Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Fourth Edition

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Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Fourth Edition Page 59

by Eamon Duffy


  1179–80

  168

  LUCIUS III [Ubaldo Allucingoli]

  1 Sept. 1181–25 Nov. 1185

  169

  URBAN III [Uberto Crivelli]

  25 Nov. 1185–20 Oct. 1187

  170

  GREGORY VIII [Alberto di Morra]

  21 Oct–17 Dec. 1187

  171

  CLEMENT III [Paulo Scolari]

  19 Dec. 1187–Mar. 1191

  172

  CELESTINE III [Giacinto Bobont]

  30 Mar. 1191–8 Jan. 1198

  173

  INNOCENT III [Lothar of Segni]

  8 Jan. 1198–16 July 1216

  174

  HONORIUS III [Cencio Savellt]

  18 July 1216–18 Mar. 1227

  175

  GREGORY IX [Ugolino dei Conti di Segni]

  19 Mar. 1227–22 Aug. 1241

  176

  CELESTINE IV [Goffredo da Castiglione]

  25 Oct.–10 Nov. 1241

  177

  INNOCENT IV [Sinibaldo Fieschi]

  25 June 1243–7 Dec. 1254

  178

  ALEXANDER IV [Rainaldo dei Conti di Segni]

  12 Dec. 1254–25 May 1261

  179

  URBAN IV [Jacques Pantaléon]

  29 Aug. 1261–2 Oct. 1264

  180

  CLEMENT IV [Guy Foulques]

  5 Feb. 1265–29 Nov. 1268

  181

  BL. GREGORY X [Tedaldo Viscontt]

  1 Sept. 1271–10 Jan. 1276

  182

  BL. INNOCENT V [Pierre of Tarantaise]

  21 Jan.–22 June 1276

  183

  HADRIAN V [Ottobono Fieschi]

  11 July–18 Aug. 1276

  184

  JOHN XXI* [Pedro Juliano, ‘Peter of Spain’]

  8 Sept. 1276–20 May 1277

  185

  NICHOLAS III [Giovanni Gaetano Orsini]

  25 Nov. 1277–22 Aug. 1280

  186

  MARTIN IV [Simon de Brie (or Brion)]

  22 Feb. 1281–28 Mar. 1285

  187

  HONORIUS IV [Giacomo Savelli]

  2 Apr. 1285–3 Apr. 1287

  188

  NICHOLAS IV [Girolamo Masci]

  22 Feb. 1288–4 Apr. 1292

  189

  ST CELESTINE V [Pietro del Morrone]

  5 July–13 Dec. 1294: resigned, died 1296

  190

  BONIFACE VIII [Benedetto Caetani]

  24 Dec. 1294–11 Oct. 1303

  191

  BL. BENEDICT XI [Niccolo[2] Boccasino]

  22 Oct. 1303–7 July 1304

  192

  CLEMENT V [Bertrand de Got]

  5 June 1305–20 Apr. 1314

  193

  JOHN XXII [Jacques Duèse]

  7 Aug. 1316–4 Dec. 1334

  Nicholas (V) [Pietro Rainalducci]

  1328–30

  194

  BENEDICT XII [Jacques Fournier]

  20 Dec. 1334–25 Apr. 1342

  195

  CLEMENT VI [Pierre Roger]

  7 May 1342–6 Dec. 1352

  196

  INNOCENT VI [Etienne Aubert]

  18 Dec. 1352–12 Sept. 1362

  197

  BL. URBAN V [Guillaume de Grimoard]

  28 Sept. 1362–19 Dec. 1370

  198

  GREGORY XI [Pierre Roger]

  30 Dec. 1370–27 Mar. 1378

  199

  URBAN VI [Bartolommeo Prignano]

  8 Apr. 1378–15 Oct. 1389

  Clement VII [Robert of Geneva]

  1378–94

  200

  BONIFACE IX [Pietro Tomacellt]

  2 Nov. 1389–1 Oct. 1404

  Benedict XIII [Pedro de Luna]

  28 Sept. 1394–26 July 1417: died 1423

  201

  INNOCENT VII [Cosimo Gentile dei Migliorati]

  17 Oct. 1404–6 Nov. 1406

  202

  GREGORY XII [Angelo Correr]

  30 Nov. 1406–4 June 1415: abdicated at Council of Constance, died 18 Sept. 1417

  Alexander V [Pietro Philargi]

  1409–10

  John XXIII [Baldassare Cossa]

  1410–15: died 1419

  203

  MARTIN V [Odo Colonna]

  11 Nov. 1417–20 Feb. 1431

  Clement VIII [Gil Sanchez Munoz]

  1423–29: died 1446

  Benedict (XIV) [Bernard Garier]

  1425–?

