement; “Hell no, we won’t go!,” Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam; President Johnson and; New Left growth over, RAM rally; SDS, Stop the Draft Week (mid-October 1967), See also antiwar activism; military draft
drug use: Black Panther community programs for addiction; Newton after Party unraveled, Rules of the Black Panther Party on
Du Bois, W. E. B.
Dudley High School, Greensboro, student strikes
Dumke, Glenn
Dunbar, Jim
Dunham/Jones, Audrea,
Dunn, Fremont
Dunning, Elford
Duster, Troy
Duvalier, François,
Dymally, Mervin
East Village Other
Edison, Angeline
Edwards, Harry
Edwards, Maria,
Eichelburger, John
elections (1964),
elections (1966), California governor
elections (1968); Eldridge Cleaver presidential candidacy, Nixon, student strike beginning
elections (1973), Oakland offices
elections (1974), Jerry Brown for governor of California
elections (1975), Elaine Brown for City Council
elections (1976), Democratic presidential primaries
Elijah Muhammad
Epps, Lonnie
Epstein, Edward Jay,
Epton, William
ethnic studies, San Francisco State College, fig. See also black studies
Eugene, Oregon, Black Panther community programs,
Europe: Black Panther support from students in; revolutionary movements, See also Britain; France; Scandinavia
Eve, Arthur
Everett, Ron. See Karenga, Ron
Executive Mandate #1, Black Panther
Executive Mandate #2, Black Panther
Executive Mandate #3, Black Panther,
exile: Eldridge Cleaver; New York 21; underground vs..
factionalism among black political organizations; FBI-instigated, See also informants and provocateurs factionalism within Black Panther Party, allies affected by; between Central Committee and members, FBI-instigated, ideological split, for insurrections/guerilla warfare, killings; mutiny, Newton-Cleaver feud, for nonviolence; over Newton penthouse, Party supporters during days of; for social democracy; Ten Point Program and. See also informants and provocateurs; discipline, Black Panther Party; purges
Fanon, Frantz: Algeria, black men’s attractions to white women; Black Power; Bunchy Carter versed in; Chicago Panthers’ political education on; Newton and; RAM and; Seale and; social castration of black men, in Soulbook: The Revolutionary Journal of the Black World magazine; Wretched of the Earth
Faraj, Gaidi,
Farmer, James
Al Fatah
Favor, Jesse W.,
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), See also COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations; informants and provocateurs
“Fear and Doubt” (Newton),
feminists. See Women’s Liberation Movement/feminists
Fesperman, William “Preacherman,”
finances, Black Panther. See Black Panther Party finances
First Spanish Methodist Church, East Harlem
Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee
Fletcher, Ricky
Floyd, John
Foley, Eugene R.
Folsom State Prison, Black Panthers
Fonda, Jane
Foner, Phillip S.,
Forbes, Flores A.
Ford, Joudon
Ford Foundation
Forman, Cathy,
Forman, James: “Free Huey!” rallies, Panther minister of foreign affairs; SNCC,
Fort, Jeff
Forte, Reginald
Forte, Sherman
Fox News
France: Algerian colonialism by and independence from, anticolonialist Frenchmen
Frank, Peter
Frazier, E. Franklin
Free Ambulance Program
Free Breakfast for Children Program, adults fed too; antiwar activism combined with; Chicago; community support for; discipline and, donations to; FBI targeting; gender of staff
; New Haven; Oakland, ,12; public face of the Party; Puerto Rican Young Lords, routine; Seattle, Southern California chapter; spread of; “survival program,”
Free Busing to Prison Program
Free Clinics,
Free Clothing Program,
free community services: ambulance; bus rides; clothing, food distribution; library; pest control; plumbing and maintenance; seniors escorts; shoes. See also Black Panther Party community programs; Free Ambulance Program; Free Breakfast for Children Program; Free Busing to Prison Program; Free Clinics; Free Clothing Program; Free Food Distribution Program; Free Pest Control Program; Free Pluming and Maintenance Program; Free Shoe Program
Free Food Distribution Program
“Free Huey!” campaign; almost all members working for; ANC support; birthday celebration (February 17, 1968), birthday celebration (February 17, 1969); after conviction and sentence (September 8, 1968); Cuba; dispute over police at rally for; “Huey Newton Talks to the Movement” pamphlet, after John Huggins and Bunchy Carter killings; Hutton funeral; Los Angeles Black Congress and; rallies, Scandinavia tour; Seale, SNCC—Black Panther merger; success; white New Left,
Free Pest Control Program
Free Plumbing and Maintenance Program
Free Shoe Program
Free Speech Movement
Freed, Donald,
freedom; academic; black men and women; Black Panther goal; community programs and; global anti-imperialist, guerilla warfare for; homosexual; intellectual; Martin Luther King and; Los Siete program; Malcolm X’s ten-point program; Newton China visit and; Newton in prison; revolutionary black nationalist; “revolutionary consciousness” and; rhetorical; from state repression; student strike and; women.
