Under Siege!
Page 13
124 “I stopped and looked back”: Arnold, Grant Wins the War, p. 298.
124 “Vicksburg, with her”: Loughborough, My Cave Life, p. 145.
125 “a popular conquering general”: Hoehling, Vicksburg: 47 Days, p. 287.
125-26 “I should think soldiers”: Schultz, The Most Glorious Fourth, p. 390.
126 “Hunger and misery”: Twain, Cave Life During the Siege, p. 5.
127 “had some trouble in”: Julia Grant, The Personal Memoirs, p. 135.
127 “was the last man who”: Cotton, Yankee Bullets, p. 67.
128 “admired courageous persistence”: Cotton, Yankee Bullets, p. 34.
128 “As we stepped aboard”: Cotton, Yankee Bullets, p. 34.
129 “I never want to live”: Cotton, Yankee Bullets, p. 19.
Afterword
132 “My son accompanied me”: U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, p. 255.
132 “I could not leave my post”: Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life, p. 209.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My first conversation about the story I hoped to tell in this book was with Vicksburg’s own Gordon Cotton, the now-retired director/curator of the Old Courthouse Museum. Gordon introduced me to the reminiscences of children who became part of my story, and welcomed me to Vicksburg when I came to see it for myself. He also shared with me his extensive knowledge about life during the siege, and I am indebted to him. I am also grateful to his then-assistant, Jeff Giambrone, for his help. The current staff at the museum, especially George “Bubba” Bolm, director/curator, have provided valuable assistance with information and photographs. Terrence Winschel, historian at the Vicksburg National Military Park, helped clarify several factual inconsistencies. Betty England, now retired, gave me a memorable tour of the battleground. The staff at the British Library in London assisted me with source material. Meg Chorlian, Hilda Hands, Greg Schultz, and Linda Meyers also helped me. I am ever indebted to my agent Regina Ryan, and to my editor Melanie Kroupa and others at Farrar, Straus and Giroux. As always, I am sustained by my fellow scribes Barbara Bartocci and Deborah Shouse, whose advice is endlessly helpful and whose friendship is my rock.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, and we apologize for any unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgment in any subsequent edition of this book.
Cook Collection, Valentine Richmond History Center, 129 (left)
The Crawford Collection at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, 139
Library of Congress, 2, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 47, 51, 52, 57, 58, 62 (left), 63, 67, 76, 82, 83, 101, 104, 105, 106, 118, 128, 136, 137, 138, 150, 158
Massachusetts Commandery Military Order of the Loyal Legion and the U.S. Army Military History Institute, 30, 79, 112, 129 (right), 145
National Archives, 18-19, 23, 48, 96, 99,159
Adapted from National Park Service Data, 46, 50, 68
Old Court House Museum, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 6-7, 10, 39, 41 (left), 41 (right), 71, 74, 86, 100, 107, 119, 123, 125, 131, 141, 157
Picture Collection, The Branch Libraries, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, 25, 91, 114
Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 62 (right)
Image research by www.sonofthesouth.net, 53,143
Cover Image Credits
Cover illustration and design © 2009 by Michele Bedigian, Studio 1482
Front cover: (children, from left to right) Frederick Grant, Library of Congress; Lucy McRae, Old Court House Museum; Frederick Grant, Library of Congress; Vicksburg, Old Court House Museum; battle scene, Library of Congress; newspaper articles, Old Court House Museum; family with soldiers, Library of Congress
Back cover: (top) newspaper articles, Old Court House Museum; (bottom) naval battle on Mississippi River, Library of Congress
Note: No photograph of Willie Lord is known to exist. The two boys who appear on the front cover of this book with Lucy McRae are both images of Frederick Grant.
INDEX
Alexander the Great
Alexandria (Louisiana), military academy at
Appomattox, surrender of Lee at
Army of Northern Virginia
Army of the Tennessee
Arnold, James R.
