Black Against Empire
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prison: Alameda County jail, antiwar activists; Attica; Black Panther’s Ten Point Program; Bunchy Carter; Eldridge Cleaver; Communists; Comstock; Folsom; Free Busing to Prison Program; Hampton; George Jackson; Jackson State Prison, Michigan; Warren Kimbro; Lumumba; Malcolm X’s ten-point program; Muntaqim; Murray; Nation of Islam’s rehabilitation programs for black male prisoners; Newton (1964); Newton (70), New York 21; O’Neal; Pratt, ,64; Sams; San Quentin branch of the Black Panther Party; Seale; Sekou Odinga; Soledad; Vacaville; Young Lords challenging Board of Corrections on conditions in; Young Lords in. See also political prisoners; prisoners of war (POWs)
prisoners of war (POWs), Americans in Vietnam (to be exchanged for release of U.S.-jailed Panthers)
Proctor, Roscoe
Progressive Labor Party,
protests: Civil Rights Movement, Comfort organizing, See also antiwar activism; armed resistance to authority; marches; rallies; revolutionary movements; riots; student protests; urban rebellions
Providence Journal-Bulletin
provocateurs. See informants and provocateurs
Puerto Ricans: New York neighborhood; “Tengo Puerto Rico en Mi Corazón” (I Have Puerto Rico in my Heart), See also Young Lords
Puerto Rico: antiwar protests; liberation politics; U.S. territory; Young Lords in. See also Puerto Ricans
purges: Black Panther Party, .
Quebeçois secessionists
Queens: Corona Queens Black Panther chapter; Lumumba and Sekou Odinga schooling; People for the People
Rackley, Alex; killing of, torture of,
“Radical Chic” (Wolfe)
radio: Afro-American Association; bail support plea; “Radio Free Dixie,” Richmond Panthers monitoring police; Voice of Vietnam
Rafferty, Max
“Rainbow Coalition,” Chicago
Raines, Earl E.
rallies; antiwar, vs. Chicago repression; Kathleen Cleaver; vs. Cuba blockade by U.S.; free food and shoes; “Free Huey!,” , Hunters Point supporters, Hutton funeral; Hutton Park, King assassination (1968); vs. Los Angeles police raids, Mulford Act vs. guns at; Newark “police brutality protest,” for New Haven Panthers and Seale, New Left solidarity with Panthers; Newton’s birthday celebrations, New York Black Panthers and allies, Philadelphia Black Panther Party, plebiscite campaign; Puerto Ricans at Chicago police station; Richmond; San Francisco State College; Scandinavian Left allies, SNCC, SSAC; street-corner; Tiananmen Square, UC Berkeley, Young Socialist Alliance, Yuen collection
Ralph Avenue Community Center, Brooklyn, Free Breakfast for Children Program
RAM. See Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM)
Ramos, Manuel
Ramparts magazine: Jan Austin; Avakian; Eldridge Cleaver; Community for a New Politics (CNP), editor Robert Scheer, “Free Huey!” campaign; Horowitz, Keating publisher of; on Officer Frey; Sacramento gun law delegation; Shabazz interview
Rangers gang, Chicago,
rape: by Eldridge Cleaver; by Sams
Rappaport, Randy
Rayner, A. A.
Reading, John
Reagan, Ronald: California gubernatorial elections (1966); Eldridge Cleaver lecture censorship; “Law and Order” politics, Oakland freeway project; and Sacramento gun law delegation; vs. student strikes,
rebellions. See urban rebellions
Rector, James
Redd, Paul
Red Guard
Redman, Joyce
Reed, Rich
Reitan, Ruth,
repression: mobilization level influenced by level of, UC Berkeley toward Stop the Draft Week (mid-October 1967), Yale’s first response to students. See also “Law and Order” politics; military services; state repression; violence
Republican Party: backlash against (1976); elections (1964), elections (1968), Oakland electoral dominance; for war. See also Nixon, Richard M.
