by Joshua Bloom
Myers, Warren
Nakatsu, Penny
Napier, Samuel
narcotics, Rules of the Black Panther Party on
Nash, Diane
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Black Panthers differing from; Democratic Convention (1964); FBI targeting; Hampton; Los Angeles; mobilizing against state repression of Panthers; Monroe, North Carolina; New York; Northern Area Conference; San Francisco State student strike allies; Roy Wilkins
National Black Political Convention, Gary
National Committees to Combat Fascism (NCCFs),
National Conference for New Politics, Chicago
National Council of Churches, Puerto Rican Young Lords programs
National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee
National Guard: Attica Prison; black women facing bayonets of; Democratic Convention (1968); vs. draft resisters; Hunters Point rally, “It’s All the Same” Black Panther newspaper graphic, Kent State; Los Angeles; New Haven protests; nonblack New Left confronting; student strikes; urban rebellions,
nationalism: gendered. See also black nationalists National Lawyers Guild
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (MOBE)
National Security Agency
National Student Strike Committee
National Student Union, Kamerun (now Cameroon)
“National Week of Solidarity,” student strikes
Nation of Islam (NOI); Ali, Black Panthers linked to; Eldridge Cleaver; Elijah Muhammad; FBI targeting, Malcolm X, Murray; ten-point platform
Native Americans
Native Son (Wright)
Neal. See Cleaver, Kathleen Neal
Neblett, Chico
“Negritude,”
Negroes with Guns (Robert F. Williams)
Neil, Earl A., ,12
Nesbitt, Carver Chico,
Nessel, George
Netherlands, revolutionary movements,
Newark: Black Panther chapter; Human Rights Commission; plebiscite campaign; police brutality; Puerto Rican Young Lords; racial composition; rebellion (1967), Reverend William P. Hayes Public Housing Projects
New Black Panther Party
New Haven; American Independent Movement, black community; Coalition to Defend the Panthers; FBI, police
New Haven Black Panther chapter; community programs, feminist support, Hugginses, Legal Defense Committee; Miranda as star organizer; People’s News Service; Seale on trial with, state repression,
New Jersey: police raids of Black Panther office in Jersey City; State Police officer killed by Assata Shakur; urban rebellion in Plainfield
New Left; anti-imperialism, antiwar, Black Panthers as vanguard of, Black Power; Eldridge Cleaver relations; Community for a New Politics (CNP), cross-section of; demise of, Douglas graphic “It’s All the Same,” draft resistance leading to growth of, expansion after Democratic Convention (1968); FBI targeting; gender revolution; Guardian; Independent Socialist Club; International Socialist Club; National Conference for New Politics in Chicago; origins; Progressive Labor Party, “revolutionary consciousness,” UFAF, Weather Underground; Young Socialist Alliance, See also Black Panther Party allies—Left; Peace and Freedom Party (PFP); Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); white New Left
New Left Notes, SDS,
New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (New MOBE), antiwar activists
New Orleans, Desire Housing Projects,
Newsweek, Justice Department vs. Black Panthers,
Newton, Armelia Johnson
Newton, Fredrika,
Newton, Huey P.; Afro-American Association, ANC support; armed self-defense practice developed by, arrested (March 1966); arrested (October 1967), birth; birthday celebration (February 17, 1968), birthday celebration (February 17, 1969); Black Panther newspaper, vs. black political organizations; “Black Warrior Prince,” bodyguard Robert Bay, brothers; Bunchy Carter and; Chicago Panthers’ political education on; China, Eldridge Cleaver feud with, community programs emphasized by; conviction and sentence (September 8, 1968); CORE event; “The Correct Handling of a Revolution,” Cuba exile; Executive Mandate #1; Executive Mandate #2; Executive Mandate #3, on familial norms; family poverty; “Fear and Doubt,” founding Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, “The Functional Definition of Politics,” on gender and sexual liberation; girlfriend LaVerne Williams; Hilliard friendship, “Huey Newton Talks to the Movement” pamphlet, Huey P. Newton Foundation; “In Defense of Self-Defense,” intellectual and man of action; George Jackson’s death; Kaiser Hospital (October 1967), killed (August 23, 