Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Fourth Edition
Page 59
1179–80
168
LUCIUS III [Ubaldo Allucingoli]
1 Sept. 1181–25 Nov. 1185
169
URBAN III [Uberto Crivelli]
25 Nov. 1185–20 Oct. 1187
170
GREGORY VIII [Alberto di Morra]
21 Oct–17 Dec. 1187
171
CLEMENT III [Paulo Scolari]
19 Dec. 1187–Mar. 1191
172
CELESTINE III [Giacinto Bobont]
30 Mar. 1191–8 Jan. 1198
173
INNOCENT III [Lothar of Segni]
8 Jan. 1198–16 July 1216
174
HONORIUS III [Cencio Savellt]
18 July 1216–18 Mar. 1227
175
GREGORY IX [Ugolino dei Conti di Segni]
19 Mar. 1227–22 Aug. 1241
176
CELESTINE IV [Goffredo da Castiglione]
25 Oct.–10 Nov. 1241
177
INNOCENT IV [Sinibaldo Fieschi]
25 June 1243–7 Dec. 1254
178
ALEXANDER IV [Rainaldo dei Conti di Segni]
12 Dec. 1254–25 May 1261
179
URBAN IV [Jacques Pantaléon]
29 Aug. 1261–2 Oct. 1264
180
CLEMENT IV [Guy Foulques]
5 Feb. 1265–29 Nov. 1268
181
BL. GREGORY X [Tedaldo Viscontt]
1 Sept. 1271–10 Jan. 1276
182
BL. INNOCENT V [Pierre of Tarantaise]
21 Jan.–22 June 1276
183
HADRIAN V [Ottobono Fieschi]
11 July–18 Aug. 1276
184
JOHN XXI* [Pedro Juliano, ‘Peter of Spain’]
8 Sept. 1276–20 May 1277
185
NICHOLAS III [Giovanni Gaetano Orsini]
25 Nov. 1277–22 Aug. 1280
186
MARTIN IV [Simon de Brie (or Brion)]
22 Feb. 1281–28 Mar. 1285
187
HONORIUS IV [Giacomo Savelli]
2 Apr. 1285–3 Apr. 1287
188
NICHOLAS IV [Girolamo Masci]
22 Feb. 1288–4 Apr. 1292
189
ST CELESTINE V [Pietro del Morrone]
5 July–13 Dec. 1294: resigned, died 1296
190
BONIFACE VIII [Benedetto Caetani]
24 Dec. 1294–11 Oct. 1303
191
BL. BENEDICT XI [Niccolo[2] Boccasino]
22 Oct. 1303–7 July 1304
192
CLEMENT V [Bertrand de Got]
5 June 1305–20 Apr. 1314
193
JOHN XXII [Jacques Duèse]
7 Aug. 1316–4 Dec. 1334
Nicholas (V) [Pietro Rainalducci]
1328–30
194
BENEDICT XII [Jacques Fournier]
20 Dec. 1334–25 Apr. 1342
195
CLEMENT VI [Pierre Roger]
7 May 1342–6 Dec. 1352
196
INNOCENT VI [Etienne Aubert]
18 Dec. 1352–12 Sept. 1362
197
BL. URBAN V [Guillaume de Grimoard]
28 Sept. 1362–19 Dec. 1370
198
GREGORY XI [Pierre Roger]
30 Dec. 1370–27 Mar. 1378
199
URBAN VI [Bartolommeo Prignano]
8 Apr. 1378–15 Oct. 1389
Clement VII [Robert of Geneva]
1378–94
200
BONIFACE IX [Pietro Tomacellt]
2 Nov. 1389–1 Oct. 1404
Benedict XIII [Pedro de Luna]
28 Sept. 1394–26 July 1417: died 1423
201
INNOCENT VII [Cosimo Gentile dei Migliorati]
17 Oct. 1404–6 Nov. 1406
202
GREGORY XII [Angelo Correr]
30 Nov. 1406–4 June 1415: abdicated at Council of Constance, died 18 Sept. 1417
Alexander V [Pietro Philargi]
1409–10
John XXIII [Baldassare Cossa]
1410–15: died 1419
203
MARTIN V [Odo Colonna]
11 Nov. 1417–20 Feb. 1431
Clement VIII [Gil Sanchez Munoz]
1423–29: died 1446
Benedict (XIV) [Bernard Garier]
1425–?