Republic of New Afrika
Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
resilience, Black Panther, through allies, anti-imperialist politics, greatest growth of Party during greatest state repression (mid-1968 through 1970), poverty focus and identification. See also Black Panther Party allies; insurgent movements
resonance: of insurgent practices, of liberal criticisms; Newton’s understanding of; political context-specific; women in Panther chapters creating. See also allies; Black Panther Party appeal; mobilization
respectability, FBI preventing black nationalists from
Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM); antiwar; Black Panther Party (Harlem branch); Black Panther Party of Northern California, Cuba, Detroit; FBI targeting, Newton expansion on; “Paper Panthers,” Soul Students Advisory Council (SSAC)
revolutionary black nationalism, all organizations declining around same time; anti-imperialism; cultural, ghetto rebellions; guerilla warfare by; Malcolm X; mobilization (late 1960s); political opportunity thesis and; Progressive Labor Party helping, Seale at North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center. See also black nationalists; COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations; Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM)
revolutionary black nationalism—Black Panther Party, community programs as; cultural; gendered; Hutton as martyr of; ideological phase, motherhood for; and other black insurgent movements; “Rainbow Coalition,” San Francisco State student strike; Ten Point Program; women. See also Black Panther Party political ideology; COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party; vanguard party, Black Panther
“Revolutionary Conference for a United Front Against Fascism” (UFAF), Oakland,
“revolutionary consciousness,”
“revolutionary intercommunalism,”
revolutionary movements; Algeria, American Revolution, antiwar; “armchair revolutionaries,” China; “The Correct Handling of a Revolution” (Newton), creative politically; defined; European, gender; Gramsci theory, ideational; “in the air” (late 1960s), Malcolm X recommending; New Left; Puerto Rican; “Rainbow Coalition,” Red Guard; San Quentin; today; UFAF, urban rebellions. See also anti-imperialism; armed resistance to authority; Black Panther Party allies—international; insurgent movements; mobilization; revolutionary black nationalism; revolutionary vanguard
“revolutionary suicide,”
revolutionary vanguard: New York 21 and Weather Underground. See also vanguard party, Black Panther
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Factory, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Rhodes, Jane
Rhodesia, anticolonial struggles
Ribicoff, Abraham
Richardson, Gloria
Richmond, California; Black Panther armed resistance (1967), Black Panther chapter, community programs, Dowell killing (1967); police brutality
Ricks, Willie
Right On! newspaper
Riley, Patricia
Rios, Jose
riots: Comstock Prison; Detroit unrest characterized as. See also urban rebellions
Rivera, Geraldo
Rivera, Ralph
Rivers, Jerry
Roberson, Larry
Robeson, Paul
Robinson, Candi
Robinson, Cedric
Robinson, Ruby Doris
Rockefeller, Nelson
Rodriquez, Nelson
Roldán, Julio
Rolling Stone, Murray opinion piece
Roper, Lee (Shaba Ogun Om)
ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps)
Rubin, Jerry
Ruckelshaus, William
Ruiz, Ralph
Rules of the Black Panther Party,
Rush, Bobby; arrest; in Black Panther newspaper, Black Panthers as local Oakland community organization (mid-1972); church mobilization; factionalism; vs. FBI tactics; Hampton and Clark killings; Oakland consolidation; teaming up with Hampton,
Rusk, Dean
Rutgers, student strike
Sacramento: Black Panther chapter; police raiding Panther office
Sacramento gun law delegation (1967), Afeni Shakur impressed by; arrests, Eldridge Cleaver; Hilliard par
ticipation; legal bills; New York Times Magazine, RAM claiming credit for; Seale speech on, Seattle chapter emulating, Ten Point Program distributed after, women Panthers
Safford, Will
salute, Panther,
Sampson, Edward
Sams, George,
San Diego: Black Panther chapter, police brutality; US shooting of Bell
San Francisco: Axelrod’s house; black community; Black Panther chapter, Black Panther Party for Self-Defense’s Executive Mandate #2; Central Labor Council; Chinatown; “Free Huey!” rallies; Hunters Point Matthew Johnson killing (1966), Mission Rebels; police brutality, Shabazz airport escort (1967), Spring Mobilizations against the War in New York and San Francisco (1967); street-corner rallies; student strikes, Sun Reporter, West Coast Black Student Union conference; West Coast Mobilization against the Vietnam War; Western Addition Community organization