1989); and killing of Matthew Johnson by police, and killing of Officer Frey (October 1967), law knowledge; lover and close collaborator Elaine Brown, loyalists; and Malcolm X, Marxism; Merritt College; Minister of Defense, moderating stance (1970); mother Armelia; Newton-Seale incident vs. police (1967); Oakland return (1977); “On the Defection of Eldridge Cleaver from the Black Panther Party and the Defection of the Black Panther Party from the Black Community,” Panther logo/symbol, parents; Party supporters during days of factionalism; photo of arrest; photo with Seale and weapons outside first office, photo with shotgun and bandolier; photo with spear and rifle; photo on wicker throne, “Politics is war without bloodshed . War is politics with bloodshed,” poster at Pan-African Cultural Festival; and Pratt, prison (1964); prison (70), public speaking, radio plea for bail support; RAM; Ramparts office confrontation; released from prison (August 5, 1970); retrial (1971); “revolutionary intercommunalism,” “revolutionary suicide,” Richmond armed resistance; Rules of the Black Panther Party, Sacramento gun law delegation, schooling; SDS Black Power conference, Seale meeting; secretary Connie Matthews, sentence; “Servant of the People,” shooting and jailing as political acts; Los Siete de la Raza supported by; on social castration of black men, Southern California chapter; street knowledge; “survival programs,” , Ten Point Program, trial, during unraveling of Party, urban rebellions influencing; voice; on white allies; wicker throne, widow Fredrika, Robert F. Williams influence; written accounts of; youth. See also “Free Huey!” campaign.
Newton, Lee Edward
Newton, Melvin
Newton, Walter
Newton, Walter Jr. “Sonny Man,”
New York: antiwar protests; black legislative representatives; black migration; drug abuse program; Free Breakfast for Children Program; garbage in Puerto Rican neighborhood; New Left; police brutality, Puerto Rican Young Lords; SNCC; Spring Mobilizations against the War in New York and San Francisco (1967); tenants’ rights activism. See also Bronx; Brooklyn; Harlem; Queens
New York Black Panther Party, arrests; community programs, fund-raiser at Bernsteins; Harlem; Harlem branch (RAM-affiliated); liberation school; office raids; Puerto Ricans and; rallies for, Yearwood
New York Black Panther Party—New York 21; acquitted; arrests; bail; Central Committee tension with, exile; failing to appear at court; fund-raising for; informants and provocateurs, lawyers; prison; purged, rally for; Sams and; trials; Weather Underground alliance
New York Civil Liberties Union
New Yorker: “Black Panthers and the Police,” questioning police repression of Black Panthers
New York magazine
New York Times: Algerian anticolonialism; Attica Prison uprising; Black Panther appeal; Black Panther eclipse of SNCC; Black Panther fund-raiser at Bernsteins; Black Panther unraveling; Chicago Panthers vs. law enforcement; China-U.S. relations; Eldridge Cleaver’s run for president (1968); draft resistance; history writing on Black Panthers; Martin Luther King and President Johnson; national student strike; New Haven Panthers and supporters; Newton sentence; New York Panthers and police; Nixon denouncing student activists; Notable Books of the Year (1994); number of articles on Black Panthers (1970), Pearson book; prisoners of war exchange; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967); Sams and FBI; Vietnam War; Washington Monument antiwar protestors; Young Lords garbage-dumping demonstration
New York Times
Magazine: Martin Luther King article (1968); Sacramento gun law delegation (1967),
New York University, student strike
Nguyen Hu Th,
Niagara Movement
Nichols, Carl
Nissim-Sabat, Ryan
Nixon, Richard M.; Black Panthers on list of “enemies,” Cambodia invasion, China; concessions; denounced by Hilliard at West Coast Mobilization against the Vietnam War; draft scaled back by; election (1968), Hampton and Clark killings and; Martin Luther King’s funeral; “Law and Order” politics, terminology applied to; Vietnam War de-escalated by; Watergate, and Yale president questioning fairness of judicial system,
Njeri, Akua (Deborah Johnson),
Nobel Peace Prize
Non-Aligned Movement
nonviolence: new Panther demilitarization policy; protest by interdenominational group of ministers and priests (1969); rally for Seale and New Haven Panthers.
