Black Against Empire

by Joshua Bloom

  Black Panther Political Party, Los Angeles

  black political organizations: Black Panther conflicts with, Black Panther support from; and Eldridge Cleaver lecture censorship; Coalition to Defend the Panthers; deep roots; gangs as, insurgent events initiated by, ,14; Los Angeles coalition of; mobilization efforts; moderate; Niagara Movement; OAAU; rift between established leadership and militants; student strike allies; Universal Negro Improvement Association. See also Black Panther Party; Civil Rights Movement; COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); factionalism among black political organizations; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); Urban League

  Black Power; Ali as symbol; antiwar activists relating to, Black House; Black Panther Party for Self-Defense representing; Black Panther schools; Black Panthers epitomizing; Black Panthers most politically potent among organizations for; Black P. Stone Nation and; Carmichael; civil rights activism and thought distinguished from; community empowerment vision; conflicts beneath surface unity; Democratic Party and; Detroit rebellion; draft resistance and; and Fanon; Ford and; “Free Huey!” campaign; Hugginses, Left supporting; liberals against; Los Angeles; Malcolm X; Murray; Newton articles on; New York; SDS conference (1966), Self-Defense Power; “shotgun wedding of the radical aspirations of Black Power and conventional modes of politics,” SNCC and; student strike; urban rebellions and. See also Black Panther Party

  Black P. Stone Nation gang, Chicago

  Black Resistance against Wars for Oppression, Los Angeles Black Congress

  Black Revolution. See revolutionary black nationalism

  Blackstone Rangers, Chicago,

  Black Student Alliance: Los Angeles; Yale

  Black Student Union (BSU); Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); San Francisco State College; ten-point program and platform; UCLA; West Coast Black Student Union conference

  black studies; San Francisco State College, UC Berkeley; UCLA

  Black Thought and Culture collection, Alexander Street Press

  Black Unitarians for Radical Reform, Los Angeles Black Congress

  black women; first black female judge in Arizona, SNCC; white men taking liberties with

  black women—Black Panther Party: armed, child care responsibilities, community programs; gender and sexual issues, Audrea Jones/Dunham, mothers, See also Brown, Elaine; Cleaver, Kathleen Neal; Huggins, Ericka

  Black Youth Conference, Los Angeles Black Congress

  Blauner, Robert

  “blind pig” bars, Detroit

  Bloomington, antiwar protests

  Blumenfeld, Regina

  Boggs, James

  Boston: antiwar protests; SDS-black coalition

  Boston Black Panther chapter; community programs, Audrea Jones/Dunham, Miranda’s organizing skills; purges

  Boumedienne, Houari,

  Boyette, Bill

  Bradford, Amory

  Branch, Ben

  Brandeis, student strike

  Brando, Marlon,

  Bray, JoAnn

  Brazil, liberation movements

  breakfast programs: government. See also Free Breakfast for Children Program

  Brent, William Lee

  Brewster, Kingman Jr.,

  Britain: British Tricontinental Organization; revolutionary movements, See also London

  Brodnik, Joe

  Bronx: Black Panther arrests; hospital campaign of Puerto Rican Young Lords; International Section’s U.S. headquarters; liberation school; Sekou Odinga named section leader for

  Brooklyn: Bar Association; Criminal Court; Free Breakfast for Children Program; liberation school; Long Island University for Black Panther meetings; New York Black Panther chapter; Panthers vs. police; Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (PBA), plebiscite campaign

  Brooks, Billy

  Brooks, Cleveland

  Brothers, David

  “brothers on the block”: appeal of Black Panther Party, Black Panther Party hoping to mobilize, Bunchy Carter’s street knowledge; Malcolm X’s street knowledge; Newton’s street knowledge of; Watts Community Alert Patrol (CAP). See also urban ghettos

  Brotsky, Allan

  Brown, Bob

  Brown, Edmund “Pat,”

  Brown, Elaine; Asia trips, Black Congress, Black Panther newspaper editor; Bunchy Carter quoted by, chair-woman; “Free Kathleen Cleaver and All Political Prisoners” cover article; gender issues; Ericka Huggins letter; leaving the Party; minister of information; Newton during unraveling of Party; Oakland City Council run; social democracy; Southern California chapter; white lovers, .