San Francisco Chronicle: “Cops Beat Pickets” (draft resisters); Free Breakfast for Children Program at St. Augustine’s; Hutton killing; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967)
San Francisco Examiner, Newton penthouse,
San Francisco State College; Asian American Studies Department; Asians, Black Panther Party; Black Panther rallies; Black Student Union (BSU); black studies, “Bloody Tuesday,” Daily Gater; Equal Opportunity Program; ethnic studies, Hare; Hayakawa; La Raza Studies Department; Murray, Newton; Open Process; student strike, student strike allies; Third World Community Day; Third World Liberation Front (TWLF)
sanitation work, New York Puerto Rican neighborhood
sanitation workers’ strike, Memphis, Tennessee
Sankey, Barbara
San Quentin branch, Black Panther Party
Sarah Lawrence, student strike
Satchel, Ronald
Scandinavia: Black Panther allies, Left Wing Socialist Party of Denmark; solidarity committees,
Scheer, Robert,
Schwerner, Michael
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Scott, Sandra
SDS. See Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Seale, Artie
Seale, Bobby; Air Force; antiwar coalition; arrested (March 1966); arrested (1967); arrested (1969), Attica Prison uprising; Berkeley High School; birth; Black Panther newspaper, vs. black political organizations; Black Student Union Statewide Convention (October 26, 1968); vs. bullies; Bunchy Carter funeral; Chairman, Chicago Eight trial; and Chicago Panthers, community programs; Eldridge Cleaver factionalism condemned by; Kathleen Cleaver scheduled to speak on behalf of (1971); Coalition to Defend the Panthers; “The Coming Long Hot Summer,” community program advocacy; CORE event; Democratic Convention (1968), Aaron Dixon meeting; Douglas graphic in Black Panther newspaper, executive mandates read by; family poverty; first wife Artie; founding Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, “Free Huey!” campaign, global support; Hutton funeral; Hutton killing (1968); Hutton Park rally; George Jackson funeral; and killing of Matthew Johnson by police, left Party (1973); membership frozen by; Merritt College; metalworking skills; New Haven fund-raising; New Haven trial, Newton birthday celebration (1968), Newton meeting; Newton-Seale incident vs. police (1967); Newton trial; North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center; Oakland mayor run; Pan-African Cultural Festival; Panther logo/symbol, parents; photos, plebiscite campaign; police raiding home of; primary policy setter; prison; public speaking, RAM; Richmond armed resistance; Rules of the Black Panther Party, Sacramento gun law delegation, Scandinavia tour; SDS Black Power conference, Seize the Time, Los Siete de la Raza supported by; SNCC merger (1968), Southern California chapter; student strike support; Ten Point Program, traffic ticket; UC Berkeley speech on Party’s political positions; UFAF conference.
Seale, John
Sears, David O.
Seattle, police
Seattle Black Panther chapter, community programs, gun law protest,
Seberg, Jean,
segregation: de facto (after Civil Rights Movement victories). See also Jim Crow/legal segregation
Seize the Time (Bobby Seale),
Sekou Odinga
self-defense. See armed resistance to authority; Black Panther Party political practices—armed self-defense
self-determination—black community: Black Panthers championing; community programs furthering; Democratic Party issues; Hutton standing for; MOBE supporting; and other struggles for self-determination; police brutality as barrier to; police monitoring as assertion of; San Francisco State students supporting; Ten Point Program
Senate investigation, purges for cooperation with
Seniors Escorts Program
separatism: Black Panther Party rejecting; Chicago curfew; of New Black Panther Party
sex: Black Panther women and; homosexual, interracial couples, liberation politics; misogyny; normative heterosexuality; rape; sexism; sexual revolution. See also gender issues
Shabazz, Betty,
The Shadow of the Panther (Pearson)
Shakur, Afeni; December 4 Movement; mother of Tupac Shakur, New York 21, prison
Shakur, Assata
Shakur, Lumumba,
Shakur, Tupac,
Shakur, Zayd
Shames, Stephen,
Shannon, William
Shellow, Robert
Shepp, Archie