  204

  EUGENIUS IV [Gabriele Condulmaro]

  3 Mar. 1431–23 Feb. 1447

  Felix V [Amadeus of Savoy]

  1439–49: died 1451

  205

  NICHOLAS V [Tommaso Parentucelli]

  6 Mar. 1447–24 Mar. 1455

  206

  CALLISTUS III [Alfonso Borgia]

  8 Apr. 1455–6 Aug. 1458

  207

  PIUS II [Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini]

  19 Aug. 1458–15 Aug. 1464

  208

  PAUL II [Pietro Barbo]

  30 Aug. 1464∼26 July 1471

  209

  SIXTUS IV [Francesco della Rovere]

  9 Aug. 1471–12 Aug. 1484

  210

  INNOCENT VIII [Giovanni Battista Cibo]

  29 Aug. 1484–25 July 1492

  211

  ALEXANDER VI [Roderigo de Borgia]

  11 Aug. 1492–18 Aug. 1503

  212

  PIUS III [Francesco Todeschini]

  22 Sept–18 Oct. 1503

  213

  JULIUS II [Giuliano della Rovere]

  1 Nov. 1503–21 Feb. 1513

  214

  LEO X [Giovanni de’ Medici]

  11 Mar. 1513–1 Dec. 1521

  215

  HADRIAN VI [Adrian Dedel]

  9 Jan. 1522–14 Sept. 1523

  216

  CLEMENT VII [Giulio de’ Medici]

  18 Nov. 1523–25 Sept. 1534

  217

  PAUL III [Alessandro Farnese]

  13 Oct. 1534–10 Nov. 1549

  218

  JULIUS III [Giovanni del Monte]

  8 Feb. 1550–23 Mar. 1555

  219

  MARCELLUS II [Marcello Cervini]

  9 Apr.–1 May 1555

  220

  PAUL IV [Giovanni Pietro Caraffa]

  23 May 1555–18 Aug. 1559

  221

  PIUS IV [Giovanni Angelo Medici]

  25 Dec. 1559–9 Dec. 1565

  222

  ST PIUS V [Michele Ghislieri]

  8 Jan. 1566–1 May 1572

  223

  GREGORY XIII [Ugo Buoncompagni]

  14 May 1572–10 Apr. 1585

  224

  SIXTUS V [Felice Peretti]

  24 Apr. 1585–27 Aug. 1590

  225

  URBAN VII [Giambattista Castagna]

  15–27 Sept. 1590

  226

  GREGORY XIV [Nicolo[2] Sfondrati]

  5 Dec. 1590–16 Oct. 1591

  227

  INNOCENT IX [Giovanni Antonio Fachinettt]

  29 Oct–30 Dec. 1591

  228

  CLEMENT VIII [Ippolito Aldobrandini]

  30 Jan. 1592–5 Mar. 1605

  229

  LEO XI [Alessandro de’ Medici]

  1–27 Apr. 1605

  230

  PAUL V [Camillo Borghese]

  16 May 1605–28 Jan. 1621

  231

  GREGORY XV [Alessandro Ludovisi]

  9 Feb. 1621–8 July 1623

  232

  URBAN VIII [Maffeo Barberini]

  6 Aug. 1623–29 July 1644

  233

  INNOCENT X [Giambattista Pamfili]

  15 Sept. 1644–1 Jan. 1655

  234

  ALEXANDER VII [Fabio Chigi]

  7 Apr. 1655–22 May 1667

  235

  CLEMENT IX [Giulio Rospigliosi]

  20 June 1667–9 Dec. 1669

  236

  CLEMEN
T X [Emilio Altieri]

  29 Apr. 1670–22 July 1676

  237

  BL. INNOCENT XI [Benedetto Odescalchi]

  21 Sept. 1676–11 Aug. 1689

  238

  ALEXANDER VIII [Pietro Ottoboni]

  6 Oct. 1689–1 Feb. 1691

  239

  INNOCENT XII [Antonio Pignatelli]