Freedom Draft Movement
Freedom Riders
freedom schools
Freedom Summer (1964)
Freeman, Kenny (Mamadou Lumumba)
Freeman, Roland
Freeman, Ronald
French, Lynn
Fresno, Black Panther chapter
Frey, John, Newton killing,
Friends of the Panthers, Los Angeles
Froines, Ann
Froines, John
Frost, David
Frost, Wilson
Frye, Marquette
Frye, Rena
Frye, Ronald
“The Functional Definition of Politics” (Newton)
fund-raising, for Black Panthers; for bail money; criminality and; “Free Huey!” campaign; insurrection and; L.A. Friends of the Panthers; for legal costs; New Haven chapter; New York; San Francisco State College rally (1967); Seale at Yale. See also Black Panther Party finances
funerals: Bunchy Carter; John Huggins; Hutton, George Jackson; Martin Luther King
Furey, John
Gains, Charles
Garrett, James
Garrow, David
Garry, Charles R.; Epstein debated by; Hampton and Clark killings; Hutton killing; Newton trial, Panthers killed by police; political prisoner defense teams; Seale and New Haven Panthers trial; Los Siete de la Raza; surgery (1969)
Garvey, Marcus
Garveyism
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., ,18
Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement,
gender issues: black women in revolutionary movements; equality, Hampton’s high school; misogyny; revolutionizing. See also masculinism; sex; women
gender issues—Black Panther Party; “black macho” politics; Black Panther women, Cleaver marriage; feminist allies, male chauvinism; masculinism; mothers, patriarchal social norms; sexism. See also black women—Black Panther Party
Genet, Jean
Geronimo. See Pratt, leaders, Geronimo ji Jaga
ghettos. See urban ghettos
Gibson, Kenneth
Glasser, Ira
global allies, Black Panther. See Black Panther Party allies—international; revolutionary movements; Third World
global anti-imperialism: Africa, Algeria as world hub, antiwar activism, Black Liberation Struggle links, Black Panther allies, Puerto Rican; Scandinavian Left; Vietnamese. See also black anticolonialism; revolutionary movements; Third World
Golden, Elliott
González, Juan
Goodlett, Carleton
Goodloe, Gwen
Goodman, Andrew
Goodwin, Leroy
Goodwin, Richard
Graham, Polly
Gramsci, Antonio,
Grass Root Front
Great Society programs
Greensboro, North Carolina, student strikes
Gregory, Dick,
Griffo, Robert,
Grimes, Willie B.
Guardian, New Left
guerilla warfare: Algerian anticolonial; Black Panthers and, ,51; ineffective against state repression; international liberation struggles; limited support for; RAM raising possibility; SDS; urban; Weather Underground. See also insurrections
Guevara, Che: Algeria conversations; Bunchy Carter versed in; martyr; Murray’s OSPAAAL speech; Newton inspired by; New York Young Lords poster; Seale inspired by
Guinea, Pan-African Cultural Festival
Guinea-Bissau, anticolonial struggles,
guns: Baltimore police intimidation with; Black Panther membership mandating; Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (1967), figs; Bunchy Carter’s “wolves,” Chicago gang; Chicago Panthers entrapped with; Kathleen Cleaver, Detroit rebellion; law, RAM’s unloaded; Richmond self-defense; Sacramento gun law delegation, San Francisco police; San Francisco State student strike allies; sneaked out in women’s bras (for Algerian revolutionaries and Young Lords); Winston-Salem tenants; women with, See also armed resistance to authority; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967); shootings; weapons
Gurr, Ted,
Guzmán, Pablo “Yoruba,”
Haiti: anticolonial struggles; Duvalier, Tonton Macoutes,
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halley, Kathy (later Nafasi)
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Hampton, Bill
Hampton, Fred, assassination (1969), autopsy; awareness of infiltration, in Black Panther newspaper, Deputy Chairman of Illinois Panthers, FBI infiltrator O’Neal vs., investigation into death called for; Jimenez meeting; memorial services; prison; Rush recruiting; tours of apartment; trial; widow Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson),
Hanrahan, Edward V.
