Beast
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31: Winston Churchill: Daniel A. Baugh, The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763: Britain and France in a Great Power Contest (Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited, 2011), 1.
32: France was in the midst of a “hangover”: Jay M. Smith, Monsters of the Gévaudan: The Making of a Beast (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011), interview by Frank Stasio, “The State of Things,” WUNC, North Carolina Public Radio, March 2, 2011.
32: His cavalry unit, called the Clermont-Prince Volunteers: Barnson.
32: About a quarter of the French army: Jones, 140.
33: Smartly outfitted, etc.: Barnson.
33: dragonnades: Jones, 20.
33: “There is no longer any doubt”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 22.
34: professional shepherds: Moriceau, 26.
Chapter 6: “Ferocious with Design”
35: growing commerce in news: as discussed by Smith, Fleming, Thompson, and Moriceau. Moriceau tells us that even Germany’s “very serious” Gazette de Cologne picked up the story, 51.
36: print runs increased to three thousand: Thompson, 57n.
36: “ferocious with design”: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 27.
Chapter 7: “Inconsolable”
37: “inconsolable”: Moriceau, 56.
Chapter 8: Wolf Month
39: “Wolf Month”: Harting, 123.
43: Scarface: Thompson, 85.
43: yard accents: Louise E. Robbins, Elephant Slaves and Pampered Pets: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 188.
43: “Even the peddlers”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 60.
43: “Its immense renown”: Judith Devlin, The Superstitious Mind: French Peasants and the Supernatural in the Nineteenth Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987), 75.
43: Moriceau has commented on how such coverage: Jean-Marc Moriceau, “Posters, Periodicals, and Newspapers: a Distorted Reflection?” Man and Wolf: 2,000 Years of History, http://www.unicaen.fr/homme_et_loup/_en/sources_presse.php.
43: By the King: Charles Dickens, “A Wonderful Wild Beast,” Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Vol. 18 (November 20, 1858), 544–547.
45: this same day: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 112.
Chapter 9: Wolf-Stalk
47: flaxen-hued wheat bread: Bread was of the utmost concern, we are told by Colin Jones (148–149). The wealthy could partake of lighter wheat breads while peasants might only have the means to prepare or obtain unleavened black rye/barley loaves or a “practically indigestible chestnut bread,” which sustained both humans and livestock.
Chapter 10: “An Old Norman Gentleman Who Has Grown Gray in the Pursuit of Wolves”
51: “An old Norman gentleman”: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 107.
51: a couple of weeks to bag the Beast: Smith, 141.
51: Young d’Enneval wrote: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 110–111.
52: Duhamel did all he could: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laf-fitte, 111.
52–53: Artificial Women and Little-Girl Lambs: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 117–141; Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 96–109. Thompson, 118–121.
Chapter 11: “Courage, Hunters of France”
55–58: the femme Jouve: She is also known as Jeanne Chastang, Moriceau, 112.
57: “seized La Bête”: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 234.
58: “see La Bête”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 133.
58: “The dragoons go on hunts”: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 154.
58: On March 19: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 155–164.
60: “Courage, Hunters of France”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 118.
Chapter 12: “An Unfortunate Time”
62: “an unfortunate time!”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 89.
63: A spoof account: Smith, 116-117. A French response published in the Courier said, “The art of making witty spicy comments and of teasing with grace is rarely possessed by English authors. The oppressive climate and somber character of the nation is opposed to it.” Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 243.
64: the story of the Beast, along with that of other creatures: Devlin, 79.
65–66: A Dickens of a Beast: Charles Dickens, “A Wonderful Wild Beast,” Household Words: A Weekly Journal, Vol. 18 (November 20, 1858), 544–547.
Chapter 13: The Royal Gunbearer
67: On June 1, 1765: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 305.
68: the Beast attacked: Thompson, 160–161.
69: “a stick with a bayonet”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 281.
69: “cried out very loudly”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 281.
69: The intrepid Jeanne-Marie was an “Amazon”: Smith, 206.
71: demonstrated: Lynn, Michael R., “Fireworks and the Nation,” The Ultimate History Project, www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/fireworks-and-the-nation.html.
Chapter 14: Chazes
73: carardière: Moriceau, 177.