Aspinwall, Bill
Atlanta, Battle of
Balfour, Emma
home of
life after Civil War of
Balfour, William
Barton, Clara
Big Black River, Battle of
Black Laws
Bolotin, Norman
Bolton’s Depot (Mississippi)
Bowen, General John
Boys’ War, The (Murphy)
bridges, construction of
Bruinsburg (Mississippi)
Bull Run, Battle of
Burns, Ken
Cairo (ship)
Casey, Emma
Catholic church (Vicksburg)
caves
digging
life in, during siege
surrender announced to occupants of
Champion’s Hill, Battle of
Chancellorsville, Battle of
Chattanooga, Battle of
Chickamauga, Battle of
Chickasaw Bayou, Battle of
Christ Episcopal Church (Vicksburg)
Christmas celebrations
Cincinnati (gunboat)
civil rights movement
Civil War
cemeteries of
children orphaned by
end of
number of soldiers killed in
outbreak of
typical soldier in
women in
see also Vicksburg; specific battles
Civil War, The (documentary film)
Civil War A-Z (Bolotin)
Cleveland Jewish Orphan Asylum
Collier, Christopher
Collier, James Lincoln
Confederate States, map of
Congress, U.S.
Constitution, U.S.
Thirteenth Amendment
Cooperstown (New York)
Dana, Charles
Davis, Jefferson
Davis, Joe
Davis, Varina
Dickens, Charles
diseases
Dix, Dorothea
Douglass, Frederick
drummer boys
8th Wisconsin Infantry
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Emancipation Proclamation
Fields of Fury (McPherson)
First Mississippi Brigade
Flowers plantation
food
during occupation
sharing of, after surrender
during siege
for soldiers
Forest, John Wesley
freed blacks
rights for
sharecropping by
in Union army
Germany, occupation after World War II of
Gettysburg, Battle of
Grand Gulf, Battle of
Grant, Frederick
during assault on Vicksburg
at Champion’s Hill
on daily rides along front lines
illnesses of
during march on Jackson
in New York City
during occupation of Vicksburg
at Port Gibson
on road to Vicksburg
during running of fleet past Vicksburg
surrender witnessed by
in Washington, D.C.
wounded leg of
Grant, Jesse
Grant, Julia
Grant, Nellie
Grant, Ulysses S.
assaults on Vicksburg ordered by
at Big Black River
at Champion’s Hill
on daily rides along front lines
and devastation of countryside
> family of
at Grand Gulf
liberated slaves with army of
Lincoln’s confidence in
marches on Jackson by
medal presented by Congress to
in Missouri
occupation of Vicksburg overseen by
plan for attack on Vicksburg of
at Port Gibson
retreat to Memphis of
on road to Vicksburg
and rumors of Johnston’s return
during running of fleet past Vicksburg
Sherman and
at Shiloh
siege of Vicksburg by
surrender of Vicksburg to
training of Union troops by
tunnel warfare by
Grant, Ulysses, Jr.
Green, William Siege
guerrillas, Rebel
gunboats
bombardment of Vicksburg by
Hall, Phillip
Hodgers, Jennie Irene
Holly Springs (Mississippi)
Howe, Orion
Illinois
soldiers at Vicksburg from
training of troops in
Indiana
ironclads
at Grand Gulf
shelling of Vicksburg by
sinking of
Jackson (Mississippi)
burning of
evacuation of
Union march on
James River (Virginia), pontoon bridge on
Jim Crow Laws
Johnston, General Joe
belief of Vicksburg residents in rescue by
in Jackson
Pemberton’s last meeting with
refusal to come to Vicksburg’s aid of
Kentucky
Rebel guerrillas in
war orphans in
Ku Klux Klan
Lee, General Robert E.