nonviolence—Civil Rights Movement; civil disobedience, draft resistance; exhaustion of; vs. Jim Crow; militant younger generation rejecting; SNCC; urban rebellions rejecting. See also armed resistance to authority
Norman, Anthony
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
North Carolina: Agricultural and Technical State University; Greensboro student strikes; Monroe NAACP. See also Winston-Salem Black Panther Party
Northington, Chester
North Korea: Black Panther allies, Black Panther trip, Cleaver relationship issues; International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists; Kang Ryang Uk; Kim Il Sung,
North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center
North Oakland Service Center law library
North Vietnamese: anti-imperialism; Black Panther newspaper, Black Panthers allied with, ,22; Black Panther trip; ng; Hemispheric Conference to End the War in Vietnam; Hoang Minh Giam; Ho Chi Minh, National Liberation Front (NLF)/Vietcong, Nguyn Hu Th, Pan-African Cultural Festival; POW releases; Progressive Labor Party turning against, Yellow Panthers. See also Vietnam War
Notre Dame, student strike
Nova Scotia, Halifax
OAAU (Organization for Afro-American Unity)
Oakland: Black Panther free breakfast programs, Black Panther Oakland Community School/Children’s Institute/Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI), Black Panther Party based in, Black Panther Party offices, Black Panther purges of east Oakland members; Black Panthers as local community organization once again (mid-1972); Black Panthers running for elected offices; City Center development; City Council; civil rights activists; CORE; “Free Huey!” rallies, freeway project; Hilliard family; Hutton funeral, Hutton Park/De Fremery Park rallies, Laney College student strikes; mayoral runs by blacks; McClymonds High School conferences, new political ideas and organizations (1966); Newton family moving to (1945); Newton penthouse, Newton stabbing Lee (1966); Newton trial; North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center; North Oakland Service Center law library; “powder keg,” Seale raised in; Seale running for mayor; SNCC-Black Panther merger/Newton birthday (1968), stoplight campaign; Stop the Draft Week (mid-October 1967), street-corner rallies; UFAF conference, West End Help Center, Wilson as first black mayor. See also Alameda County; Black Panther Party; Merritt College; Oakland police
Oakland Council of Churches,
Oakland Direct Action Project/Committee,
Oakland police: De Fremery Park/Bobby Hutton Memorial Park rally; internal memos identifying Party members and describing their vehicles; Newton trial
Oakland police brutality: vs. antiwar and draft resistance activists; beating blacks (1966); Black Panther office raid; Black Panthers running for office instead of fighting; Hutton killing and shootings and arrests of others, Newton vs. Officer Frey, ; Newton-Seale incident vs. (1967); patrolling; SDS support for Black Panthers vs.; Seale at North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center
Oakland Tribune: discriminatory hiring practices, Newton photo
Odinga, Baba (Walter Johnson)
Odinga, Sekou
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)
Officers for Justice, San Francisco State student strike allies
Oglesby, Carl,
Ohio: black congressman Stokes; Ohio State student strike; urban rebellions, fig. See also Kent State University
oil, Algeria
Okrand, Fred
Old Westbury College, Puerto Ricans
Olympics (1968), black boycott
Om, Shaba Ogun (Lee Roper)
Omaha Black Panther Party,
O’Neal, William, FBI informant,
Open Process, San Francisco State College
Operation Bootstrap, Los Angeles Black Congress
Operation Breadbasket
Oregon: Black Panther community programs in Eugene, Portland antiwar protests
Organization for Afro-American Unity (OAAU)
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Ortiz, Juan “Fi,”
OSPAAAL (Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America)
Owens, Gary
Painters Union, San Francisco State student strike allies
Palante newspaper, Young Lords
Palestinian Liberation Organization,
Pan-African Cultural Festival,
Pan-Africanism
Panther 21. See New York Black Panther
Party—New York 21
“Paper Panthers,” RAM
Papillon, Alex
Parent Action Council, Los Angeles Black Congress
Parker, David
Parker, Gil