204
EUGENIUS IV [Gabriele Condulmaro]
3 Mar. 1431–23 Feb. 1447
Felix V [Amadeus of Savoy]
1439–49: died 1451
205
NICHOLAS V [Tommaso Parentucelli]
6 Mar. 1447–24 Mar. 1455
206
CALLISTUS III [Alfonso Borgia]
8 Apr. 1455–6 Aug. 1458
207
PIUS II [Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini]
19 Aug. 1458–15 Aug. 1464
208
PAUL II [Pietro Barbo]
30 Aug. 1464∼26 July 1471
209
SIXTUS IV [Francesco della Rovere]
9 Aug. 1471–12 Aug. 1484
210
INNOCENT VIII [Giovanni Battista Cibo]
29 Aug. 1484–25 July 1492
211
ALEXANDER VI [Roderigo de Borgia]
11 Aug. 1492–18 Aug. 1503
212
PIUS III [Francesco Todeschini]
22 Sept–18 Oct. 1503
213
JULIUS II [Giuliano della Rovere]
1 Nov. 1503–21 Feb. 1513
214
LEO X [Giovanni de’ Medici]
11 Mar. 1513–1 Dec. 1521
215
HADRIAN VI [Adrian Dedel]
9 Jan. 1522–14 Sept. 1523
216
CLEMENT VII [Giulio de’ Medici]
18 Nov. 1523–25 Sept. 1534
217
PAUL III [Alessandro Farnese]
13 Oct. 1534–10 Nov. 1549
218
JULIUS III [Giovanni del Monte]
8 Feb. 1550–23 Mar. 1555
219
MARCELLUS II [Marcello Cervini]
9 Apr.–1 May 1555
220
PAUL IV [Giovanni Pietro Caraffa]
23 May 1555–18 Aug. 1559
221
PIUS IV [Giovanni Angelo Medici]
25 Dec. 1559–9 Dec. 1565
222
ST PIUS V [Michele Ghislieri]
8 Jan. 1566–1 May 1572
223
GREGORY XIII [Ugo Buoncompagni]
14 May 1572–10 Apr. 1585
224
SIXTUS V [Felice Peretti]
24 Apr. 1585–27 Aug. 1590
225
URBAN VII [Giambattista Castagna]
15–27 Sept. 1590
226
GREGORY XIV [Nicolo[2] Sfondrati]
5 Dec. 1590–16 Oct. 1591
227
INNOCENT IX [Giovanni Antonio Fachinettt]
29 Oct–30 Dec. 1591
228
CLEMENT VIII [Ippolito Aldobrandini]
30 Jan. 1592–5 Mar. 1605
229
LEO XI [Alessandro de’ Medici]
1–27 Apr. 1605
230
PAUL V [Camillo Borghese]
16 May 1605–28 Jan. 1621
231
GREGORY XV [Alessandro Ludovisi]
9 Feb. 1621–8 July 1623
232
URBAN VIII [Maffeo Barberini]
6 Aug. 1623–29 July 1644
233
INNOCENT X [Giambattista Pamfili]
15 Sept. 1644–1 Jan. 1655
234
ALEXANDER VII [Fabio Chigi]
7 Apr. 1655–22 May 1667
235
CLEMENT IX [Giulio Rospigliosi]
20 June 1667–9 Dec. 1669
236
CLEMEN
T X [Emilio Altieri]
29 Apr. 1670–22 July 1676
237
BL. INNOCENT XI [Benedetto Odescalchi]
21 Sept. 1676–11 Aug. 1689
238
ALEXANDER VIII [Pietro Ottoboni]
6 Oct. 1689–1 Feb. 1691
239
INNOCENT XII [Antonio Pignatelli]
12 July 1691–27 Sept. 1700
240
CLEMENT XI [Gianfrancesco Albani]
23 Nov. 1700–19 Mar. 1721
241
INNOCENT XIII [Michelangelo de’ Conti]
8 May 1721–7 Mar. 1724
242
BENEDICT XIII [Pietro Francesco Orsini-Gravina]
27 May 1724–21 Feb. 1730
243
CLEMENT XII [Lorenzo Corsini]
12 July 1730–8 Feb. 1740
244
BENEDICT XIV [Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini]
17 Aug. 1740–3 May 1758
245
CLEMENT XIII [Carlo della Torre Rezzonico]
6 July 1758–2 Feb 1769
246
CLEMENT XIV [Lorenzo Ganganelli]
19 May 1769–22 Sept. 1774
247
PIUS VI [Giovanni Angelo Braschi]
15 Feb 1775–29 Aug. 1799
248
PIUS VII [Barnaba Chiaramonte]
14 Mar. 1800–20 July 1823
249
LEO XII [Annibale della Genga]
28 Sept. 1823–10 Feb 1829
250
PIUS VIII [Francesco Saverio Castiglione]
31 Mar. 1829–30 Nov. 1830
251
GREGORY XVI [Bartolommeo Cappellari]
2 Feb. 1831–1 June 1846
252
PIUS IX [Giovanni Maria Mastai–Ferretti]