Lewisburg (West Virginia)
Life Goes On (Arnold and Wiener)
Life in the South During the Civil War (Roger)
Lincoln, Abraham
Emancipation Proclamation issued by
Little Rock (Arkansas)
Lord, Lida
Lord, Margaret
in caves
departure from Vicksburg of
at Flowers plantation
and surrender
Lord, William Wilberforce
in caves
departure from Vicksburg of
during shelling
and surrender
Lord, William Wilberforce, Jr. (Willie)
in caves
departure from Vicksburg of
at Flowers plantation
during occupation
Loughborough, James
Loughborough, Mary
in caves
in Jackson
life after Civil War of
in St. Louis,
Louisiana
shelling of Vicksburg from
Union troops in
Margaret Ann
Mary Ann
McPherson, General James Birdseye
McPherson, James M.
McRae, Allen
McRae, Colin
McRae, Fulton
McRae, Indiana
during siege
McRae, John
McRae, Lucy
at Bolton’s Depot
in caves
life after Civil War of
during shelling
on Sky Parlor Hill
slaves owned by family of
and surrender
McRae, William
Medals of Honor
Memphis
Grant retreats to
Union capture of
Mendota (gunboat)
Methodist church (Vicksburg)
Mexican War
Michigan
Midway (Kentucky)
Milliken’s Bend, Battle of
mines
minié balls
Minnesota, headwaters of Mississippi River in
Mississippi
arrival of Fred Grant in
devastation of countryside in
first black senator from
plan for movement of Union troops into
secession of
weather in
Missouri
soldiers at Vicksburg from
Mosby’s Raiders
Murphy, Jim
My Cave Life in Vicksburg (Loughborough)
Native Americans
New Jersey
New Orleans
Union capture of
New York
New York Herald,
New York Times,
nurses
Old Courthouse Museum (Vicksburg)
101st Airborne Division (Screaming
Eagles)
orphans
Pemberton, General John
at Big Black River
at Champion’s Hill
fortification of Vicksburg by
on Lee’s staff
Northern origins of
portrait in Old Courthouse Museum of
during siege
surrender of
Pemberton, Patty
Pennsylvania
war orphans in
Philip of Macedonia
plantations
looting and burning of
slaves on
Porter, Admiral David Dixon
running of fleet past Vicksburg by
shelling of Vicksburg during siege by
Port Gibson, Battle of
post-traumatic stress disorder
Princeton Theological Seminary
Pyle, Howard
racism
Raymond, Battle of
Reconstruction
reenactors, Civil War
Reger, James P.
Rice
Richmond (Virginia)
battle for
destruction of
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)
St. Louis
segregation
Senate, U.S.
“separate but equal” policy
sharecropping
Sherman, General William Tecumseh
in assaults on Vicksburg
at Big Black River
at Chickasaw Bayou
Johnston and
in march on Jackson
at Shiloh
during siege
Sherman, Willy
Shiloh, Battle of
Shirley family
Sisters of Mercy
Sky Parlor Hill (Vicksburg)
Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War (Collier and Collier)
slaves
former, see freed blacks
house
owned by McRae family, see Mary Ann; Rice
on plantations
during siege
Smith, General Martin Luther
Southern Ladies’ Journal
states’ rights
steamboats
Stones River, Battle of
Tennessee
Thomas, General Lorenzo
trench warfare
tunnel warfare
Twain, Mark
United States Pension Bureau
Vermont
Vicksburg
assaults on
black mayor and sheriff of
cannon guarding
Christmas celebration in
after Civil War
evacuees from Jackson in
first attack on
fortifications around
Grant’s plan to take
occupation of
port of
present-day
provisioning of
refuge in countryside for families from
retreat of Pemberton’s army to
return of refugees to
road from Jackson to
running of Union fleet past
shelling of
siege of
surrender of
swamps and bayous around
&nb
sp; wounded soldiers treated in
Vicksburg courthouse
Museum
Vicksburg National Military Park
Vietnam War
Virginia
recruits in
West Point, U.S. Military Academy at
Wiener, Roberta
Wilkinson family
women
clothing of
at military camps
during occupation
at Raymond
during siege
World War I
World War II
wounded soldiers
at Champion’s Hill
at field hospitals
at Raymond
truce for rescue of
in Vicksburg