  Brown, H. Rap,

  Brown, James

  Brown, Jerry

  Brown, Oscar Jr.

  Brown, Scot,

  Brown, Willie

  Brown Berets

  Brown v. Board

  Brumfield, Steve

  Brunkhorst, Mel

  Bryan, Robert,

  Bukhari, Safiya A.

  Bullins, Ed

  Bunchy Carter Free Health Clinic

  Bursey, Charles,

  busing: Black Panther programs; Free Busing to Prison Program; school

  Butler, Julius,

  Buttedahl, Erling J.

  Byrd, Robert

  Byson, H. Bruce

  Caldwell, Carl

  California Democratic Council

  California Federation of Teachers, San Francisco State student strike allies

  California Negro Leadership Conference

  California State College at Hayward, student strikes

  Callins, Preston,

  Cal-Pak

  Calvert, Greg

  Cambodia, U.S. invasion,

  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University; rally for New Haven Black Panthers

  Camejo, Peter

  Cameroon, National Student Union

  Campbell, Ann

  Campbell, Kenneth

  Campbell-Schumann survey

  Cannon, Terry

  capitalism: black; Black Panthers vs., Haitians vs.; male supremacy; Puerto Ricans vs.; SDS vs.

  Carlton, Mary Ann,

  Carmichael, Stokely; antiwar/draft resistance; Black Panther Party name and logo, Black Power; Cuba trip; FBI targeting; Field Marshall; “Free Huey!” rally; friend Daniels; Harlem branch of the Black Panther Party; Hutton killing; Hutton Park rally; and King assassination; and Lowndes County; marchers from Memphis to Jackson (1966); Neblett and; Prime Minister, and Sams; San Francisco State pictures; and SDS, separatism; SNCC, student strike. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education

  Carr, Billy John

  Carranza, Humberto

  Carson, Clay

  Carson, Ron

  Carter, Alprentice “Bunchy” “Black Mother,” Black Student Union presidency; funeral; killing (FBI-instigated), martyr; prison; Southern California chapter leadership,

  Carter, Evon

  Carter, Francis

  Carter, Jimmy

  Carter, Michelle

  Carter, Osceola

  Casady, Si

  Castro, Fidel,

  CBS Reports, Watts rebellion (1965)

  Cecil, Robert,

  Cedar Rapids, antiwar protests

  Central Committee, Black Panther Party: Chairman Bobby Seale, Chair-woman Elaine Brown; Chief of Staff David Hilliard, civilian titles subordinate to military ones, commending work of Connie Matthews and Skip Malone; communications secretary Kathleen Cleaver, deputy minister of defense Howard, deputy minister of defense Pratt; factionalism between members and, Field Marshal Landon Williams; Field Marshall Carmichael; Field Marshall Chico Neblett; Field Marshall Cox, Forbes; gradualist approach; minister of culture Douglas, Minister of Defense Huey P. Newton, minister of education Hewitt, minister of education Murray, minister of foreign affairs Forman; minister of information Elaine Brown; minister of information Eldridge Cleaver, Ministry of Finance; Oaklan
d based, Pan-African Cultural Festival; Pratt placed in charge of Southern California chapter by; Prime Minister Carmichael, Rules of the Black Panther Party, tensions with chapters and members,

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

  Cetawayo (Michael Tabor)

  Chabot College in Fremont, student strikes

  Champaign-Urbana, antiwar protests

  Chaney, James

  Chang, Wei Pao

  Chauncey, Sam

  Cheyney State College, Pennsylvania

  Chicago; antiwar protests, black aldermen; Conference on Religion and Race; Democratic Convention (1968), gangs, National Conference for New Politics; police brutality, poor white neighborhoods; rebellions; SNCC; Special Prosecutions Unit (SPU); “urban renewal” policies; Young Patriots,

  Chicago Black Panther Party of Illinois, in Black Panther newspaper, community programs, deputy of labor Yvonne King; disbanding; FBI repression, informants and provocateurs, mothers unsupported by, multiracial alliances, Oakland move; political education; Puerto Rican Young Lords allied with; purges; “Rainbow Coalition,” shooting at police; Spurgeon “Jake” Winters Free Medical Care Center; women leaders. See also Hampton, Fred; Rush, Bobby