Harambee
Harding, Bobby
Hardwick, Elizabeth
Hare, Nathan
Harlem: Black Liberation Army shootings; Black Panther chapter, Black Panther Party branch (RAM-affiliated); Committee for Self-Defense; First Spanish Methodist Church; Free Breakfast for Children Program; Malcolm X assassinated (February 1965); Malcolm X at Williams Institutional CME Church with Fannie Lou Hamer (December 1964); plebiscite campaign; Puerto Rican Young Lords, rebellion (1964); tuberculosis epidemic
Harris, Fred
Harris, Richard
Hart, Judy
Harvard University
Harvey, Merrill
Hassan, Ali Bey (John J. Casson)
Hawkins, Augustus
Hayakawa, S. I.
Hayden, Tom,
Hayes, Bruce
Hayward, California: California State College student strikes; Puerto Rican Young Lords
health care: Black Panther “survival programs,” holistic view of health. See also medical care
Heckscher, Mrs. August
“Hell no, we won’t go!,”
Hemispheric Conference to Defeat American Imperialism
Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam
Henderson, Delores,
Henry, Aaron
Henry, Carol
Hersey, John
Hervé, Julia
Hewitt, Ray “Masai,” and Chicago chapter, factionalism; “Free Huey!” campaign in Scandinavia; minister of education, New York fund-raising; Pan-African Cultural Festival; political education furthered by
high schools: Black Panther programs; Carr�
�s; GED program; Hampton’s; Puerto Ricans; Richmond; Seale’s; student strikes
Hill, Michael
Hill, Paula,
Hilliard, Bud
Hilliard, David; arrested (1969); ascent to leadership; birth; Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); chapters starting; and Chicago chapter, Chief of Staff, childhood; Eldridge Cleaver relations, communal ethic; Democratic Convention (1968); discipline of members, factionalism, “Free Huey!” rally, fund-raising; on Hampton and Clark killings; Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam; marriage and children; New Haven Panthers and Seale, Newton friend, Newton vs. Officer Frey; Newton’s freedom day (August 5, 1970); New York 21 tensions with; Pan-African Cultural Festival; “Paper Panthers” coined by; plebiscite campaign; political image of Party tended by, and Pratt; primary leadership (August August 1970), purge called for; Rush meeting; St. Augustine’s Church, Oakland, trial (1971); unraveling of Party; West Coast Mobilization against the Vietnam War; on women’s leadership
Hilliard, June
Hilliard, Patricia
Hill Parents Association
Himmel, Bob
Hing, Alex
Hoang Minh Giam
Ho Chi Minh,
Hodges, Gwen V.,
Hoffman, Abbie,
Hoffman, Alex
Holiday, Wilfred “Crutch,”
Holman, Morris
homosexuals, Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement,
Hoover, J. Edgar: vs. Black Panthers, and MFDP; and New Haven People’s News Service; and Nixon. See also FBI
Hopkins, Evans
Horowitz, David,
House, Gary,
House Committee on Internal Security,
House Committee on the Armed Services, SDS-SNCC statement of draft resistance
House of Representatives, black seats
Houston, Ike
Howard, Elbert “Big Man,” fig; Black Panther newspaper editor; deputy minister of defense,
Howe, Florence
Hubbard, Fred
Hubert-Gaidi, Claude
Hudson, Audry
Huggins, Ericka, arrested; Black Power, gender issues; Hutton funeral; New Haven, Oakland Black Panther schools, prison; trial,
Huggins, John; Free Breakfast for Children Programs named after; funeral; killing (FBI-instigated), martyr; purge statement
Huggins, Mai,
Hulett, John
Humphrey, Hubert: election (1968), Martin Luther King memorial and funeral; and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP); Scandinavian Left disrupting speech by
Hunters Point (San Francisco), Matthew Johnson killing (1966),
Hunton, Alpheaus
Hutton, Little (Lil’) Bobby; De Fremery Park/Bobby Hutton Memorial Park rallies, funeral, killing (1968), martyr; photo,