16 June 1846–7 Feb. 1878
253
LEO XIII [Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci]
20 Feb. 1878–20 July 1903
254
PIUS X [Giuseppe Melchior Sarto]
4 Aug. 1903–20 Aug. 1914
255
BENEDICT XV [Giacomo Della Chiesa]
3 Sept. 1914–22 Jan. 1922
256
PIUS XI [Achille Ratti]
6 Feb. 1922–10 Feb. 1939
257
PIUS XII [Eugenio Pacelli]
2 Mar. 1939–9 Oct. 1958
258
JOHN XXIII [Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli]
28 Oct. 1958–3 June 1963
259
PAUL VI [Giovanni Battista Montini]
21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978
260
JOHN PAUL I [Albino Luciani]
26 Aug.–28 Sept. 1978
261
JOHN PAUL II [Karol Jozef Wojtyla]
16 Oct. 1978–2 April 2005
262
BENEDICT XVI [Joseph Alois Ratzinger]
19 April 2005–
*In March 752 an elderly presbyter, Stephen, was elected pope, but died before he was ordained bishop. His successor, confusingly, was also called Stephen. Under modem canon law, however, a man is pope from the moment of election. Some modern Roman Catholic lists therefore count the first of these two Stephens as Pope Stephen II, with a consequent disturbance of the numbering of all subsequent Stephens. He is omitted from our list, but the variant numberings are noted.
*Because John XII was deposed by the Emperor Otto I, the validity of Leo VIII’s election has been contested, and he is included as an antipope in many lists. The Roman Catholic Church’s official list of popes, as printed in the Annuario Pontificio, recognises him as a true pope.
*Because of a mistake in the medieval numbering, no pope has ever borne the title John XX
APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY
AD LIMINA: Latin for ‘to the threshold’, meaning a visit to the house of the Apostle Peter, i.e. Rome or St Peter’s Basilica. The phrase applied originally to all pilgrimage to the shrine of the Apostle. In modern usage it applies especially to the five-yearly visits bishops are required to make to Rome to give an account of their dioceses to the Pope. Currently seen as an expression of the COLLEGIAL responsibility of the bishops with the Pope, historically it has been a way of enforcing and underlining papal authority.
ANTIPOPE: rival claimant to the papacy, elected or appointed in opposition to the incumbent subsequently recognised officially as the ‘true’ Pope. A complete list will be found in Appendix A.
APOCRISIARY: papal ambassador to the Byzantine Emperor.
ARCHBISHOP: the senior bishop of a region. Since the early Middle Ages the authority of the Archbishop over the subordinate or ‘suffragan’ bishops has been symbolised by the gift of the PALLIUM from the Pope.
ARIANISM: Christian heresy preached originally by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius (died 336), denying the full divinity of Jesus Christ, and teaching that as ‘Son of God’ Christ was subordinate to God the Father, by whom he had been created before the beginning of the world. The teaching seems to have sprung from a concern to protect the sovereignty and unchanging nature of God from the limitations implied in the doctrine of the INCARNATION.