Parker, Mike
Parker, William
Party. See Black Panther Party
Pastore, Nick
patriarchal social norms
patrolling police: Black Panther newspaper (May 15, 1967), Black Panther Party preliminary tactic of, Comfort and Baker’s citizen patrols; local campaigns for community control of; Philadelphia Puerto Rican Young Lords; Watts Community Alert Patrol (CAP)
Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association (PBA), Brooklyn,
Peace and Freedom Party (PFP); Avakian; Black Panther allies, Eldridge Cleaver candidacy for president (1968), “Free Huey!” campaign, Latinos; Truskier; UFAF
peace movement; Carmichael criticizing. See also antiwar activism
Peak, William,
Pearson, Hugh
Peate, Frank,
Peekskill, Black Panther chapter
Peirson, Gwynne,
Pennsylvania: Cheyney State College; Lincoln University; University of Pennsylvania student strike. See also Philadelphia
Pentagon, draft card burning at
People for the People, Queens
People’s News Service, New Haven
Perez, David
Peterson, Clarence
PFP. See Peace and Freedom Party (PFP)
Pharr, Wayne
Phemster, Derek
Philadelphia: antiwar protests; Elaine Brown; Puerto Rican Young Lords
Philadelphia Black Panther chapter; community programs, police brutality, “Power to the People!,”
“Philadelphia Plan,”
Phillips, Joseph
Phillips, Steve
Phipps, Cynthia
“pigs,” armed forces, arrest for addressing cops as; “blind pig” bars; “It’s All the Same” Black Panther newspaper graphic, nonsupportive businessperson or community leader; “Off the pig!,” paramilitary tac squad; “pig power structure,” “Pigs Off Campus!,” police as,
Pinderhughes, Charles “Cappy,”
“ping-pong diplomacy,”
Piven, Frances Fox,
Plainfield, New Jersey, urban rebellion
plebiscite campaign,
Podhoretz, Norman
police: black employment; Black Liberation Army (BLA) vs.; Cambridge, Massachusetts; as “crackers,” at “Free Huey!” rally in Los Angeles; Jersey State; London; Maywood; New Haven; and Newton sentence; Officers for Justice; Omaha, as “pigs,” residence of; Sacramento gun law deleg
ation facing;San Francisco police officer shot in Mission (May 1, 1969); Special Weapons Assault Team (SWAT); state police. See also arrests; Oakland police; patrolling police; police brutality
police brutality, toward antiwar activists; Baltimore, Black Panther office raids, Black Panther’s Ten Point Program; Boston; Chicago, Community Alert Patrol; vs. community programs; containment practices; Democratic Convention (1968); Democratic Party failing to address; Des Moines; Detroit, Haiti, home eviction; home invasion, Law Enforcement Group (LEG); Los Angeles, figs; Malcolm X’s ten-point program; Memphis sanitation workers; Newark; Newton’s thoughts on; New York area, Philadelphia, police residence related to; RAM not standing up to; rebellions triggered by; Richmond; San Diego; San Francisco, Seale speech on; Seattle; U.S. military in Vietnam compared with; Watts; white Left; Winston-Salem. See also beatings; killings of blacks by law enforcement; Oakland police brutality; shootings—of blacks by law enforcement political leverage; armed self-defense as; Civil Rights Movement, insurgent practices creating, Oakland Black Panthers in the 1970s and. See also concessions; disruption
political opportunity thesis,
political prisoners; Eldridge Cleaver factionalism and; Ericka Huggins; George Jackson leadership; legal teams developed for; Lumumba in prison; Newton as; New York 21; Seale; Sekou Odinga; Los Siete de la Raza; Vietnam POWs to be exchanged for release of U.S.-jailed Panther. See also prisoners of war (POWs)
“Politics is war without bloodshed . War is politics with bloodshed” (Newton)
Polytechnic High School in San Francisco, student strikes
Pontrelli, Vito
Poor People’s Campaign
Pope, Walter “Toure,”
Portland, Oregon, antiwar protests
Powell, Adam Clayton
Powell, Curtis
Powell, Larry
Pratt, Elmer Geronimo; arrests; associates, bail money forfeited; Central Committee tensions with, deputy minister of defense; fighting extradition to California, ,64; guerilla warfare, informants and provocateurs vs., lawyers; military career; Newton’s freedom day (August 5, 1970); police raiding home of; prison, ,64; purged; Southern California chapter leadership; trials; underground
Preacherman (William Fesperman),
pregnancy: women responsible for. See also mothers
Preminger, Otto
Princeton, student strike
