160. Interviews on April 24, 1991, with Warner and with Elder.
161. Interview on April 26, 1991, with Elder.
162. Sale and purchase agreement dated July 25, 1947, between Margaret Scattergood and the Federal Works administrator; Elizabeth Miles Cooke, The History of the Old Georgetown Pike (published by Cooke, 1977), p. 35; interview on January 20, 1991, with Nancy H. Blanchet, a grandniece and executor of Scattergood’s will.
163. Interview on January 21, 1991, with Blanchet.
164. Interview on January 25, 1991, with Fitzwater.
165. Interview on January 23, 1991, with Sylvia Blanchet.
166. Washington Post, November 9, 1986, p. C-6; memorial minute read at the memorial service for Scattergood at the Langley Hill Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, November 23, 1986; last will and testament of Margaret Scattergood, February 5, 1982, filed with the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Virginia.
167. Interview on January 5, 1991, with Sanborn.
168. The second-largest collection of intelligence books in the United States is the Russell J. Bowen Collection on Intelligence, Security, and Covert Activities at Georgetown University’s main library. This collection, donated by a retired CIA analyst, has more than 11,000 volumes.
169. Interview on November 26, 1990, with Baker.
170. Turner said he has no recollection of the incident.
171. For a full discussion of Yurchenko’s case, see the author’s Escape from the CIA: How the CIA Won and Lost the Most Important KGB Spy Ever to Defect to the U.S. (Pocket Books, 1991).
172. Interview on March 24, 1991, with Stern.
173. Cord Meyer, Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (University Press of America, 1980), p. 86. In an interview on August 29, 1990, Meyer said he knew nothing about a Soviet effort to give the information to Ramparts.
174. Asked on June 26,1991, why he thought the tip for the Ramparts article came from the KGB instead of from Michael Wood, Brown said he had no comment.
175. For a full discussion of the Koecher case, see the author’s Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America (Scribner’s, 1988).
When asked in an interview with the author in Prague if he compromised Ogorodnik, Koecher said, “I’m deeply sorry about that. But the people who did him in were the CIA and he himself. They recruited him in such a clumsy manner. .. . I’m not denying I gave them the document [that compromised him], and I’m not confirming it. I sure do know I worked on the case. I confess it.”
176. A more complete discussion of the case of Boyce and Lee can be found in Robert Lindsey’s The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage (Pocket Books, 1980, originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1979), and in the author’s book The Spy in the Russian Club: How Glenn Souther Stole America’s Nuclear War Plans and Escaped to Moscow (Scribner’s, 1990).
177. Moore’s case is discussed at length in the author’s book Escape from the CIA: How the CIA Won and Lost the Most Important KGB Spy Ever to Defect to the U.S. (Pocket Books, 1991).
178. Washington Post, November 17, 1990.
179. Interview on November 13, 1990, with Horan.
180. The author sat in on an introduction to the Career Training Program on January 25, 1991.
181. U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Compilation of Intelligence Laws and Related Laws and Executive Orders of Interest to the National Intelligence Community (U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987), p. 6; and Fact Book on Intelligence (CIA, June 1990), p. 14.
182. Russell Jack Smith, The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency (Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), p. 167.
183. Interview on July 6, 1991, with Elder.
184. Interview on March 29, 1990, with Crowley.
185. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu.
186. Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (the Rockefeller Commission), Report to the President (Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 170.
187. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 197.
188. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu.
189. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 197.
190. Interview on December 27, 1990, with Turner.
191. Donald Rochon, a black FBI agent, won a discrimination suit against the FBI after other agents in Omaha and Chicago harassed him, beginning in 1983, for being black.
192. Employment statistics provided by the FBI’s public affairs office.
193. Interview on January 7, 1991, with Bruemmer.
194. Interview on December 12, 1990, with Austin.
195. William H. Webster, introduction to The Civil War Battlefield Guide, edited by Frances H. Kennedy (Houghton Mifflin, 1990), p. 91.
196. Interview on December 4, 1990, with Spaeth.
197. Interview on April 30, 1991, with Bellinger.
198. Interview on December 17, 1990, with Clark.
199. Interview on November 23, 1990, with Bruemmer.
200. Interview on January 7, 1991, with Bruemmer.
201. Interview on April 29, 1991, with Bellinger.
202. Interview on December 4, 1990, with Spaeth.
203. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets (Knopf, 1987), p. 10.
204. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets (Knopf, 1987), p. 303-5; John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (Touchstone, 1987), p. 612-14.
205. Interview on October 25, 1990, with Helms.
206. Interview on April 5, 1991, with Webster.
207. Interview on June 26, 1991, with an associate of George.
208. U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, hearing on the nomination of Robert M. Gates, April 10, 1986, p. 23.