  Chicago Daily Defender: for Hampton and Clark killings investigation; New Haven nonviolent protests

  Chicago Eight,

  Chicago police, Afro-American Patrolmen’s League

  Chicago Seven

  Chicago Tribune: Hampton and Clark killings; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967)

  Chicanos. See Latinos/Chicanos

  Chikarema, Charles,

  child care: women responsible for, See also schools

  Children’s Institute/Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI)/Oakland Community School, 93

  Chile, Allende of

  China: Black Panther allies, Black Panther trip; Newton, Nixon; “ping-pong diplomacy,” Red Guard ten-point program and; revolution; Tiananmen Square rally, Robert F. Williams; Zhou Enlai, See also Mao Zedong

  Chisholm, Shirley

  Churchill, Ward

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),

  Cincinnati, rebellion

  Citizens for Creative Welfare, Los Angeles Black Congress

  citizenship rights: black insurgent mobilizations in North and West; but still ghettoized, impoverished, and politically subordinated; Civil Rights Movement for. See also civil rights; concessions; voting rights

  citizenship schools, Civil Rights Movement

  City College of San Francisco, student strikes

  City University of New York, student strike

  Civil Air Patrol, Ford

  civil disobedience, Civil Rights Movement,

  civil rights; Brown v. Board; Civil Rights Act (1964); Democratic Party and, Johnson administration and; Kennedy administration and, Newark police brutality cases; New York Black Panthers and police. See also citizenship rights; Civil Rights Movement; voting rights

  Civil Rights Movement, Baker; Belafonte; Black Panther Party differences from; black political organizations and; Black Power activism and thought distinguished from; and Black Power shift; for citizenship rights; citizenship schools; civil disobedience, and civil rights enforcement; Eldridge Cleaver and; Comfort; FBI monitoring; freedom schools; Gregory, Hilliard view of; insurgent movement, ,14; legal costs; limitations; Merritt College activists vs.; mobilization in South; moderates; Murray; NAACP foundational work for, New Left growing out of; New York Times coverage, state concessions to, unraveled, urban rebellions and; victories, women; written accounts. See also Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); integrationism; King, Martin Luther Jr.; nonviolence; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

  Civil War

  Clark, Frank

  Clark, Mark,

  Clark, Septima

  class struggle: Black Panthers emphasizing; black women; global liberation; Mao on American Negroes and, See also middle class; working class

  Clay, Cassius/Muhammad Ali,

  Clay, William

  Cleage, Albert

  Cleaver, Eldridge; Algeria, arrests; Asia trip; Berkeley lectures, and Beverly; birth; Black Panther newspaper beginnings, Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); Chicago office photo; Cuba, ,18; Democratic Convention (1968); exile; factionalism, “Free Huey!” campaign; guerilla warfare/immediate insurrection promoted by; Hilliard relations, Hutton killing; Kathleen meeting; Left relations, and Malcolm X; marriage; Connie Matthews and, minister of information, “My Queen, I Greet You,” Newton feud with, Newton’s “On the Defection of Eldridge Cleaver from the Black Panther Party and the Defection of the Black Panther Party from the Black Community,” Newton as true heir to Malcolm X; New York bail benefit; and OAAU; parents; plebiscite campaign; police raiding home of; political ideology, Pratt and; presidential candidacy (1968), prison; purged, on purges; Ramparts magazine; Richmond rally; Rules of the Black Panther Party, Sacramento gun law delegation; schooling; sex and gender issues; Shabazz escort (1967); SNCC merger (1968); Soul on Ice; Southern California chapter; “White ‘Mother Country’ Radicals,”

  Cleaver, Kathleen Neal; Algeria, Central Committee communications secretary, Cuba, Aaron Dixon meeting; Eldridge meeting; factionalism; “Free Kathleen Cleaver and All Political Prisoners” (Black Panther newspaper cover), Hutton Park rally; and King assassination; marriage; New York bail benefit; North Korea, photo with gun, police raiding home of; San Francisco State pictures; for State Assembly (1968)

  Cleveland, E. E.