75: According to an October 3, 1765, letter: Horace Walpole, The Letters of Horace Walpole, Vol. III, 1759–1769 (Project Gutenberg, 2003, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4773/pg4773-images.html), 427, 429.
75: pet spaniel: Robb, 280.
75: Mrs. Cavendish: Smith, p. 219.
76: Another Version: Andrew Lang, ed., H. J. Ford, illus., The Animal Story Book (1896; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2002), 167–173.
78: consumed “with such voracity”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 336.
Chapter 15: “A Short Truce”
79: “a short truce”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 336–337.
Chapter 16: Ténazeyre
85: pilgrimages: Devlin, 51–57. Devlin states that some yearly pilgrimages were considered a kind of primitive preventive medicine.
87: “in a spirit of piety”: Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 469.
Epilogue
89: document: Thompson, 235n.
89: Compiègne: Thompson, 231.
89: a July 7, 1767, communication: Moriceau, 246.
Afterword
91: Paul Le Blanc: Barnson. Thompson, 270–271.
Chapter 17: Hypotheses
95: “gloriously atmospheric”: Roger Ebert, “The Brotherhood of the Wolf,” (RogerEbert.com, 2002), www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-brotherhood-of-the-wolf-2002.
96: “especially on the scale”: Thompson, 263.
97: their reports spoke of an animal, not a human: Barnson.
97: helm of a gang of malefactors: Smith, 267.
97–98: Marquis de Sade: Barnson. Thompson, 264–265.
98: “armed truce”: Emile F. Williams, Undiscovered France (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1927), 186.
99: “Catholics got the worst of it”: Thompson, 268.
99: “settling his scores”: Véronique Campion-Vincent, “The Return of the Wolf in France,” Journal of Indian Folkloristics, Special Issue, Islands and Narratives, Vol. V, No. ½ (2003): 17n.
99: “easy grace”: Fleming, 82.
99: Saint Severian: Thompson, 43.
99: “the wild beast of the Gévaudan was an allegory”: Dickens, 545.
100: augur the time of the Apocalypse: Thompson, 59.
100: Pourcher and the Deception: Smith, p. 260.
100: Monsieur Ollier: Thompson, 195–196.
101: raised his gun, and killed the marauder: Father Pourcher obtained Chastel’s gun in 1888. The gun, according to the Abbé, was purchased from Chastel by the Marquis d’Apcher. It was later sold to a man named François Duffaud, who converted it from a flintlock to a percussion gun. Duffaud’s grandson sold it to Pourcher through an intermediary. Pourcher tells us it bore a little silver plate with the inscription “Jean Chastel.” Pourcher, 477–481. Pourcher, AuthorHouse, 477–486; Éditions Jeanne Laffitte, 369–372. See also Barnson’s website.
101: a living hyena among the animals: Franz Jullien, La deuxième mor
t de la bête du Gévaudan (Le Havre: Annales du Muséum du Havre, No. 59, 1998), 1–9.
102: a case in Marvejols: Barnson.
102: Some wolf leaders: Thompson, 175.
102: Cannibal Soldiers?: Barnson.
102–103: conspiracy theorists: Robert M. Sapolsky, “Mind & Matter” (Wall Street Journal, November 9 and 10, 2013).
103: famine pact: in French, pacte de famine, Jones, 264.
Chapter 18: Modus Operandi
106: “A very strange wild beast”: Dickens, 544.
106: the Chazes wolf was a donkey: Smith, 207.
107: “flashing eyes”: Pourcher, from a Complainte, or Lament, Éditions Jeanne Lafitte, 62–63.
107: “His eyes sparkled so with fire”: Dickens, 547.
107: “cinnabar red”: Autopsy, La Ténazeyre Wolf.
107: the stench of the Beast: Dickens, 547.
107: “singular cunning and inconceivable agility”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Lafitte, 148.
108: “lightning movements”: Hugo and Jane van Lawick-Goodall, Innocent Killers (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 109.
108: “different from wolves”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Lafitte, 87.
109: “prepared to risk kicks”: van Lawick-Goodalls, 168–169.
109: maps of the region: Moriceau, 6–11.
109: extent of movement: David L. Mech, The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), 194–195.
110: “quick and efficient”: van Lawick-Goodalls, 66.