209. Interview on November 6,1990, with McGregor.
210. Interview on November 23, 1990, with McGregor.
211. Interview on January 7, 1991, with Bruemmer.
212. Interview on December 12, 1990, with Baker.
213. Interview on December 12, 1990, with Baker.
214. Interview on July 16, 1991, with Bellinger.
215. Interview on December 27, 1990, with Turner.
216. Interview on July 15, 1991, with McGregor.
217. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-contra Affair, November 17, 1987, p. 381.
218. Tom Gilligan, CIA Life: 10,000 Days with the Agency (Foreign Intelligence Press, 1991), p. 187.
219. Interview on August 2, 1990, with McCurdy.
220. Interviews on November 6, 1990, with McGregor, on November 28, 1990, with Gutman, and on December 7, 1990, with Hassler.
221. Interview on August 15, 1991, with an associate of George.
222. Interview on July 30, 1991, with McGregor.
223. Washington Post, July 16, 1989, p. N-11.
224. Interview on August 9, 1990, with Meyer.
225. Interview on December 18, 1990, with Bruemmer.
226. Interview on December 10, 1990, with Young.
227. Washington Post, November 30, 1989.
228. Interview on December 17,1990, with Lynda Webster.
229. Interview on December 17, 1990, with Lynda Webster.
230. Interview on December 17, 1990, with Lynda Webster.
231. Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1991, p. A-1; and New York Times, May 9, 1991, p. A-1.
232. Interview on December 18, 1990, with Gates.
233. White House press releases of June 28 and July 25, 1991. Originally established as the Medal of Freedom by President Truman in 1945, the medal became the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 under President Kennedy.
234. Interview on July 6, 1991, with Elder.
235. “Public Affairs Chronology,” CIA.
236. Memo for the record by Grogan, March 1, 1962.
237. John Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Orig
inal Manuscript Sources, 1745—1799, Vol. 7 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 479.
238. An excellent discussion of the CIA’s use of the press for spying appears in Loch K. Johnson’s America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 182—203.
239. Interview on July 11, 1990, with Bissell.
240. Interview on January 25, 1991, with McMahon.
241. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 21.
242. Interview on June 24, 1991, with Colby.
243. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu.
244. Interview on July 27, 1990, with Bross.
245. David Wise, The American Police State: The Government Against the People (Random House, 1976), p. 198.
246. Interviews on September 7, 1990, with Warner, and on September 7, 1990, with Marchetti; “The Marchetti Case: New Case Law,” John S. Warner, Studies in Intelligence (CIA, 1977), p. 1.
247. Interview on August 17, 1990, with Colby.
248. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu; and Loch K. Johnson’s America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 250.
249. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. xi.
250. “CIA and the University,” speech delivered by Robert M. Gates at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, February 13, 1986.
251. An excellent discussion of the CIA’s relations with the academic world appear in Loch K. Johnson’s America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 157-81.
252. Washington Post, June 20, 1991, p. A-3; and New York Times, June 20, 1991, p. B-1.
253. Memo dated October 12,1990, from Richard Vengroff, dean, the University of Connecticut, Division of International Affairs.
254. The CIA’s maps and analyses are sold by the National Technical Information Service, Commerce Department, Springfield, Virginia.
255. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu.
256. Interview on August 28, 1990, with Hetu.
257. New York Times, September 27, 1985, p. A-1.
258. United Press International, September27, 1985, A.M. cycle.
259. Interview on December 30, 1990, with Engelberg.
260. Interview on January 3, 1991, with Lauder.
261. Interview on December 30, 1990, with Engelberg.
262. Interview on April 5, 1991, with Webster.
263. Interview on November 26, 1990, with Baker.
264. William M. Baker’s speech in the Harvard Lecture Series in Boston, July 27, 1989.
265. The Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982 imposes criminal penalties on those who have authorized access to classified information and intentionally disclose names of “covert agents.” Those who do not have authorized access to classified information—such as journalists—may be subject to penalties if they engage in a “pattern of activities intended to identify and expose covert agents . . . with reason to believe that such activities would impair or impede the foreign intelligence activities of the U.S.”
266. Interview on July 4, 1991, with Gerth.
267. Security Awareness in the 1980’s, Defense Security Institute, p. 203.
268. Washington Post, June 13, 1990, p. A-3.
269. Periscope, November 3, 1990 (Association of Former Intelligence Officers), p. 7. The CIA denied the claim that the agency had assassinated Palme, calling it “nonsense.”
270. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 312.
271. Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group, final report, government of Australia. (Australian Government Publishing Service, 1985); and author interviews in the fall of 1985 with a number of those involved in the Nugan Hand Bank, including Colby, Erie Cocke, Jr., and Adm. Earl (Bud) Yates.
Pages 131 and 218 of the final report say Hand met with Colby to ask about the tax consequences for Americans who invested in overseas ventures and the tax impact on Hand and Nugan if they became resident aliens in the U.S. Colby also discussed with Hand his wish to keep his U.S. passport while still an Australian citizen. Colby’s then law firm of Reid & Priest received a check from the bank for $10,000 for his advice, but the check was lost, and no replacement check was ever issued. As a result, Colby was never paid.