BEATIFICATION: the solemn papal authorisation of religious cult in honour of a dead Christian; a step on the way to full CANONISATION or declaration that the canonised person is a saint.
BISHOP: from Greek episcopos (‘overseer’); the senior pastor (‘shepherd’) and focus of unity within a Christian church: probably originally indistinguishable from the ‘elders’ (Greek ‘presbyter’, from which the word ‘priest’ is derived). Within the first hundred years of Christianity the bishops emerged as the chief ministers, to whom the government of the churches, and the right to ordain other ministers, was confined. The territory over which bishops rule is called a DIOCESE, though early bishops probably presided over the church in a single town. The Pope is Bishop of Rome.
BRIEF: an official papal letter, less solemn than a papal bull.
BULL: solemn papal document or mandate announcing a binding decision, and carrying a formal seal.
BYZANTIUM, BYZANTINE: Byzantium was the Greek town on the Bosphorous where Constantine established the new capital of the Roman empire in 330, when it became Constantinople. It gave its name to the empire as a whole, to the state Church and to the distinctive liturgy of the Church. In contrast to the Latin Church, where the Pope’s authority came to be seen as supreme, the Byzantine Church paid special reverence to the Christian authority of the Emperor. After the Turkish conquest of 1453 Byzantium was renamed Istanbul.
CANON: CANON LAW: (i) Formal item of Church law. (ii) A decree of a council or synod.
CANONISATION: solemn declaration that a deceased Christian is a saint, to whom prayers and other religious honours may be paid. Originally canonisation was a matter for the local church, and was usually signalled and formalised by the ‘translation’ (transfer) by the bishop of the relics of the saint to a visible shrine, and the insertion of their feast day into the calendar of the local church. The first known papal canonisation was of Ulrich of Augsburg in 993; since the late twelfth century the power of canonisation has been reserved to the Pope alone.
CARDINAL: from the Latin word cardo, a hinge. At first, any priest attached to a major church, later restricted to the parish clergy of Rome, the bishops of the SUBARBICARIAN DIOCESES, and the district DEACONS of Rome. The special advisers and helpers of the Pope and, since 1179, the exclusive electors of a new pope. Since 1970 they have been excluded from voting in a CONCLAVE after the age of eighty. Since the pontificate of Paul VI all cardinals have had to be ordained bishop, but historically they needed only to be in ‘minor orders’, and many of the most famous cardinals of history were never priests.
COLLEGIALITY: the co-responsibility of all bishops, in communion with the Pope and with each other, for the whole Church. Emphasised in the teaching of early theologians like Cyprian of Carthage, it was obscured by the growth of the papal monarchy, but re-emphasised at the Second Vatican Council.
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CONCILIARISM, CONCILIAR THEORY: the doctrine that supreme authority in the Church lies with a GENERAL COUNCIL, rather than with the Pope: Conciliar theory had widespread support during the period of the Great Schism, and was only finally rejected by the definition of papal INFALLIBILITY in 1870.
CONCLAVE: from the Latin con clave, ‘with a key’. Since 1271, the closed place into which the assembly of cardinals is locked to elect a new pope and, by extension, the assembly of cardinals themselves. Regulations until recently emphasised the need to make conditions in the Conclave as uncomfortable as possible, to speed the process of election.
CONCORDAT: an agreement between the Church and a civil government to regulate religious affairs.
CONSISTORY: the assembly of cardinals, convoked by the Pope and presided over by him, to advise the Pope or witness solemn papal acts.
COUNCIL, ECUMENICAL COUNCIL, GENERAL COUNCIL: a solemn assembly of bishops to determine matters of doctrine or discipline for the Church. Councils called for the whole empire, the Oecumene, were called ‘ecumenical’ or general councils, and their solemn teaching was believed to be INFALLIBLE. The first of these general councils was Nicaea, called by the Emperor Constantine in 325 to settle the Arian controversy. In Catholic theology, no general council can meet without papal agreement.