111: “‘This animal’”: Pourcher, Éditions Jeanne Lafitte, 16.
112: Victims’ Garments: C. H. D. Clarke, “The Beast of Gévaudan,” Natural History (April 1971), 47.
Chapter 19: Werewolves of France
113: an ideal setting for werewolfery: Devlin, 73–74.
113: “a great dark night of the primitive”: George Sand, Légendes rustiques (1858; electronic version, Project Gutenberg, 2006), http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17911/pg17911-images.html).
113: But these conventions are fairly recent: Chantal Bourgault du Coudray, The Curse of the Werewolf: Fantasy, Horror, and the Beast Within (London: I. B. Tauris & Co., Ltd., 2006), 78–79.
114: Calmeil enumerated: Devlin, 73–74.
114: medical definition of lycanthropy: Charlotte F. Otten, ed., A Lycanthropy Reader: Werewolves in Western Culture (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 8.
114: More than a millennia ago: Ibid., 13.
114: no life without bread: Jones, 148-149. In some locales, it was required in death as well: Devlin says it was often the custom to inter deceased loved ones with a loaf of bread and a plate (in Auvergne and elsewhere), and perhaps wine or other items; “death was sometimes seen as a change of place …” (90).
114: celiac disease: Moises Velasquez-Manoff, “Can Celiac Disease Affect the Brain?” New York Times Opinion (October 11, 2014).
115: King Cnut: Otten, 5.
115: Fallen angels: Otten, 3.
116: “In Basse-Bretagne”: Montague Summers, The Werewolf in Lore and Legend (1933; reprint, New York: Dover Publishing, 2003),.
116: Louis XV: Elliott O’Donnell, Werwolves (1912; electronic version, Project Gutenberg, 2008, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26629/26629-h/26629-h.htm), 135. Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal, Vol. 12, 124.
116: the word vampire: Paul Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 5, 14–17.
116: German werewolf Stubbe Peter: Otten, 53–54, 69.
117: “the rank foul weeds of werewolfery”: Summers, 223.
117: a woman of Thiaucourt: Francesco Maria Guazzo, Compendium Maleficarum, the Montague Summers Edition, trans. E. A. Ashwin (New York: Dover Publications, 1988), 52.
117: “a leash of witches”: Summers, 224.
118: “epidemic of sorcery”: Ibid., 228.
118: newly buried cadavers: Bourgault du Coudray, 23–25.
118: “The clothes of the children”: Otten, 88.
120: In the present-day region: author Sánchez in conversations with locals, November 2013.
120: “sham lycanthropy”: O’Donnell, 11.
123: “red man”: Devlin, 77.
123: a girl was discovered living wild: Ibid., 74.
123: Neanderthal: Robb, 11.
124: spectral black dogs: Trubshaw, 13, 84.
124: Sherlock Holmes: Crispin Andrews, “Sherlock Holmes and the Beast of the Gévaudan,” History Today, Vol. 63, Issue 7 (2013), http://www.historytoday.com/crispin-andrews/sherlock-holmes-and-beast-Gévaudan.
124: skinwalkers: Hampton, 43.
124: spirit wolf: Stanley Young, The Last of the Loners (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1970), 250–274.
125: Dracula character Jonathan Harker: Bourgault du Coudray, 26–27.
126: “A French Werewolf in Kent, England”: This tale may now be found in The Best Werewolf Short Stories 1800–1849: A Classic Werewolf Anthology, compiled by Andrew Barger (Collierville, Tennessee: Bottletree Books LLC, 2010).
128: immune to the power of silver: Lang, 169.
128: a case in the Vendée, France: Devlin, 199.
129: Memory and Story: Jonathan Gottschall, The Storytelling Animal: How Stories Make Us Human (Boston & New York: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 167–176.
130: French rustics: Devlin, 198–199.
130: “War-wolves”: Summers, 52n.
131: loup-garou (translated as “wolf-werewolf”): Thompson, 311.
131: a sermon: Sabine Baring-Gould, The Book of Were-Wolves (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1865),. The author adds that “the preacher alludes to this superstition in his sermon on wild-men of the woods, but translates his lycanthropists to Spain,” 266.