272. Washington Post, August 3, 1991, p. A-1.
273. Declaration of plaintiff’s counsel, Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey vs. John Hull, et al., Civil Case No. 861146, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida.
274. U.S. Congress, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987), p. 59.
275. Washington Post, February 4, 1989, p. A-10.
276. CIA memo of January 24, 1979.
277. Steve Weinberg, “The Mob, the CIA, and the S&L Scandal,” Columbia Journalism Review, November 1990, p. 28; and Nicols Fox, “The Story Hardly Anyone Wants to Touch,” Washington Journalism Review, July/August 1990, p. 10.
278. Washington Post, December 22, 1990.
279. Washington Post, August 7, 1990, p. A-5.
280. Ronald Kessler, Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America (Scribner’s, 1988), pp. 100, 104.
281. Washington Post, August 11, 1991, p. C-1.
282. Interview on December 18, 1990, with Bruemmer.
283. Peter Maas, Manhunt (Random House, 1986), p. 278.
284. Interview on December 31, 1990, with Engelberg.
285. Interview on December 31, 1990, with Engelberg.
286. Interview on January 25, 1991, with McMahon.
287. Interview on December 30, 1990, with Engelberg.
288. Interview on December 18, 1990, with Greenleaf.
289. U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Compilation of Intelligence Laws and Related Laws and Executive Orders of Interest to the National Intelligence Community (U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987), pp. 6—9.
290. Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (the Rockefeller Commisssion), Report to the President (Government Printing Office, 1976), pp. 51-55.
291. Interview on June 29, 1990, with Houston.
292. Interviews on July 9, 1990, and on August 24, 1991, with Warner.
293. John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (Touchstone, 1987), p. 210.
294. Washington Post, December 18, 1987, p. A-12.
295. New York Times, July 8, 1991, p. A-9.
296. New York Times, July 10, 1991, p. A-1.
297. Interview on August 8, 1991, with Sporkin.
298. Interview on December 6, 1990, with Bruemmer.
299. Interview on January 7, 1991, with Bruemmer; and Washington Post, October 13, 1990, p. A-2, and October 25, 1990.
300. Washington Post, October 5, 1988, p. A-9.
301. Interview on April 5, 1991, with Webster.
302. Interview on January 7, 1991, with Bruemmer.
303. New York Times, June 17, 1990, p. E-21.
304. Interview on January 25, 1991, with McMahon.
305. Washington Post, November 1, 1990.
306. Interview on January 4, 1991, with Kerr.
Selected Bibliography
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story. Harper Collins, 1990.
Belin, David W. Final Disclosure. Scribner’s, 1988.
Beschloss, Michael R. Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair. Harper & Row, 1986.
Bittman, Ladislav. The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider’s View. Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985.
Breckinridge, Scott D. The CIA and the U.S. Intelligence System. Westview Press, 1986.
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. The Storm Birds: The Dramatic Stories of the Top Soviet Spies Who Have Defected Since World War II. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1989
.
Burrows, William E. Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security. Random House, 1986.
Carl, Leo. The International Dictionary of Intelligence. International Defense Consultant Services, 1990.
Chavchavadze, David. Crowns and Trenchcoats: A Russian Prince in the CIA. Atlantic International Publications, 1990.
Cline, Ray S. The CIA Under Reagan, Bush & Casey. Acroplis Books, 1991.
Colby, William, and Peter Forbath. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. Simon & Schuster, 1978.
Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (the Rockefeller Commission). Report to the President. Government Printing Office, 1976.
Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990.
De Silva, Peter. Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence. Times Books, 1978.
Dulles, Allen. Great True Spy Stories. Castle, 1968.
Emerson, Steven, and Brian Duffy. The Fall of Pan Am 103: Inside the Lockerbie Investigation. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1990.
Ford, Harold P. Estimative Intelligence: The Purposes and Problems of National Intelligence Estimating. Defense Intelligence College, 1989.
Gilligan, Tom. CIA Life: 10,000 Days with the Agency. Foreign Intelligence Press, 1991.
Hood, William, Mole. W. W. Norton, 1982.
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. American Espionage: From Secret Service to the CIA. The Free Press, 1977.
Johnson, Loch K. America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society. Oxford University Press, 1989.
Kessler, Ronald. Escape from the CIA: How the CIA Won and Lost the Most Important KGB Spy Ever to Defect to the U.S. Pocket Books, 1991.
————. Moscow Station: How the KGB Penetrated the American Embassy in Moscow. Scribner’s, 1989.
————. The Spy in the Russian Club: How Glenn Souther Stole America’s Nuclear War Plans and Escaped to Moscow. Scribner’s, 1990.
————. Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America. Scribner’s, 1988.
Laqueur, Walter. A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. Basic Books, 1985.
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