shootings—of blacks by law enforcement: Chicago; Detroit rebellion; Dowell in Richmond (1967); Hutton and others (Oakland, April 6, 1968), Matthew Johnson (Hunters Point), Katara witnessing; Lima, Ohio, Los Angeles; Meredith (march from Memphis to Jackson); Newark; Newton (1967), Sacramento police raid of Black Panther office; SNCC rally (1966). See also killings of blacks by law enforcement
shootings—of Puerto Ricans by police
Los Siete de la Raza
Simone, Nina
Six-Day War (1967), Arab-Israeli
SLANT (Self Leadership for All Nationalities Today)
Slater, Jimmy
Slauson gang
Slauson Renegades
Sloan, John
Smith, Bernard
Smith, Clinton “Rahim,”
Smith, Jennifer
Smith, John
Smith, Kathleen
Smith, Melvin “Cotton,”
Smith, Mike
Smith, Robert
Smith, Ronald
Smith Act
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
social democracy, Black Panther
socialism, Panthers’ commitment to
Socialist Workers Party
social movements, “strategic trace,” See also Black Power; Civil Rights Movement; insurgent movements; revolutionary movements
Social Movements Project at the Institute for the Study of Social Change, UC Berkeley
Social Workers Union, San Francisco State student strike allies
Soledad Brother (George Jackson)
Soledad State Prison: Bunchy Carter; Eldridge Cleaver; George Jackson
Sontag, Susan
Soto, John
Soto, Michael
Soulbook: The Revolutionary Journal of the Black World magazine
Soul on Ice (Eldridge Cleaver)
Soul Students Advisory Council (SSAC)
South Africa: African National Congress (ANC); anticolonial struggles
Southern California chapter of the Black Panthers; bail (1969); Bunchy Carter leadership, communications secretary Elaine Brown; Free Breakfast for Children Program; office, figs; police raids, figs; Pratt associates; Pratt in charge of; purges; Walter “Toure” Pope Community Center
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Abernathy; black insurgent events initiated by, vs. black nationalism; decline, finances, Hampton and Clark killings; Martin Luther King, New York Times coverage, Operation Breadbasket
South-West Africa, anticolonial struggles
Spain, Johnny
Special Prosecutions Unit (SPU), Chicago
Special Weapons Assault Team (SWAT)
&
nbsp; Squire, Clark
SSAC (Soul Students Advisory Council)
Stafford, Ellie
Stafford, Will
Stanford, Max
Stanford University, student strike
Stark, Ronald
state concessions. See concessions
state repression; vs. antiwar activists, guerilla warfare ineffective against; insurgent responses to, ,13; mobilization level in response to level of, in prison; vs. Republic of New Afrika; San Francisco State student strike; vs. student strikes emulating San Francisco State students; terrorists reinforcing; victimization of blacks. See also Black Panther Party, state repression of State University of New York
St. Augustine’s Church, Oakland: Father Earl Neil, ,12; Free Breakfast for Children Program, ,12
Stewart, Ben
Stiner brothers, George and Larry
St. Louis, antiwar protests
Stokes, Louis
Stone, I. F.
Stone, Ronald
stoplight campaign, Oakland
Stop the Draft Week (mid-October 1967),
St. Paul, antiwar protests
“strategic genealogy” method
“strategic trace,”
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); antiwar; armed self-defense; Ella Baker; Black Panther merger (1968), Black Panthers eclipsing; Black Power; H. Rap Brown, Carmichael, Chicago; Detroit; dispute over police at “Free Huey!” rally; Aaron Dixon; draft resistance; FBI targeting, Ford; James Forman, fragmenting; “Hell no, we won’t go!,” Movement newspaper, New York; New York Times coverage, nonviolence; Panther symbol; PFP not supported by; SDS and, West Coast chapter; women
student protests: forms of. See also student strikes
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); anti-imperialism; Black Power Conference (1966), Columbia University; Democratic Convention (1968); draft resistance, expansion after Democratic Convention (1968); Harvard offshoot; Hayden; Hunters Point supporters, ideological split, Independent Caucus; Kent State; New Left Notes, Oglesby, Progressive Labor Party turn affecting, San Francisco State College; and SNCC, State University of New York; “Ten Days of Resistance,” UC Berkeley chapter, UFAF, Weather Underground break from; Yale
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)—Black Panther support; Chicago; “Free Huey!” campaign, ; Kent State; law enforcement report on; National Council Resolution “The Black Panther Party: Toward the Liberation of the Colony” (1969), New Haven Coalition to Defend the Panthers; New Left Notes, New York; UFAF conference