131: “He who seeks a wolf at Candlemas”: Candlemas is a holy day occurring on February 2. It is a commemoration of the purification of the Virgin Mary. Candles intended for church use are blessed on this day. Shrove Tuesday is a day of feasting day before Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent; most of us know it as Mardi Gras today. Lent, from the Middle English word for “long” (a word that also indicated spring, when days begin lengthening) is a forty-day period of Christian fasting and penance to commemorate Jesus’ fasting in the wilderness.
131: Malleus Maleficarum: Thompson, 338n.
132: warlock: Devlin, 198–199.
132: “reflected real fears”: Robb, 175.
132: “a werewolf (in a waistcoat)”: Devlin, 76.
132: bound through the air: Summers, 236.
132: “Scratching Fanny”: Thompson, 138n.
133: “It talks, takes tobacco”: Devlin, 76.
Chapter 20: Man-Beasts and Serial Killers
135: serial killer Joseph Vacher: Douglas P. Starr, The Killer of Little Shepherds: a True Crime Story and the Birth of Forensic Science (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010).
136: man-beast hybrids: Anne Clark, Beasts and Bawdy (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1975), 66.
137: the Skidi: Bruce Hampton, The Great American Wolf (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 50–51.
137: satyrs or men-goats: Clark, 62.
137: Saint Christopher: Bob Trubshaw, ed., Explore Phantom Black Dogs (Loughborough, England: Heart of Albion Press, 2005), 51–52, 56.
137: the wild man: Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), 1–20.
139: “the typical Edwardian face”: Clark, 66.
139: Mother Nature: J. M. Gómez Tabanera, Hunting in Prehistoric Times (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 1980).
140: an era in which man gained more dominance over nature: J. L. Arsuaga, Kennis and Kennis, illus., La saga humana (Madrid: Edaf, 2006). See also www.atapuercatv.com.
141: They were also believed to drink the blood of the animal: Otten.
142: he seemed even to increase in size: Bob Curran, Werewolves (Frank
lin Lakes, New Jersey: New Page Books, 2009).
142: something more psychological: Ibid.
142: “human beasts” appear on the scene: Derek Brockis, “The Beast of Gévaudan,” http://labete.7hunters.net/bete1.htm (website no longer active; see https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/10049286/what-was-the-beast-of-gevaudan-by-derek-brockis-a-great-).
143: He was so afraid after this vision: Ibid. (Brockis)
144: “‘I think nothing should be ruled out’”: Robert Dumont, “Notes on the book The Beast of Gevaudan by Pascal Cazottes,” http://www.betedugevaudan.com/es/avis_cazottes_es.html
144: Fact, fiction, or imagination? Or human interference?: Brockis.
146: the only case of a werewolf sentenced to be executed by a national court of justice: “The Legend of the Allariz Werewolf,” Galicia Holidays, www.paxinasgalegas.es/fiestas/la-leyenda-del-hombre-lobo-de-allariz-allariz-5466.html
146: under the influence of the moon: Gabriel Quiroga, director, del archivo reino de Galicia, Spain (personal communication with author Sánchez).
146: (body fat): Ibid.
146: devouring their flesh: Reseña de la causa formada contra Manuel Blanco Romasanta, el Hombre Lobo de Allariz, Anónimo (Review of the case made against Manuel Blanco Romasanta, The Werewolf of Allariz), (1858; reprint, Madrid: Bubok Publishing, 2012).
148: Ceuta, a Spanish city: “Blanco Romasanta died at age fifty-four in a prison in Ceuta, of stomach cancer and serving sentences,” Ourense Digital, http://www.ourensedixital.com/_novas/11/10/31_01.htm
149: “Romasanta revealed symptoms”: “Mañá García states that Romasanta could commit crimes under the hallucinogenic effects of Cornel,” Ourense Digital, http://www.ourensedixital.com/_novas/11/10/31_02.htm
149: “I run about the country as a wolf”: Sabine Baring-Gould, The Book of Were-Wolves (1865; electronic version, Project Gutenberg, 2004), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5324/5324-h/5324-h.htm.
150: disappearances of children: Robert Eisler, Man Into Wolf: An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism, and Lycanthropy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited, 1951).
150: “Jean had often told her”: Baring-Gould.
150: Jean was imprisoned for life: Eisler.
151: He died seven years later: Baring-Gould.