  12 July 1691–27 Sept. 1700

  240

  CLEMENT XI [Gianfrancesco Albani]

  23 Nov. 1700–19 Mar. 1721

  241

  INNOCENT XIII [Michelangelo de’ Conti]

  8 May 1721–7 Mar. 1724

  242

  BENEDICT XIII [Pietro Francesco Orsini-Gravina]

  27 May 1724–21 Feb. 1730

  243

  CLEMENT XII [Lorenzo Corsini]

  12 July 1730–8 Feb. 1740

  244

  BENEDICT XIV [Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini]

  17 Aug. 1740–3 May 1758

  245

  CLEMENT XIII [Carlo della Torre Rezzonico]

  6 July 1758–2 Feb 1769

  246

  CLEMENT XIV [Lorenzo Ganganelli]

  19 May 1769–22 Sept. 1774

  247

  PIUS VI [Giovanni Angelo Braschi]

  15 Feb 1775–29 Aug. 1799

  248

  PIUS VII [Barnaba Chiaramonte]

  14 Mar. 1800–20 July 1823

  249

  LEO XII [Annibale della Genga]

  28 Sept. 1823–10 Feb 1829

  250

  PIUS VIII [Francesco Saverio Castiglione]

  31 Mar. 1829–30 Nov. 1830

  251

  GREGORY XVI [Bartolommeo Cappellari]

  2 Feb. 1831–1 June 1846

  252

  PIUS IX [Giovanni Maria Mastai–Ferretti]

  16 June 1846–7 Feb. 1878

  253

  LEO XIII [Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci]

  20 Feb. 1878–20 July 1903

  254

  PIUS X [Giuseppe Melchior Sarto]

  4 Aug. 1903–20 Aug. 1914

  255

  BENEDICT XV [Giacomo Della Chiesa]

  3 Sept. 1914–22 Jan. 1922

  256

  PIUS XI [Achille Ratti]

  6 Feb. 1922–10 Feb. 1939

  257

  PIUS XII [Eugenio Pacelli]

  2 Mar. 1939–9 Oct. 1958

  258

  JOHN XXIII [Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli]

  28 Oct. 1958–3 June 1963

  259

  PAUL VI [Giovanni Battista Montini]

  21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978

  260

  JOHN PAUL I [Albino Luciani]

  26 Aug.–28 Sept. 1978

  261

  JOHN PAUL II [Karol Jozef Wojtyla]

  16 Oct. 1978–2 April 2005

  262

  BENEDICT XVI [Joseph Alois Ratzinger]

  19 April 2005–

  *In March 752 an elderly presbyter, Stephen, was elected pope, but died before he was ordained bishop. His successor, confusingly, was also called Stephen. Under modem canon law, however, a man is pope from the moment of election. Some modern Roman Catholic lists therefore count the first of these two Stephens as Pope Stephen II, with a consequent disturbance of the numbering of all subsequent Stephens. He is omitted from our list, but the variant numberings are noted.

  *Because John XII was deposed by the Emperor Otto I, the validity of Leo VIII’s election has been contested, and he is included as an antipope in many lists. The Roman Catholic Church’s official list of popes, as printed in the Annuario Pontificio, recognises him as a true pope.

  *Because of a mistake in the medieval numbering, no pope has ever borne the title John XX

  APPENDIX B

  GLOSSARY

  AD LIMINA: Latin for ‘to the threshold’, meaning a visit to the house of the Apostle Peter, i.e. Rome or St Peter’s Basilica. The phrase applied originally to all pilgrimage to the shrine of the Apostle. In modern usage it applies especially to the five-yearly visits bishops are required to make to Rome to give an account of their dioceses to the Pope. Currently seen as an expression of the COLLEGIAL responsibility of the bishops with the Pope, historically it has been a way of enforcing and underlining papal authority.

  ANTIPOPE: rival claimant to the papacy, elected or appointed in opposition to the incumbent subsequently recognised officially as the ‘true’ Pope. A complete list will be found in Appendix A.

  APOCRISIARY: papal ambassador to the Byzantine Emperor.

  ARCHBISHOP: the senior bishop of a region. Since the early Middle Ages the authority of the Archbishop over the subordinate or ‘suffragan’ bishops has been symbolised by the gift of the PALLIUM from the Pope.

