Beast
Page 27
212: The adult behavior of hybrid pups: Ibid.
212: national statistics: Ibid.
213: statistics may be misleading: Ibid.
214: according to Willems: Ibid.
216: wolves and wolf-dogs make inappropriate pets: Spotte.
218: French dog breeds from the eighteenth century: Hélène Nunes and C. Degueurce, “Les races de chiens dans la littérature vétérinaire française du XVIII e siècle” (“Dog breeds in the French veterinary literature of the eighteenth century”), Bulletin of the French Society for the History of Veterinary Medicine, 4 (1) (2005).
Chapter 24: Cold Winters, Killer Wolves
222: “reminiscent of prey in distress”: Jean-Marc Landry, Le loup (Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé, 2001).
225: twelve thousand wolves: Ibid.
225: three thousand to seven thousand specimens: François de Beaufort, Le loup en France (Paris: Société française pour l’étude et la protection des mammifères, 1987).
225: In parts of North America and Canada: Landry.
226: the record weight: de Beaufort.
228: From our sources: Landry: “In 1996, there were 76 animal attacks on children in India; 50 died. The victims were between two and four years old and weighed between 22 and 26.4 lbs. From each child, about 6.6 to 8.8 lbs was removed, incriminating a single animal: a large canid or possibly a wolf.”
230: Such man-eaters: Patrick Newman, Tracking the Weretiger: Supernatural Man-Eaters of India, China and Southeast Asia (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2012).
230: The Gévaudan case: In the wild, wolves may live up to thirteen to fifteen years; in captivity more than seventeen. The Beast was probably more than ten years of age if an individual; if the Beast consisted of a group of older males and females which managed to survive beyond fifteen years, they would probably die soon after from natural causes—illness, weakness, wounds, gunshots, natural accidents, etc. Sánchez.
231: the affected creature: Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy, Rabid: A Cultural History of the World’s Most Diabolical Virus (New York: Viking, 2012), 3, 4, 7.
232: “kills nearly one hundred percent”: Ibid., 3.
232: conditioned to recognize: Clarke, 46–47.
233: addictive: Bruce D. Patterson, The Lions of Tsavo (New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004); and G. G. Rushby, No More the Tusker (London: W. H. Allen, 1965).
233: It is probable that: Spotte, “Most of white wolves captured in the twenties in the Canadian Subarctic, being aged animals, were found to have bad teeth, with in some instances, a few altogether missing.” Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press.
234: capable of finding natural prey: Landry, personal communication with author Sánchez, October 2010.
Chapter 25: Beasts Past and Present
246: “wheelbarrow”: Parisian Journal, 1405–1449, trans. Janet Shirley (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968), 332.
247: The Lunel-Viel wolf: Landry.
247: French historian Jean-Marc Moriceau: “Maps,” Man and Wolf: 2,000 Years of History, http://www.unicaen.fr/homme_et_loup/cartes.php.
252: French researcher Michel Meurger: Michel Meurger, “Les félins exotiques dans le légendaire français” (Communications, 52, 1990), 175–196.
255: Modern French cases: Campion-Vincent, “Return.”
256: Mijas (Malaga) Panther: Javier Resines, “¿ Alien big cats en Málaga?” Andalucia: Land of Mysteries, http://andaluciamisteriosa.es.tl/%BFAlien-big-cats-en-M%E1laga-f-.htm.
Chapter 26: The Beast and Wolves Today in France
260: A footnote to a story: “Sketch of a Fortnight’s Excursion to Paris in 1788,” The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 67, Part 1, 1797.
261: Wolves were indeed menacing: Devlin, 74–75.
261: Lozère in January 1951: Clarke, 58.
262: “spreads on all the Alps”: “The Wolf in France,” Regional Directorate of Environment, Physical Planning and Housing, http://www.rdbrmc-travaux.com/loup/index.php?lang=en.
262: Wolf populations today are monitored: “Loup and Lynx Network,” Office de la Chasse et de la Faun Savauge, http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Reseau-Loup-Lynx-ru100.
262: taking over immense Soviet training grounds: “Could the wolf return to Western Europe?” (Independent.co.uk, July 12, 2013), http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/could-the-wolf-return-to-western-europe-8703910.html
262: “the strongest and most negative image”: Véronique Campion-Vincent, “The Restoration of Wolves in France: Story, Conflicts, and Uses of Rumor,” Mad About Wildlife: Looking at Social Conflict Over Wildlife, Ann Herda-Rapp and Theresa L. Goedeke, eds. (Leiden, Germany, and Boston: Brill, 2005) 99–122.
262: “launched a major rehabilitation campaign”: Ibid, 100.
262: “symbolic bestiary”: Ibid.
262: “of species formerly considered as pests”: Campion-Vincent, “Return,” 2.
263: The State provides compensation: Ibid., 5, 8.
263: not truly “natural”: Ibid., 9.
263: stray dogs: Ibid., 10.
263: “conspiracy theories”: Ibid.
263: As of 2013: “France at a Glance,” International Wolf Center, http://www.wolf.org/wow/europe/France/.
263: wild dogs may be to blame: “French farmers try to keep the wolf from the door”(Independent.co.uk, October 20, 2013), http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/french-farmers-try-to-keep-the-wolves-from-their-door-8891789.html
263: “The stakes of the manipulations”: Campion-Vincent, “Return,” 16.
264: “an indicator of relations”: Moriceau, interview by Jacques Rochefort.
Appendix
265: Details of the Autopsies: Translation by Gustavo Sánchez Romero, corrections and complements by Alain Bonet, including conversion notes.
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