  Cleveland Black Panther chapter: community programs; Free Busing to Prison Program; health clinics; liberation school; People’s Busing Program; Slater

  Clifford, Clark

  clothes styles: Black Panther Party, cultural black nationalists, militant African American; US; Young Lords

  clothing distribution: Black Panther, Young Lords

  Cloward, Richard A.,

  Coalition to Defend the Panthers, Seale and Huggins trial

  cocaine addiction, Newton,

  COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party, allies targeted, Bunchy Carter and Huggins killings instigated by, Chicago, community programs castigated by; disinformation campaigns by law enforcement; factionalism instigated by, growth of Party increased with growth in repression by; Hampton and Clark killings, Newark police brutality cases; New Haven, Newton penthouse, nonblack allies alienated through efforts of; office raids, Racial Matters Squad; respectability prevented toward; Richmond self-defense; unraveling Black Panther Party and; Robert F. Williams fleeing from; wiretapping. See also Hoover, J. Edgar; informants and provocateurs

  COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations, antiwar; Chicago, disinformation vs. Karenga and US; disinformation vs. Martin Luther King, Jr.; factionalism instigated by, goals; initiated/terminated, IRS Activist Organizations Committee; revolutionary black nationalists targeted, See also COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party; informants and provocateurs

  Coleman, Kate,

  Coleman, Kermit

  College of San Mateo, student strikes

  Collier, Peter,

  Collier, Robert

  Collins, George

  colonization: Algeria, Puerto Rican. See also anti-imperialism; Black America, colony of; black anticolonialism

  Columbia Strike Committee

  Columbia University: New Left supporting Panthers; Puerto Ricans; School of International Affairs; student strikes; Third World Coalition

  Comfort, Mark: Alinsky to Oakland, arrested (May 1967); bail service; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Dowell family; Newton and Seale inspired by; Oakland Direct Action Project, protests organized by, Sacramento gun law delegation

  “The Coming Long Hot Summer” (Seale)

  Committee for Equal Opportunity

  Communist Party; antiwar activists and; Black Panther support by; FBI targeting; hysteria vs.; Martin Luther King ties sought by CIA, PFP and; Scandinavia; Smith Act; Tokyo Communist League. See also China; Nort
h Vietnamese

  community: parallels between black and nonblack. See also black community; community programs; community support

  Community Alert Patrol (CAP), Watts

  Community for a New Politics (CNP), Ramparts-affiliated,

  community programs: Chicago gangs; Grass Root Front; North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center. See also Black Panther Party community programs; free community services

  community support: Puerto Rican Young Lords; vs. state repression, See also black community support for Black Panthers; community programs

  Comstock Prison

  concessions; affirmative action, alliances eroded by, Black Panther’s appeal eroded by, black political representation; to Civil Rights Movement, draft reduction; insurgency undermined by, to student protests; student strikes; Vietnam War de-escalation

  Conference of Black Elected Officials

  Conference on Black Power and Its Challenges (1966), Berkeley,

  Congo: Black Panther allies, Pan-African Cultural Festival

  Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); FBI targeting, and Hampton and Clark killings; Los Angeles; Lucas; McKissick; New York Times coverage, Oakland; San Francisco State student strike allies

  Congress of the United States: black congressmen and congresswomen; House Committee on Internal Security, House Committee on the Armed Services; Senate investigation of Panthers; Vietnam War troop withdrawal

  Connecticut Black Panthers; purges; raids on offices. See also New Haven Black Panther chapter

  Connor, Bull

  conscientious objectors

  Conservative Vice Lords

  Constitution, U.S.; arms; Black Panther’s Ten Point Program; Fourteenth Amendment; Second Amendment. See also civil rights

  Contra Costa County

  Conway, Marshall “Eddie,”

  Conyers, John

  Cooke, Gordon

  Coordinating Committee of the Mexican Student Movement

  CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

  Cornell University, student strikes

  Correa, George

  “The Correct Handling of a Revolution” (Newton),

  Cox, Donald, arrest at office raid (April 28, 1969); and Chicago chapter, factionalism; Field Marshall, “Free Huey!” rallies; fund-raising; plebiscite campaign; UFAF conference

  Cronkite, Walter

  Crusader, Robert F. Williams’s newspaper

  Crutchfield, Nesbit