  ARIANISM: Christian heresy preached originally by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius (died 336), denying the full divinity of Jesus Christ, and teaching that as ‘Son of God’ Christ was subordinate to God the Father, by whom he had been created before the beginning of the world. The teaching seems to have sprung from a concern to protect the sovereignty and unchanging nature of God from the limitations implied in the doctrine of the INCARNATION.

  BEATIFICATION: the solemn papal authorisation of religious cult in honour of a dead Christian; a step on the way to full CANONISATION or declaration that the canonised person is a saint.

  BISHOP: from Greek episcopos (‘overseer’); the senior pastor (‘shepherd’) and focus of unity within a Christian church: probably originally indistinguishable from the ‘elders’ (Greek ‘presbyter’, from which the word ‘priest’ is derived). Within the first hundred years of Christianity the bishops emerged as the chief ministers, to whom the government of the churches, and the right to ordain other ministers, was confined. The territory over which bishops rule is called a DIOCESE, though early bishops probably presided over the church in a single town. The Pope is Bishop of Rome.

  BRIEF: an official papal letter, less solemn than a papal bull.

  BULL: solemn papal document or mandate announcing a binding decision, and carrying a formal seal.

  BYZANTIUM, BYZANTINE: Byzantium was the Greek town on the Bosphorous where Constantine established the new capital of the Roman empire in 330, when it became Constantinople. It gave its name to the empire as a whole, to the state Church and to the distinctive liturgy of the Church. In contrast to the Latin Church, where the Pope’s authority came to be seen as supreme, the Byzantine Church paid special reverence to the Christian authority of the Emperor. After the Turkish conquest of 1453 Byzantium was renamed Istanbul.

  CANON: CANON LAW: (i) Formal item of Church law. (ii) A decree of a council or synod.

  CANONISATION: solemn declaration that a deceased Christian is a saint, to whom prayers and other religious honours may be paid. Originally canonisation was a matter for the local church, and was usually signalled and formalised by the ‘translation’ (transfer) by the bishop of the relics of the saint to a visible shrine, and the insertion of their feast day into the calendar of the local church. The first known papal canonisation was of Ulrich of Augsburg in 993; since the late twelfth century the power of canonisation has been reserved to the Pope alone.

  CARDINAL: from the Latin word cardo, a hinge. At first, any priest attached to a major church, later restricted to the parish clergy of Rome, the bishops of the SUBARBICARIAN DIOCESES, and the district DEACONS of Rome. The special advisers and helpers of the Pope and, since 1179, the exclusive electors of a new pope. Since 1970 they have been excluded from voting in a CONCLAVE after the age of eighty. Since the pontificate of Paul VI all cardinals have had to be ordained bishop, but historically they needed only to be in ‘minor orders’, and many of the most famous cardinals of history were never priests.

  COLLEGIALITY: the co-responsibility of all bishops, in communion with the Pope and with each other, for the whole Church. Emphasised in the teaching of early theologians like Cyprian of Carthage, it was obscured by the growth of the papal monarchy, but re-emphasised at the Second Vatican Council.
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  CONCILIARISM, CONCILIAR THEORY: the doctrine that supreme authority in the Church lies with a GENERAL COUNCIL, rather than with the Pope: Conciliar theory had widespread support during the period of the Great Schism, and was only finally rejected by the definition of papal INFALLIBILITY in 1870.

  CONCLAVE: from the Latin con clave, ‘with a key’. Since 1271, the closed place into which the assembly of cardinals is locked to elect a new pope and, by extension, the assembly of cardinals themselves. Regulations until recently emphasised the need to make conditions in the Conclave as uncomfortable as possible, to speed the process of election.

  CONCORDAT: an agreement between the Church and a civil government to regulate religious affairs.

  CONSISTORY: the assembly of cardinals, convoked by the Pope and presided over by him, to advise the Pope or witness solemn papal acts.

  COUNCIL, ECUMENICAL COUNCIL, GENERAL COUNCIL: a solemn assembly of bishops to determine matters of doctrine or discipline for the Church. Councils called for the whole empire, the Oecumene, were called ‘ecumenical’ or general councils, and their solemn teaching was believed to be INFALLIBLE. The first of these general councils was Nicaea, called by the Emperor Constantine in 325 to settle the Arian controversy. In Catholic theology, no general council can meet without papal agreement.

 

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